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Will Money Increase Subjective Well-Being?
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“Most of this work has revealed a small, but discernible, relationship between income and well-being (for reviews, see Clark, Frijters, & Shields, 2008; Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002; Diener & Oishi, 2000).”
From How your bank balance buys happiness: The importance of “cash on hand” to life satisfaction. (2016) · cites this paper as Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002
In the citing paper
“These studies show that people with larger incomes tend to report greater evaluative well-being (1–10).”
From Experienced well-being rises with income, even above $75,000 per year (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
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Cites
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Research works printed but not linked: 22
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Items 901–998 of 998
Financial Satisfaction of Islamic Investing: The Role of Religiosity and Financial Knowledge
Parmitasari, R. D. A., Bulutoding, L., & Alwi, Z. (2020) · Annual International Conference on Islamic Studies (AICIS) · doi:10.4108/eai.1-10-2019.2291738 · Cited by 6
“Financial satisfaction has a close relationship in realizing satisfaction and happiness in the lives of individuals (Diener & Diener, 2002; Falahati et al., 2012; Van Praag, 2004).”
BackgroundA capability pathway to subjective economic well-being: Looking beyond materialism
Nanarpuzha, R., & Sarin, A. (2021) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.01.001 · Cited by 7
Hsieh, C., & Li, Q. (2021) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-020-09904-4 · Cited by 6
“Subjective well-being (SWB), including happiness and life satisfaction, has long been a research topic of social scientists (e.g., Diener 1984; Diener and Biswas-Diener 2002; Maddox 1992; Maddox and Wiley 1976; George 1996; Sirgy and Lee 2018).”
BackgroundHealth and Wealth: The Importance for Lifestyle Medicine
Burton, W. N., Schultz, A. B., & Edington, D. W. (2021) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276211005348 · Cited by 8
Is there a happiness premium for working in the public sector? Evidence from Italy
Bucciol, A., & Burro, G. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2022.101841 · Cited by 9
Korkmaz, O. (2023) · Ahmet Keleşoğlu Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.38151/akef.2023.50 · Cited by 5
Factors contributing to the life satisfaction of secondary school teachers in Jos North LGA
Shyim, E. C., & Korb, K. A. (2016) · Educational foundations · Cited by 6
Comparing models of consumer behaviour
Antonides, G. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511490118.010 · Cited by 6
The State of the Minimum Wage: Federalism, Economic Policy, and Workers’ Well-Being
Flavin, P., & Shufeldt, G. (2017) · The Forum · doi:10.1515/for-2017-0010 · Cited by 8
“More money, specifically more individual income, is particularly important as it helps people meet their most basic needs ( Veenhoven 1991; Diener and Biswas-Diener 2002; Frey and Stutzer 2002).”
BackgroundEvolutionary psychology and economic psychology
Lea, S. E. G. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511490118.021 · Cited by 6
Problems and perspectives in research into the quality of work life in organisational studies
Gogoleva, A., Сорокин, П. С., & Efendiev, A. (2017) · Society and Economy · doi:10.1556/204.2017.006 · Cited by 6
The Easterlin Paradox and the Decline of Social Capital: An Integrated ExplanationPreprint
Pugno, M. (2008) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1132085 · Cited by 6
Bjornsdottir, R. T., & Rule, N. O. (2017) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2017.1338089 · Cited by 7
“Happiness relates to higher social class standing—both stereotypically and, to some degree, realistically (Aknin, Norton, & Dunn, 2009; Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002).”
BackgroundEnvironmental amenities and subjective well-being : testing the validity of hedonic pricing
Brereton, F., Clinch, J. P., & Ferreira, S. (2006) · Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) · Cited by 6
Cardoso, N. D. O., Machado, W. D. L., Sorgente, A., & Guilherme, A. A. (2024) · Journal of Family and Economic Issues · doi:10.1007/s10834-024-09965-9 · Cited by 5
“…further studies could consider collecting these variables and assessing their impacts on MSFWBS scores, especially material goals since previous studies point to its moderating effect on subjective well-being and FWB (Brüggen et al., 2017; Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002; Iannello et al., 2021).”
InfluentialSociocultural Influences on Subjective Well-Being: Evidence from Syrian Migrants in Turkey
Gıovanıs, E. (2024) · Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies · doi:10.29333/ejecs/2222 · Cited by 7
Kollamparambil, U., & Ndlovu, M. M. S. (2023) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-023-00623-9 · Cited by 5
“As explained by the “human needs hypothesis” (Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002; Diener & Lucas, 2000) which postulates that the effect of income on SWB is limited to its ability to provide access to basic needs.”
