Estimating African American Admixture Proportions by Use of Population-Specific Alleles
Open accessAbstract
We analyzed the European genetic contribution to 10 populations of African descent in the United States (Maywood, Illinois; Detroit; New York; Philadelphia; Pittsburgh; Baltimore; Charleston, South Carolina; New Orleans; and Houston) and in Jamaica, using nine autosomal DNA markers. These markers either are population-specific or show frequency differences >45% between the parental populations and are thus especially informative for admixture. European genetic ancestry ranged from 6.8% (Jamaica) to 22.5% (New Orleans). The unique utility of these markers is reflected in the low variance associated with these admixture estimates (SEM 1.3%-2.7%). We also estimated the male and female European contribution to African Americans, on the basis of informative mtDNA (haplogroups H and L) and Y Alu polymorphic markers. Results indicate a sex-biased gene flow from Europeans, the male contribution being substantially greater than the female contribution. mtDNA haplogroups analysis shows no evidence of a significant maternal Amerindian contribution to any of the 10 populations. We detected significant nonrandom association between two markers located 22 cM apart (FY-null and AT3), most likely due to admixture linkage disequilibrium created in the interbreeding of the two parental populations. The strength of this association and the substantial genetic distance between FY and AT3 emphasize the importance of admixed populations as a useful resource for mapping traits with different prevalence in two parental populations.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
African Americans in the US typically carry segments of DNA shaped by contributions from peoples of Europe, Africa, and the Americas, with variation in African and European admixture proportions across individuals and differences in groups across parts of the country.
“Previous studies have shown that African Americans in the US typically carry segments of DNA shaped by contributions from peoples of Europe, Africa, and the Americas, with variation in African and European admixture proportions across individuals and differences in groups across parts of the country.2–4”
From The genetic ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States (2015) · cites this paper as [3]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMore recent studies using high-density genotype data provide reliable individual ancestry estimates, illustrate large variability in African and European ancestry proportions at an individual level, and detect low proportions of Native American ancestry.
“More recent studies that utilized high-density genotype data provide reliable individual ancestry estimates, illustrate the large variability in African and European ancestry proportions at an individual level, and are able to detect low proportions of Native American ancestry.3–11”
From The genetic ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States (2015) · cites this paper as [3]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe paper's estimates of mean African ancestry in 23andMe African Americans are 73% or 75%, unlike previous estimates that typically ranged from 77% to 93%.
“Unlike previous estimates of the mean proportion of African ancestry, which typically have ranged from 77% to 93% African ancestry,2–4,48–62 our estimates, depending on exclusions, are 73% or 75%.”
From The genetic ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States (2015) · cites this paper as [3]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
GENEPOP (version 1.2): population genetic software for exact tests and ecumenicism
Raymond, M., & Rousset, F. (1995) · Journal of Heredity · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111573 · Cited by 16,187 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…tested by Guo and Thomson's exact test (Guo and Thomson 1992) with the program ARLEQUIN 1.0 (Schneider et al. 1997), and the heterogeneity in the allele frequencies of the parental populations was analyzed by means of the STRUC program of the GENEPOP 2.0 computer package (Raymond and Rousset 1995).”
MethodInfluentialPerforming the Exact Test of Hardy-Weinberg Proportion for Multiple Alleles
Guo, S., & Thompson, E. A. (1992) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2532296 · Cited by 4,854 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The fit of the genotype frequencies to the Hardy-Weinberg proportions was tested by Guo and Thomson's exact test (Guo and Thomson 1992) with the program ARLEQUIN 1.0 (Schneider et al. 1997), and the heterogeneity in the allele frequencies of the parental populations was analyzed by means of the…”
MethodInfluentialCurtin, P. (1972) · University of Wisconsin Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/jj.36032611 · Cited by 1,042 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Various estimates of the total number of slaves imported into the United States have been offered, with generally accepted numbers in the range 380,000–570,000 (Curtin 1969; Johnson and Campbell 1981).”
The prevalence of hypertension in seven populations of west African origin.
Cooper, R., Rotimi, C., Ataman, S. L., Mcgee, D. L., Osotimehin, B., Kadiri, S., Muna, W., Kingue, S., Fraser, H., Forrester, T., et al. (1997) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.87.2.160 · Cited by 743 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The samples from Maywood (Illinois), Jamaica, and Nigeria-2 (from a traditional Yoruba community in the city of Ibadan, in southwestern Nigeria) were collected as healthy random subjects in an ongoing study of hypertension (see Ataman et al. 1996 and Cooper et al. 1997).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTournamille, C., Colin, Y., Cartron, J. P., & Le Van Kim, C. (1995) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0695-224 · Cited by 741 · see citing works
On measures of gametic disequilibrium.
Lewontin, R. C. (1988) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/120.3.849 · Cited by 712 · see citing works
Chakraborty, R., & Weiss, K. (1988) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.85.23.9119 · Cited by 404 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Stephens et al. (1994) and Briscoe et al. (1994) further extended the work of Chakraborty and Weiss 1988, using computer simulations, and introduced the acronym “MALD” (mapping by admixture linkage disequilibrium) to designate this method.”
MethodReed, T. E. (1969) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.165.3895.762 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Hammer, M. F. (1994) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040155 · Cited by 243 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The YAP marker (Hammer 1994) is very useful for the characterization of the male European contribution, given the difference in frequency of the Alu insertion”
BackgroundFernández-Reyes, D., Craig, A., Kyes, S., Peshu, N., Snow, R. W., Berendt, A., Marsh, K., & Newbold, C. (1997) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/6.8.1357 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Gene admixture in human populations: Models and predictions
Chakraborty, R. (1986) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330290502 · Cited by 218 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Stephens et al. (1994) and Briscoe et al. (1994) further extended the work of Chakraborty and Weiss 1988, using computer simulations, and introduced the acronym " MALD " (mapping by admixture linkage disequilibrium ) to designate this method.”