BackgroundStatus invisibility alleviates the economic gradient in happiness in social network experiments
Nishi, A., German, C., Iwamoto, S. K., & Christakis, N. A. (2023) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-023-00159-0 · Cited by 8
“This may explain why we detected an almost linear relationship between in-game wealth and SWB, but not a concave (or curvilinear) relationship (Supplementary Information Additional Analysis 2).”
MethodInfluentialUrban regrets (Unhappy metros: Satisfaction with life scale (SWLS))
Okulicz‐Kozaryn, A. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30729 · Cited by 5
Social exclusion: Continuities and discontinuities in explaining local patterns
Weck, S., & Lobato, I. R. (2015) · Local Economy The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit · doi:10.1177/0269094215601641 · Cited by 5
Leisure and subjective well-being of parents of Korean transnational-split families
Lee, K. J., Hwang, S., & Stodolska, M. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00852-8 · Cited by 5
The Impact of Self Help Groups on the Psychosocial Well-Being of Female Members in Ethiopia
Fagan, P., Quinn-Gates, H., Rebsso, M., & Cromie, S. (2020) · International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/s41042-020-00038-4 · Cited by 9
Kwon, R., McCaffree, K. J., & Taylor, C. (2020) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.12830 · Cited by 5
Gao, X., Lee, K. L., Permpoonputtana, K., & Plitponkarnpim, A. (2022) · Journal of Family and Economic Issues · doi:10.1007/s10834-022-09863-y · Cited by 7
PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF UKRAINIANS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE FULL-SCALE RUSSIAN INVASION
Коваленко, А., & Yatsenko, A. O. (2022) · Ukrainian Psychological Journal · doi:10.17721/upj.2022.2(18).5 · Cited by 5
Armbrecht, J., Dehkordi, M. M., & Lundberg, E. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism · doi:10.1080/15022250.2023.2296480 · Cited by 5
“It is positively associated with aspects such as income (Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002), health (Diener, 1984; Koivumaa-Honkanen et al., 2004), social relations (Lyubomirsky et al., 2005) and productivity at work (Boehm & Lyubomirsky, 2008).”
BackgroundAn Analysis of the Subjective Well-Being in the Italian Regions Through an ANN Algorithm
Magazzino, C., Mele, M., Gurrieri, A. R., & Morelli, G. (2024) · Journal of the Knowledge Economy · doi:10.1007/s13132-024-01817-z · Cited by 5
I Can Afford to Relax: Relating Perceived Income Adequacy to Recovery and Health
Black, K. J., DePhillips, O. C., & Britt, T. W. (2024) · Occupational Health Science · doi:10.1007/s41542-024-00200-3 · Cited by 6
Jyung, M., Lee, S., & Choi, I. (2024) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-024-00792-1 · Cited by 9
Modelling retirement resources, home environment and quality of marriage for greater well-being
Pang, M., Lai, M.-M., Chong, L., Lee, Y. L.-E., & Lau, S.-H. (2024) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-024-10366-1 · Cited by 7
“The relationship between income and subjective well-being relied on the fact that an individual’s income enabled them to satisfy their desires (Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002; Diener et al., 1999).”
Virtual virtuous cycles. Mapping value structure in digital platforms and online communities realms
Rodrigo, L., Palacios, M., Martínez-Corral, A., & Tafur, J. (2024) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123913 · Cited by 8
Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Perceived Health in People Living with Osteoporosis
Gunnell, K. E., Mack, D. E., Wilson, P. M., & Adachi, J. D. (2012) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-012-9169-7 · Cited by 5
“Contrary to existing literature (Diener and Biswas-Diener 2002; Strine et al. 2008; Zahran et al. 2005), being female was associated with better perceived health in this study that may, in part, reflect known gender differences in condition diagnosis (Tuck and Datta 2007).”
ResultImpacts of Social and Demographic Factors on Residents’ Subjective Well-being in Rural China
Jian, W., Meng, Q., Yip, W. C.-M., Sun, Q., Qu, J., & Li-ying, J. (2010) · Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment · doi:10.1080/10042857.2010.10684969 · Cited by 5
“The earlier studies of Diener on wealth and SWB found that people in rich countries feel happier than people in poor countries, and that within a country, the rich feel happier than the poor (Diener and Biswas-Diener, 2002).”
BackgroundPSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN JAPANESE AND EGYPTIAN STUDENTS
Mohammed, E.-N. F., Unher, M., & Sugawara, M. (2010) · PSYCHOLOGIA · doi:10.2117/psysoc.2010.68 · Cited by 6
“…the behaviors that are valued within the culture is likely to lead to feelings of well-being, because the person has Figure 1 shows Ryff’s dimensions of psychological well-being: adopted the cultural goals, and experiences emotions that are socialized to the cultural norms (Diener & Diener, 2002).”