MethodLee, S.-T., Nicholls, R., Jong, M. T. C., Fukai, K., & Spritz, R. (1995) · Genomics · doi:10.1016/0888-7543(95)80220-g · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Tsai, T.-F., Jiang, Y.-H., Bressler, J., Armstrong, D., & Beaudet, A. (1999) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/8.8.1357 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
New People: Miscegenation and Mulattoes in the United States
Alarcón, M., & Antonio, V. (1998) · doi:10.1080/13537119808428541 · Cited by 166 · cited 2×
“This is in accordance with the historical data regarding the period of slavery in the United States (Williamson 1995).”
BackgroundResultAdams, J., & Ward, R. H. (1973) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.180.4091.1137 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Linkage disequilibrium in admixed populations: applications in gene mapping.
Briscoe, D., Stephens, J., & O'Brien, S. J. (1994) · Journal of Heredity · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111397 · Cited by 111 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Stephens et al. (1994) and Briscoe et al. (1994) further extended the work of Chakraborty and Weiss 1988, using computer simulations, and introduced the acronym " MALD " (mapping by admixture linkage disequilibrium ) to designate this method.”
MethodStandardization of blood pressure measurement in an international comparative study
Ataman, S. L., Cooper, R., Rotimi, C. N., McGee, D., Osotimehin, B., Kadiri, S., Kingué, S., Muna, W. F. T., Fraser, H. S., Forrester, T., et al. (1996) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(96)00111-4 · Cited by 109 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The samples from Maywood (Illinois), Jamaica, and Nigeria-2 (from a traditional Yoruba community in the city of Ibadan, in southwestern Nigeria) were collected as healthy random subjects in an ongoing study of hypertension (see Ataman et al. 1996 and Cooper et al. 1997).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBlack Migration in America: A Social Demographic History
Freymeyer, R. H., Johnson, D. M., & Campbell, R. (1982) · doi:10.2307/2578337 · Cited by 106 · cited 3×
“Various estimates of the total number of slaves imported into the United States have been offered, with generally accepted numbers in the range 380,000–570,000 (Curtin 1969; Johnson and Campbell 1981).”
BackgroundThe anthropometry of the American Negro
Herskovits, M. (1932) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1932.02740600072041 · Cited by 93 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Some early anthropological reports have emphasized the high proportion of African American college students claiming some Amerindian ancestry (Herskovits 1930; Meier 1949).”
BackgroundPCR-based detection of a polymorphic BamHI site in intron 1 of the human retinoblastoma (RB) gene.
Bookstein, R., Lai, C.-C., To, H.-A., & Lee, W.-H. (1990) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/18.6.1666 · Cited by 81
Estimation of race admixture--a new method.
Chakraborty, R. (1975) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330420319 · Cited by 61 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Shown is the city and state where the sample was collected and the proportion of European ancestry (m) in the population, obtained by two different methods to estimate admixture—the WLS method (Long 1991) and the gene identity method (Chakraborty 1975).”
MethodMarker selection for the transmission/disequilibrium test, in recently admixed populations.
Kaplan, N., Martin, E. R., Morris, R., & Weir, B. S. (1998) · American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/301760 · Cited by 32 · cited 2×
“It has also been proposed by McKeigue (1997) and Kaplan et al. (1997) that the linkage disequilibrium that results from recent admixture could also be used to detect disease genes for qualitative or quantitative traits by means of the transmission disequilibrium test (Spielman et al. 1993; Allison 1997).”
Mitochondrial and nuclear variants in a U.S. Black population: origins of a hybrid population
Hsieh, C.-L., & Sutton, H. (1992) · Annals of Human Genetics · doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1992.tb01137.x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A study of the racial ancestry of the Mississippi college Negro.
Meier, A. (1949) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330070206 · Cited by 9 · cited 1×
“Some early anthropological reports have emphasized the high proportion of African American college students claiming some Amerindian ancestry (Herskovits 1930; Meier 1949).”
BackgroundLiu, Y., Saha, N., Low, P., & Tay, J.-S.-H. (1995) · Human Heredity · doi:10.1159/000154288 · Cited by 8
Burma, J., & Wilkinson, D. (1979) · doi:10.2307/2064608 · Cited by 6 · cited 1×
“…men and European American women are currently more common than marriages between African American women and European American men (see, e.g., Wilkinson 1975 and Piersen 1996), it seems clear that during a substantial part of African American history, men of European descent have made a more…”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
25 of the 51 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [1]1. Adams, J ∙ Ward, RH Admixture studies and detection of selection Science. 1973; 180:1137-1143 Crossref Scopus (63) PubMed Google Scholar
- [2]2. Allison, DB Transmission disequilibrium tests for quantitative traits Am J Hum Genet. 1997; 60:676-690 PubMed Google Scholar
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Association mapping in structured populations.
Pritchard, J. K., Stephens, M., Rosenberg, N., & Donnelly, P. (2000) · American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/302959 · Cited by 2,066 · see citing works
“These data are intended to approximate a population of African Americans, with an average of 20% European admixture (this is consistent with estimates given by Parra et al. [1998]).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans
Tishkoff, S. A., Reed, F. A., Friedlaender, F. R., Ehret, C., Ranciaro, A., Froment, A., Hirbo, J. B., Awomoyi, A. A., Bodo, J.-M., Doumbo, O., et al. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1172257 · Cited by 1,573 · see citing works
Whole-Genome Patterns of Common DNA Variation in Three Human Populations
Hinds, D., Stuve, L., Nilsen, G. B., Halperin, E., Eskin, E., Ballinger, D., Frazer, K., & Cox, D. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1105436 · Cited by 1,245 · see citing works
The importance of race and ethnic background in biomedical research and clinical practice.