BackgroundCramm, J. M., & Nieboer, A. P. (2012) · International Journal of Wellbeing · doi:10.5502/ijw.v2i1.4 · Cited by 7
“As with previous studies (Ahuvia & Friedman, 1998; Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002), we found that factors such as income, employment, education, and marital status accounted for only a small amount of variance in SWB.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGünay, G., Boylu, A. A., & Bener, Ö. (2013) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-013-0499-0 · Cited by 5
Jones, G. W. (2011) · Revista Brasileira de Estudos de População · doi:10.1590/s0102-30982011000200002 · Cited by 5
Towards a new perspective in cultural studies
Zevnik, L. (2010) · International Journal of Cultural Studies · doi:10.1177/1367877910369977 · Cited by 5
“…longitudinal, human happiness research has proven that when a particular individual or society reaches a certain level of economic wealth, any further increase in income does little or nothing to increase the level of happiness and well-being (Diener and Biswas-Diener, 2002; Myers, 1993).”
BackgroundA non-compensatory time analysis of material deprivation in the EU.
Ciacci, A., & Traversa, S. (2021) · Revista de Estudios Andaluces · doi:10.12795/rea.2021.i42.06 · Cited by 5
Orellana, L., Flores, N. Á., Hernández, G. Á., Salas, M. Á., & Schnettler, B. (2022) · Interdisciplinaria Revista de Psicología y Ciencias Afines · doi:10.16888/interd.2023.40.1.13 · Cited by 6
“El bienestar subjetivo se define como la evaluación que realiza un individuo acerca de su propia vida (Diener y Biswas-Diener, 2002, citados en Schnettler et al., 2013).”
Floods, Poverty, and Happiness of Rural Farmers in Northern Benin
Bonou, A., Zafar, S., & Ammara, S. (2024) · Economies · doi:10.3390/economies12030052 · Cited by 5
Romney, A. C., Netchaeva, E., Smith, I. H., & Brief, A. P. (2024) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2024.2332466 · Cited by 6
“…that the relationship between money and subjective well-being tends to be much more pronounced for those with lower incomes (for a review, see Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002)— supporting the theory that income only increases happiness to the extent that it helps individuals meet their basic…”
BackgroundYu, Z., Bo, W., & Shu, L. (2011) · International Conference on Management Science and Engineering (ICMSE) · doi:10.1109/icmse.2011.6070109 · Cited by 5
Burns, R. A. (2018) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-018-9964-4 · Cited by 5
Odero, A., Chauvel, L., Hartung, A., Bihan, E. L., & Baumann, M. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7913-8 · Cited by 5
Happiness and Quality of Life in the People’s Republic of China
Davey, G. (2012) · Science across cultures · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2700-7_5 · Cited by 5
Stock prices: insights from behavioral finance
Bondt, W. F. M. D. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511490118.004 · Cited by 5
Happiness in Economics as Understood Across Ism and Religion
Ismail, A. G., & Haron, N. (2014) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244014560543 · Cited by 5
Uncredentialed Young Adults: Beyond Economic Loss to the Emotional Aftermath of School Failure
Brown, T. M. (2018) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/0042085918802615 · Cited by 5
“However, current SWB measures are limited in explaining “when rich and poor people feel happy and unhappy, satisfied and unsatisfied, and why” (Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002, p. 156).”
BackgroundInfluentialHappiness after Basic Needs are Fulfilled:Social Needs become Salient
허청라, Suh, E. M., & Koo, J. (2014) · 한국심리학회지 사회및성격 · doi:10.21193/kjspp.2014.28.2.004 · Cited by 5
How Bhutan can Measure and Develop GNH
Donnelly, S. (2010) · CrossAsia-Repository (Universität Heidelberg) · doi:10.11588/xarep.00001212 · Cited by 5
Fitzmaurice, C. (2012) · eSource (Dublin Business School) · Cited by 5
Wunder, C., & Schwarze, J. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1645901 · Cited by 5
“Thus, increasing incomes are likely to lead to anupward adjustment in expectations (cf. Diener and Biswas-Diener 2002, Solberg et al. 2002).”
Subjective Well-Being Approach to the Valuation of Income InequalityPreprint
Beja, E. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1970035 · Cited by 5
“Interestingly, the across-time correlations between aggregate income and aggregate subjective well-being obtain no, if not limited, linkage (Easterlin 1974, 1995; Diener and Biswas-Diener 2002), although Stevenson and Wolfers (2008) challenge such findings.”
BackgroundJamtsho, S. (2015) · Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) · Cited by 5
Using Game Theory to Study the Evolution of Cultural NormsPreprint
De, S., Nau, D. S., & Gelfand, M. J. (2016) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1606.02570 · Cited by 5
“There is an abundance of evidence across disciplines that increased resources lead to diminishing increases in utility [12,13,15], and diminishing-returns fitness functions have been used in several other EGT studies [15,18,20].”