Burchard, E., Ziv, E., Coyle, N., Gomez, S., Tang, H., Karter, A., Mountain, J., Pérez-Stable, E., Sheppard, D., & Risch, N. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsb025007 · Cited by 1,101 · see citing works
Genetic signatures of strong recent positive selection at the lactase gene.
Bersaglieri, T., Sabeti, P. C., Patterson, N., VanderPloeg, T., Schaffner, S., Drake, J. A., Rhodes, M., Reich, D., & Hirschhorn, J. (2004) · American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/421051 · Cited by 1,098 · see citing works
“Similar results were obtained whether or not we corrected the allele frequencies in African Americans for the estimated 21% European admixture (Parra et al. 1998).”
BackgroundResultColor and genomic ancestry in Brazilians
Parra, F. C., Amado, R. C., Lambertucci, J., Rocha, J., Antunes, C., & Pena, S. D. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.0126614100 · Cited by 939 · see citing works
Interrogating a high-density SNP map for signatures of natural selection.Preprint
Akey, J., Zhang, G., Zhang, K., Jin, L., & Shriver, M. (2002) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.631202 · Cited by 932 · see citing works
Self-citationA DNA polymorphism discovery resource for research on human genetic variation.Preprint
Collins, F., Brooks, L., & Chakravarti, A. (1998) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.8.12.1229 · Cited by 919 · see citing works
“The second column shows current estimates of the average amounts of admixture for the groups sampled: African admixture for the European– Americans, Native American and African admixture for the Mexican– Americans, and European admixture for the other groups (Hanis et al. 1991; Parra et al. 1998).”
BackgroundAssessing the impact of population stratification on genetic association studies
Freedman, M., Reich, D., Penney, K., McDonald, G., Mignault, A. A., Patterson, N., Gabriel, S., Topol, E., Smoller, J., Pato, C., et al. (2004) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1333 · Cited by 843 · see citing works
Categorization of humans in biomedical research: genes, race and disease
Risch, N., Burchard, E., Ziv, E., & Tang, H. (2002) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2002-3-7-comment2007 · Cited by 793 · see citing works
The genetic ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States
Bryc, K., Durand, E. Y., Macpherson, J. M., Reich, D., & Mountain, J. L. (2015) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010 · Cited by 712 · see citing works
Large-scale genotyping of complex DNA
Kennedy, G., Matsuzaki, H., Dong, S.-L., Liu, W.-M., Huang, J., Liu, G., Su, X., Cao, M., Chen, W., Zhang, J., et al. (2003) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt869 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
Skin pigmentation, biogeographical ancestry and admixture mapping
Shriver, M. D., Parra, E. J., Dios, S., Bonilla, C., Norton, H., Jovel, C., Pfaff, C., Jones, C., Massac, A., Cameron, N., et al. (2003) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-002-0896-y · Cited by 549 · see citing works
“…it is also extremely important to control for the genetic structure (inter-individual variation in admixture proportions) present in these populations in order to avoid false positives (Parra et al.1998; Lautenberger et al.2000; Pfaff et al. 2001; Nordborg and Tavaré 2002; Kittles et al. 2002).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationPopulation History and Natural Selection Shape Patterns of Genetic Variation in 132 Genes
Akey, J., Eberle, M., Rieder, M., Carlson, C., Shriver, M., Nickerson, D., & Kruglyak, L. (2004) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020286 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
“An alternative explanation for why we observed fewer significant results in African-Americans than in EuropeanAmericans is that African-Americans are an admixed population (Parra et al. 1998), and the admixture process may mask the signature of selection.”
ResultSelf-citationLocalizing Recent Adaptive Evolution in the Human Genome.
Williamson, S. H., Hubisz, M. J., Clark, A. G., Payseur, B. A., Bustamante, C. D., & Nielsen, R. (2007) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030090 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
“, perhaps the proper demographic history of the African-American population includes the admixture of several diverged African populations), followed by large-scale (20%, from [59]) admixture with European populations.”
BackgroundBreast cancer risk associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 in diverse populations
Fackenthal, J., & Olopade, O. (2007) · Nature Reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc2054 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
“Additionally, modern descendants from these groups carry genetic admixtures of roughly 20% non-African origi”
BackgroundMethods for high-density admixture mapping of disease genes.
Patterson, N., Hattangadi, N., Lane, B., Lohmueller, K., Hafler, D., Oksenberg, J., Hauser, S., Smith, M. W., O'Brien, S., Altshuler, D., et al. (2004) · American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/420871 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
“These results are comparable to the high admixture-generated LD in African Americans measured around FY (Parra et al. 1998; Lautenberger et al. 2000; McKeigue et al. 2000).”
ResultControl of confounding of genetic associations in stratified populations
Hoggart, C. J., Parra, E. J., Shriver, M. D., Bonilla, C., Kittles, R. A., Clayton, D. G., & McKeigue, P. M. (2003) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/375613 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
“In a recently admixed population, covariance of ancestry between linked loci may give rise to associations of the trait with alleles or haplotypes at loci 20 cM from a trait locus (Parra et al. 1998).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationHigh-resolution HLA alleles and haplotypes in the United States population
Maiers, M. J., Gragert, L. A., & Klitz, W. (2007) · Human Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.humimm.2007.04.005 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
“Using other genetic markers, the degree of this intercontinental admixture present in African Americans today has been shown to vary geographically across the US [ 15 ].”
BackgroundImplications of biogeography of human populations for 'race' and medicine
Tishkoff, S., & Kidd, K. (2004) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1438 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
A High-Density Admixture Map for Disease Gene Discovery in African Americans
Smith, M. W., Patterson, N., Lautenberger, J. A., Truelove, A. L., McDonald, G. J., Waliszewska, A., Kessing, B. D., Malasky, M. J., Scafe, C., Le, E., et al. (2004) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/420856 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Thirty years of research on race differences in cognitive ability.
Rushton, J. P., & Jensen, A. R. (2005) · Psychology, Public Policy, and Law · doi:10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.235 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
“…70 for Black Americans in certain areas of the Deep South of the United States where the degree of White admixture is significantly below the general average (Chakraborty et al., 1992; Parra et al., 1998) are also consistent with the hereditarian interpretation of the effects of hybridization.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGenome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture in West Africans and African Americans
Bryc, K., Auton, A., Nelson, M. R., Oksenberg, J. R., Hauser, S. L., Williams, S., Froment, A., Bodo, J.-M., Wambebe, C., Tishkoff, S. A., et al. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0909559107 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Geographic Patterns of Genome Admixture in Latin American Mestizos
Wang, S., Ray, N., Rojas, W., Parra, M. V., Bedoya, G., Gallo, C., Poletti, G., Mazzotti, G., Hill, K., Hurtado, A. M., et al. (2008) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000037 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
“Such a sex bias in African admixture has been inferred African Americans from the US[39] but had not been evidenced in Mestizos.”
BackgroundMersha, T. B., & Abebe, T. (2015) · Human Genomics · doi:10.1186/s40246-014-0023-x · Cited by 450 · see citing works
“Both examples illustrate that researchers should be aware of the limitation of selfidentified race and ethnic categories as proxies for genetic ancestry [71,72].”
Demonstrating stratification in a European American population
Campbell, C. D., Ogburn, E. L., Lunetta, K. L., Lyon, H. N., Freedman, M. L., Groop, L. C., Altshuler, D., Ardlie, K. G., & Hirschhorn, J. N. (2005) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1607 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
“AIMs are useful in estimating admixture and detecting stratification in populations such as African American”
BackgroundKroetz, D., Pauli-Magnus, C., Hodges, L. M., Huang, C. C., Kawamoto, M., Johns, S., Stryke, D., Ferrin, T., Deyoung, J., Taylor, T. R., et al. (2003) · Pharmacogenetics (London) · doi:10.1097/00008571-200308000-00006 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
A Genome-Wide Association Study of Hypertension and Blood Pressure in African Americans
Adeyemo, A., Gerry, N., Chen, G.-J., Herbert, A., Doumatey, A., Huang, H.-X., Zhou, J., Lashley, K., Chen, Y.-X., Christman, M., et al. (2009) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000564 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
“These observations have been found to be true for African Americans, our study population [33,34].”
BackgroundPatterns of human genetic diversity: implications for human evolutionary history and disease.
Tishkoff, S., & Verrelli, B. (2003) · Annual review of genomics and human genetics (Print) · doi:10.1146/annurev.genom.4.070802.110226 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Commentary: Considerations for Use of Racial/Ethnic Classification in Etiologic Research
Kaufman, J. S. (2001) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/154.4.291 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
“Although recent innovations in molecular biology facilitate racial/ethnic identification from fragmentary biologic material (26, 29), this does not supercede self-identification as the ultimate basis for categorization.”
BackgroundSelf-citationHelgadóttir, A., Manolescu, A., Helgason, A., Thorleifsson, G., Thorsteinsdottir, U., Gudbjartsson, D., Gretarsdottir, S., Magnússon, K., Gudmundsson, G., Hicks, A., et al. (2006) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1692 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
“to a subset of the microsatellite alleles that showed the greatest differences in frequency between European and African populations in accordance with ref”
Nutritional genomics: the next frontier in the postgenomic era.
Kaput, J., & Rodriguez, R. (2004) · Physiological Genomics · doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00107.2003 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
“In the meantime, ethnic difference markers (25, 103, 114, 135) can determine the origin of chromosomal regions, which may encode ethnic-specific alleles and may be used to assess population substructures in epidemiological studies.”
BackgroundMethodMapping Multiple Sclerosis Susceptibility to the HLA-DR Locus in African Americans
Oksenberg, J. R., Barcellos, L. F., Cree, B., Baranzini, S. E., Bugawan, T. L., Khan, O. A., Lincoln, R., Swerdlin, A., Mignot, E. J.-M., Lin, L., et al. (2004) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/380997 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
“Based on the use of two parent populations, West Africans and Europeans, these SNPs have a mean 54% allele frequency differences between the parental populations and are spaced at least 10 cM from each other across the genome (Parra et al. 1998).”
BackgroundBanda, Y., Kvale, M. N., Hoffmann, T. J., Hesselson, S., Ranatunga, D. K., Tang, H., Sabatti, C., Croen, L., Dispensa, B. P., Henderson, M., et al. (2015) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.115.178616 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
“African and European genetic ancestry (Supplementary Figures S6A, S6B) (Parra et al. 1998; Fernandez et al. 2003; Tang et al. 2006; Tishkoff et al. 2009; Zakharia et al. 2009).”
BackgroundSantos, N., Ribeiro-Rodrigues, E., Ribeiro-dos-Santos, Â., Pereira, R., Gusmão, L., Amorim, A., Guerreiro, J. F., Zago, M., Matte, C., Hutz, M., et al. (2010) · Human Mutation · doi:10.1002/humu.21159 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
“In most studies, these AIMs consisted of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) [BennTorres et al., 2008; Choudhry et al., 2006; Kosoy et al., 2009; Parra et al., 1998, 2001; Shriver et al., 2003], but insertion-deletion polymorphisms (INDELs) of small DNA fragments [Bedoya et al., 2006] and short…”
BackgroundDesign and analysis of admixture mapping studies.
Hoggart, C., Shriver, M., Kittles, R., Clayton, D., & McKeigue, P. (2004) · American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/420855 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
“8 (Parra et al. 1998), an affectedonly design would require 800 individuals for 90% power to detect, at a P value !10 (5), a locus contributing an ancestry risk ratio ( ).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationDeconstructing the relationship between genetics and race
Bamshad, M., Wooding, S., Salisbury, B. A., & Stephens, J. (2004) · Nature reviews genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg1401 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
“To this end, several hundred loci that are particularly informative for estimating ancestry proportions in African, European, Asian, Hispanic and Native Americans have been identifie”
BackgroundCYP3A variation and the evolution of salt-sensitivity variants.
Thompson, E., Kuttab-Boulos, H., Witonsky, D., Yang, L., Roe, B., & Rienzo, A. D. (2004) · American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/426406 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
“Given the much higher frequency of this allele in Europeans, this is consistent with previous results on the contribution of European genes to the African American gene pool (Parra et al. 1998).”
Freeman, S., Bean, L. J. H., Allen, E. G., Tinker, S. W., Locke, A., Druschel, C., Hobbs, C., Romitti, P., Royle, M. H., Torfs, C., et al. (2008) · Genetics in Medicine · doi:10.1097/gim.0b013e3181634867 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
The changing racial and ethnic composition of the US population: Emerging American identities
Perez, A. D., & Hirschman, C. (2009) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2009.00260.x · Cited by 302 · see citing works
“…1964 [1944]; Stuckert 1958), received only fleeting attention in the decades that preceded the emergence of “ancestry informative” genetic markers, which can now be used to measure levels of admixture (shared ancestry) among ethnically blended populations (Shriver et al. 2003; Parra et al. 1998).”
BackgroundPCA-Correlated SNPs for Structure Identification in Worldwide Human Populations
Paschou, P., Ziv, E., Burchard, E. G., Choudhry, S., Rodriguez-Cintron, W., Mahoney, M. W., & Drineas, P. (2007) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030160 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
“Several approaches have been used to this end [24–29].”
BackgroundMethodAdmixture mapping for hypertension loci with genome-scan markers
Zhu, X., Luke, A., Cooper, R., Quertermous, T., Hanis, C., Mosley, T., Gu, C., Tang, H., Rao, D., Risch, N. J., et al. (2005) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1510 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Self-citationThe African diaspora: mitochondrial DNA and the Atlantic slave trade.
Salas, A., Richards, M., Lareu, M., Scozzari, R., Coppa, A., Torroni, A., Macaulay, V., & Carracedo, Á. (2004) · American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/382194 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
“There have also been several attempts, using autosomal, mtDNA, and Y-chromosomal markers, to address the question of the extent of recent African versus European and Native American ancestry in American populations (Chakraborty et al. 1992; Parra et al. 1998, 2001; Mesa et al. 2000).”
BackgroundHalder, I., Shriver, M., Thomas, M., Fernandez, J. R., & Frudakis, T. (2008) · Human Mutation · doi:10.1002/humu.20695 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
“This report builds upon previously published AIM panels suitable for I-BGA and admixture analysis on a continental level [Shriver et al., 1997, 2003; Parra et al., 1998; Collins-Schramm et al., 2002; Bonilla et al., 2004a, b; Smith et al., 2004; Yang et al., 2005], but, is significantly larger and more accurate, and i…”
MethodSelf-citationPfaff, C., Parra, E., Bonilla, C., Hiester, K., McKeigue, P., Kamboh, M., Hutchinson, R., Ferrell, R., Boerwinkle, E., & Shriver, M. (2001) · American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/316935 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
“The laboratory methods used to type the DNA samples have been described in detail elsewhere (see Parra et al. 1998, and in press).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationBone mineral density and the risk of incident nonspinal fractures in black and white women.
Cauley, J., Lui, L., Ensrud, K., Zmuda, J., Stone, K., Hochberg, M., & Cummings, S. (2005) · Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) · doi:10.1001/jama.293.17.2102 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
“8%).(33) In our study, we had no information on admixture.”
BackgroundBedoya, G., Montoya, P., García, J., Soto, I., Bourgeois, S., Carvajal, L., Labuda, D., Alvarez, V., Ospina, J., Hedrick, P. W., et al. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0508716103 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
European Ancestry as a Risk Factor for Atrial Fibrillation in African Americans
Marcus, G. M., Alonso, A., Peralta, C. A., Lettre, G., Vittinghoff, E., Lubitz, S. A., Fox, E. R., Levitzky, Y. S., Mehra, R., Kerr, K. F., et al. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.958306 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Lazarin, G., Haque, I., Nazareth, S., Iori, K., Patterson, A. S., Jacobson, J., Marshall, J., Seltzer, W., Patrizio, P., Evans, E. A., et al. (2012) · Genetics in Medicine · doi:10.1038/gim.2012.114 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
The genomic distribution of population substructure in four populations using 8,525 autosomal SNPs
Shriver, M., Kennedy, G., Parra, E., Lawson, H. A., Sonpar, V. A., Huang, J., Akey, J., & Jones, K. (2004) · Human Genomics · doi:10.1186/1479-7364-1-4-274 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
“0(15) to be 25 per cent — a reasonable level, given what has been observed in other African-American populations.(22,23) The effect of gene flow is to decrease genetic distance, in this case between the AfricanAmerican and European-American samples.”
ResultSelf-citationA Genomewide Admixture Map for Latino Populations
Price, A. L., Patterson, N., Yu, F., Cox, D. R., Waliszewska, A., McDonald, G. J., Tandon, A., Schirmer, C., Neubauer, J., Bedoya, G., et al. (2007) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/518313 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
“(“SMITH”), Parra et al.(30) (“PARRA”), CollinsSchramm et al.”
MethodInfluentialDisentangling the effects of demography and selection in human history.
Stajich, J., & Hahn, M. (2004) · Molecular biology and evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msh252 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Satten, G., Flanders, W., & Yang, Q.-H. (2001) · American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/318195 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
“To a great extent, this parallels efforts to find markers that distinguish subpopulations for mapping by admixture linkage disequilibrium or for estimation of ethnic affiliation (Dean et al. 1994; Stephens et al. 1994; Shriver et al. 1997; Parra et al. 1998; Collins et al. 2000).”
BackgroundInfluentialRecent developments in genomewide association scans: a workshop summary and review.
Thomas, D. C., Haile, R., & Duggan, D. (2005) · American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/432962 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Galanter, J., Fernández-López, J. C., Gignoux, C. R., Barnholtz‐Sloan, J. S., Fernández–Rozadilla, C., Vía, M., Hidalgo‐Miranda, A., Contreras, A. V., Uribe-Figueroa, L., Raska, P., et al. (2012) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002554 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
“Ancestry Informative Markers (AIMs) are commonly used to estimate overall admixture proportions efficiently and inexpensively [4].”
BackgroundSelf-citationPopulation stratification confounds genetic association studies among Latinos
Choudhry, S., Coyle, N. E., Tang, H., Salari, K., Lind, D. L., Clark, S., Tsai, H., Naqvi, M., Phong, A., Ung, N., et al. (2005) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-005-0071-3 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
“The 44 AIMs were identified from the NCBI SNP database (dbSNP) or previously reported literature as having large differences in allele frequency (delta, d) between Native American, African, and European ancestral populations (Bonilla et al. 2004; Parra et al. 1998).”
BackgroundSelf-citationUnderstanding race and human variation: why forensic anthropologists are good at identifying race.
Ousley, S., Jantz, R. L., & Freid, D. (2009) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.21006 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Transferability of tag SNPs in genetic association studies in multiple populations
de Bakker, P. I. W., Burtt, N., Graham, R., Guiducci, C., Yelensky, R., Drake, J. A., Bersaglieri, T., Penney, K., Butler, J., Young, S., et al. (2006) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1899 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
“We did not find this surprising in light of estimates that African Americans have 80%–85% African ancestr”
BackgroundSelf-citationInvited Review: Uncoupling proteins and thermoregulation
Argyropoulos, G., & Harper, M. (2002) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00994.2001 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
“The Maywood individuals have 17% European admixture levels (106), whereas the Gullah individuals have only 3.”
BackgroundMcKeigue, P., Carpenter, J., Parra, E., & Shriver, M. (2000) · Annals of Human Genetics · doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2000.6420171.x · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Self-citationRace, ancestry, and genes: implications for defining disease risk.
Kittles, R., & Weiss, K. (2003) · Annual review of genomics and human genetics (Print) · doi:10.1146/annurev.genom.4.070802.110356 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Genetic ancestry and the search for personalized genetic histories
Shriver, M., & Kittles, R. (2004) · Nature reviews genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg1405 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Self-citationTesting for population subdivision and association in four case-control studies.
Ardlie, K., Lunetta, K. L., & Seielstad, M. (2002) · American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/341719 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
“On examining birthplace information, however, we found that the African American sample contained recent Caribbean and African immigrants, in addition to third-generation North Americans.”
BackgroundImplications of correlations between skin color and genetic ancestry for biomedical research
Parra, E. J., Kittles, R. A., & Shriver, M. D. (2004) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1440 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Self-citationLuo, X.-G., Kranzler, H., Zuo, L.-J., Wang, S., Blumberg, H., & Gelernter, J. (2005) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddi244 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
“A prototypical example is the AA population, which has been shown in many studies to be admixed primarily between native African and EA ancestry (59,60).”
BackgroundAdmixture Mapping Comes of Age
Winkler, C., Nelson, G., & Smith, M. W. (2010) · Annual review of genomics and human genetics (Print) · doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-082509-141523 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Race, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status in Research on Child Health
Cheng, T. L., & Goodman, E. (2015) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-3109 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Ancestry and Disease in the Age of Genomic Medicine
Rotimi, C. N., & Jorde, L. B. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra0911564 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Page, G. P., George, V., Go, R., Page, P. Z., & Allison, D. (2003) · American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/378900 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
“In an effort to make case-control studies valid in the presence of admixture, a wide variety of methods have been developed to address the effects of population stratification (Parra et al. 1998, 2001; Stephens et al. 1998; Pritchard and Rosenberg 1999; McKeigue et al. 2000).”
Self-citationLao, O., van Duijn, K., Kersbergen, P., de Knijff, P., & Kayser, M. (2006) · American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/501531 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“…through association mapping (Ziv and Burchard 2003; Freedman et al. 2004; Marchini et al. 2004; McKeigue 2005), and the identification of genetic ancestry and recent genetic admixture is crucial for admixture mapping (Chakraborty and Weiss 1988; Parra et al. 1998; Montana and Pritchard 2004).”
BackgroundThe Great Migration and African-American Genomic Diversity
Baharian, S., Barakatt, M., Gignoux, C., Shringarpure, S., Errington, J., Blot, W., Bustamante, C., Kenny, E., Williams, S. M., Aldrich, M., et al. (2015) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006059 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
“(8) Therefore, the total probability of having a common ancestor t generations ago in the discrete 577 model is 578 p(t|R) = ∑ i Φ(xi, t|x0) Φ(xi, t|x0 + R) 2n(xi, t)∆Ai .”
BackgroundWen, B., Xie, X., Gao, S., Li, H., Shi, H., Song, X., Qian, T., Xiao, C., Jin, J., Su, B., et al. (2004) · American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/386292 · Cited by 185
“Hum Biol 37: 38–43 Sans M (2000) Admixture studies in Latin America: from the 20th to the 21st century.”
Characterizing the admixed African ancestry of African Americans
Zakharia, F., Basu, A., Absher, D., Assimes, T. L., Go, A. S., Hlatky, M. A., Iribarren, C., Knowles, J. W., Li, J., Narasimhan, B., et al. (2009) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-12-r141 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
“Our estimate of European individual admixture (IA) in the African Americans was also roughly consistent with prior studies [3], with an average of 21.”
MethodResultGelernter, J., Yu, Y., Weiss, R., Brady, K., Panhuysen, C. I. M., Yang, B.-Z., Kranzler, H., & Farrer, L. (2006) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddl426 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
DNA tests probe the genomic ancestry of Brazilians.
Pena, S., Bastos-Rodrigues, L., Pimenta, J., & Bydlowski, S. (2009) · Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas · doi:10.1590/s0100-879x2009005000026 · Cited by 181
“(17) was highly efficient and provided reliable individual discrimination between European and African genomes.”
BackgroundThe Use of Racial, Ethnic, and Ancestral Categories in Human Genetics Research
* (2005) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/491747 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Early onset of breast cancer in a group of British black women
Bowen, R., Duffy, S. W., Ryan, D., Hart, I., & Jones, J. (2008) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604174 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Ness, R., Haggerty, C., Harger, G., & Ferrell, R. (2004) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwh325 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“Furthermore, we relied on self-reports of race, despite the known 7–20 percent White admixture within African Americans (34), which would tend to reduce observed associations.”
MethodSelf-citationTian, C., Hinds, D., Shigeta, R., Kittles, R., Ballinger, D., & Seldin, M. (2006) · American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/507954 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Zhang, H.-P., Kranzler, H., Yang, B.-Z., Luo, X.-G., & Gelernter, J. (2008) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4002035 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Dupanloup, I., & Bertorelle, G. (2001) · Molecular biology and evolution · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003847 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“This simple consideration has been used to develop several methods for estimating the relative contribution of each PP to the HP (Cavalli-Sforza and Bodmer 1971; Chakraborty 1986; Long 1991; Parra et al. 1998; Estoup et al. 1999).”
MethodMulcare, C., Weale, M., Jones, A. L., Connell, B., Zeitlyn, D., Tarekegn, A., Swallow, D., Bradman, N., & Thomas, M. G. (2004) · American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/421050 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“Although the 13.9kb*T allele frequency in Americans with African ancestry is consistent with their lactase-persistence frequency (Enattah et al. 2002), there is known to be substantial admixture between African Americans and European Americans (Parra et al. 1998).”
BackgroundStatistical tests for admixture mapping with case-control and cases-only data.
Montana, G., & Pritchard, J. (2004) · American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/425281 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“For example, in African Americans—who have ∼20% European ancestry , on average—significant LD has been observed over distances as large as 20 cM (Parra et al. 1998).”
BackgroundMethodBonilla, C., Parra, E. J., Pfaff, C., Dios, S., Marshall, J. A., Hamman, R. F., Ferrell, R. E., Hoggart, C., McKeigue, P., & Shriver, M. (2004) · Annals of Human Genetics · doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00084.x · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“…London 2004 Annals of Human Genetics (2004) 68,139–153 139 tions may extend over distances considerably larger than 1 cM: 19 cM in the 13p13-p20 region (Rybicki et al. 2002); and 30 cM around the FY locus on chromosome 1q22-q23 (Parra et al. 1998; Lautenberger et al. 2000; Pfaff et al. 2001).”
BackgroundSelf-citationKittles, R., Chen, W., Panguluri, R. K., Ahaghotu, C., Jackson, A. G., Adebamowo, C., Griffin, R., Williams, T., Ukoli, F. A., Adams-Campbell, L., et al. (2002) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-002-0731-5 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“%) in allele frequencies (δ) between Africans and Europeans (Parra et al. 1998, 2001).”
InfluentialColor and Genomic Ancestry in Brazilians: A Study with Forensic Microsatellites
Pimenta, J., Zuccherato, L., Debes, A., Maselli, L., Soares, R. P., Moura-Neto, R., Rocha, J., Bydlowski, S., & Pena, S. D. (2006) · Human Heredity · doi:10.1159/000096872 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“We used a panel of 10 ancestry-informative markers (AIMs), i.e. genetic polymorphisms that display large differences in allelic frequencies ( 1 0.40) between Europeans and Africans [5] to estimate, on an individual level, the ancestry of 173 Brazilians from a Southeastern rural community.”
BackgroundInfluentialLevin, A. M., Sitarik, A. R., Havstad, S. L., Fujimura, K. E., Wegienka, G., Cassidy‐Bushrow, A. E., Kim, H. J., Zoratti, E. M., Lukacs, N. W., Boushey, H. A., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep31775 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Rojas, W., Parra, M., Campo, O., Caro, M., Lopera, J. G., Arias, W., Duque, C., Naranjo, A., García, J., Vergara, C., et al. (2010) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.21270 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Reiner, A. P., Ziv, E., Lind, D. L., Nievergelt, C. M., Schork, N. J., Cummings, S. R., Phong, A., Burchard, E. G., Harris, T. B., Psaty, B. M., et al. (2005) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/428654 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
“…contributing to population heterogeneity and substructure are particularly important for genetic-association studies involving African Americans, among whom admixture with whites and Native Americans varies by geographic region (Parra et al. 1998, 2001; Pfaff et al. 2001; Smith et al. 2004).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialRevisiting the Genetic Ancestry of Brazilians Using Autosomal AIM-Indels
Manta, F. S. D. N., Pereira, R., Vianna, R., de Araújo, A. R. B., Gitaí, D. L. G., da Silva, D. A., Wolfgramm, E. D. V., Pontes, I. D. M., Aguiar, J. I., Moraes, M. O., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075145 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“, [1,2,3]).”
Adams, A. M., & Hudson, R. (2004) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.104.030171 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“The simulated 95% confidence region around the pean admixture, which is consistent with admixture estimates obtained from African-American populationsSeattle SNPs African-American maximum-likelihood es- timates, shown in Figure 7a, includes only a very narrow (Parra et al. 1998).”
ResultHybrid vigor between native and introduced salamanders raises new challenges for conservation
Fitzpatrick, B. M., & Shaffer, H. B. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.0704791104 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Yaeger, R., Avila-Bront, A., Abdul, K., Nolan, P. C., Grann, V., Birchette, M. G., Choudhry, S., Burchard, E., Beckman, K., Gorroochurn, P., et al. (2008) · Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-2505 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“We specifically chose to focus on west Africa because the history of African Americans reflects the forced migration of slaves from mainly west Africa (14).”
BackgroundInfluentialEpidemiology of Sarcoidosis: Recent Advances and Future Prospects
Rybicki, B. A., & Iannuzzi, M. C. (2007) · Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2007-970331 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Smith, M. W., Lautenberger, J., Shin, H., Chretien, J., Shrestha, S., Gilbert, D., & O'Brien, S. J. (2001) · American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/323922 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“…have also found MALD over large distances of as much as 30 cM around the FY gene in African Americans, and strong linkage disequilibrium was found with STRs in an 8-cM core around the FY gene (Parra et al. 1998; Hamblin and Di Rienzo 2000; Lautenberger et al. 2000; Wilson and Goldstein 2000).”
BackgroundInfluentialAdmixture in Mexico City: implications for admixture mapping of Type 2 diabetes genetic risk factors
Martínez-Marignac, V., Valladares, A., Cameron, E., Chan, A., Perera, A., Globus-Goldberg, R., Wacher, N., Kumate, J., McKeigue, P., O'donnell, D., et al. (2007) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-006-0273-3 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“, less than 20 generations ago), such as many populations in North, Central and South America and the Caribbean are ideally suited for admixture mapping (Hanis et al. 1991; Parra et al. 1998; Bortolini et al. 1999; Mesa et al. 2000).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSarcoidosis susceptibility and resistance HLA-DQB1 alleles in African Americans.
Iannuzzi, M., Maliarik, M., Poisson, L., & Rybicki, B. (2003) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200209-1097oc · Cited by 141 · see citing works
MaCH‐Admix: Genotype Imputation for Admixed Populations
Liu, E. Y., Li, M., Wang, W. W., & Li, Y. (2012) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.21690 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“For example, it is reasonable to use a ~2:8 CEU:YRI weighting scheme for African Americans who are estimated to have about 20% Caucasian and 80% African ancestries [Lind et al., 2007; Parra et al., 1998; Reiner et al., 2007; Stefflova et al., 2011].”
MethodUsing ancestry-informative markers to define populations and detect population stratification
Enoch, M., Shen, P.-H., Xu, K., Hodgkinson, C., & Goldman, D. (2006) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/1359786806066041 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Hughes, L. B., Beasley, T. M., Patel, H., Tiwari, H. K., Morgan, S. L., Baggott, J. E., Saag, K. G., McNicholl, J., Moreland, L. W., Alarcón, G. S., et al. (2006) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.2005.046797 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“SNP allele and haplotype frequencies (independent of MTX toxicity) included 138 African-Americans and 393 Caucasians with rheumatoid arthritis. Significant differences in SNP allele frequencies in Caucasian and African-American patients and controls were found in the 677C/T 1298A/C and rs4846051 T/C SNPs. The minor al…”
Background
- Authors
- Parra, E. J., Marcini, A., Akey, J., Martinson, J., Batzer, M. A., Cooper, R., Forrester, T., Allison, D. B., Deka, R., Ferrell, R. E., & Shriver, M. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Louisiana State University (US)
- Loyola University Medical Center (US)
- University of the West Indies System (JM)
- St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center (US)
- University of Cincinnati (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shriver, Mark D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- The American Journal of Human Genetics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1998-12
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1839-1851
- ISSN
- 0002-9297 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1377655
- OpenAlex
- W2097325658
- Cited by
- 771
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 7.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The American Journal of Human Genetics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Civil War Book Review (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- U.S. Department of Justice
- National Institutes of Health (5r01gm045861-08)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM 45861)
- National Institute of Justice
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Race, Genetics, and Society
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Keywords
- sex-biased gene flow, mtDNA haplogroups, Native American ancestry, Jamaica
- MeSH terms
- Africa, Alleles, Black or African American, DNA, Mitochondrial, Europe, Female, Gene Frequency, Gene Pool, Genetic Markers, Genetics, Population, Haplotypes, Humans, Jamaica, Male, Polymorphism, Genetic, Sex Ratio, United States, Y Chromosome, Linkage Disequilibrium, Alu Elements, Black People
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