BackgroundJoint versus Separate Modes of Evaluation
Zhang, J. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118468333.ch7 · Cited by 4
Hajdu, T. (2016) · CUB Ph.D. Dissertations (Corvinus University of Budapest) · doi:10.14267/phd.2016001 · Cited by 5
HAPPINESS AT WORK IN THE UAE:The Role of Leadership Style and Human Resource Management
Alnuaimi, A. A. H. A. (2018) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 5
Life Goals and Well-Being in Hungary
Martos, T., & Kopp, M. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_3952 · Cited by 5
Cash Transfers, Mental Health, and Agency: Evidence from an RCT in Germany
Bohmann, S., Fiedler, S., Kasy, M., Schupp, J., & Schwerter, F. (2026) · CESifo · doi:10.65864/470148ei1d · Cited by 5
“One explanation, consistent with classical insights from psychology (Ryan and Deci, 2001; Diener and Biswas-Diener, 2002), is that cash transfers may be less impactful in high-income countries because basic needs are already met and material aspirations grow as income rises.”
The Relationship Between Leisure Crafting, Job Finding Anxiety and Life Satisfaction
YAZICI, Ö. F., SOMOĞLU, M. B., Öztaş, M., & Güler, B. (2023) · Journal of Education and Recreation Patterns · doi:10.53016/jerp.v4i2.153 · Cited by 5
Chaplitskaya, A., Heijman, W., & van Ophem, J. (2024) · Regional Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.regsus.2024.100114 · Cited by 4
Gu, H., Tan, Q., Guo, Y., He, H. G., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1577384 · Cited by 4
Socol, A., Iuga, H., Lazarescu, I., & Iuga, I. C. (2025) · International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management · doi:10.1108/imefm-11-2024-0549 · Cited by 7
Subjective Well-Being and Education in China: The Moderating Role of Educational Position
Liao, L., & Li, A. (2025) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-025-00913-4 · Cited by 4
“This is consistent with prior research suggesting that educational attainment enhances social resources, self-efficacy, and social status, thereby contributing to better wellbeing (Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002; Liu & Hesh-mati, 2023; Wilson Fadiji and Lomas 2024).”
Two-Factor Risk Preference for Investment Market and Credit Card Risk
Payne, P., & Asebedo, S. D. (2018) · Financial Planning Review · doi:10.1002/cfp2.1062 · Cited by 4
Klement, J. (2021) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-021-00376-3 · Cited by 4
Modeling the Impacts of Income on the Subjective Happiness: An Empirical Study
Gui-ping, M., & Ma, C. (2021) · Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society · doi:10.1155/2021/4365866 · Cited by 4
Access to material resources and the subjective well-being of children in Brazil and Chile
Ditzel, A. L., Chuecas, M. J., Bedin, L. M., Torres‐Vallejos, J., Villarroel, A., Benavente, M., Alfaro, J., Sarriera, J. C., & Juarros‐Basterretxea, J. (2021) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-021-09875-4 · Cited by 4
Shen, F., Zou, J., Huang, X., Wang, C., & Zhao, M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19159379 · Cited by 4
“However, the personal factors mentioned above can only explain a small part of the differences [19].”
BackgroundKanadlı, S., Arslantaş, H. İ., & İnandı, Y. (2022) · Asia Pacific Education Review · doi:10.1007/s12564-022-09766-5 · Cited by 4
Sudo, N. (2022) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/23780231221124562 · Cited by 4
“…predicted that acquiring positional goods will not be easy and that they might occasionally be hurt because of losing this race (Alderson and Katz-Gerro 2016; Burroughs and Rindfleisch 2002; Diener and Biswas-Diener 2002; Sirgy 1998; Stutzer 2004; Tim and Aaron 2001; Vansteenkiste et al. 2006).”
BackgroundCerin, E., Zhang, C. J. P., Mellecker, R. R., Ming, W., & Barnett, A. H. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-17129-x · Cited by 5
Liedl, B., Fritsch, N., Mejia, C. S., & Verwiebe, R. (2023) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2023.1265302 · Cited by 4
“Others question this relationship, affirming that a significant part of the variance of one’s subjective assessment is not directly explained by economic variables, but rather by other psychological and physiological variables– themselves contributing a significant influence (Fuentes and Rojas, 2001; Diener and Biswas…”
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“The cues’ validity furthermore aligns with well-documented class differences in health and wellbeing (e.g., Diener and Biswas-Diener 2002; Singh-Manoux et al. 2003), and with research demonstrating that facial appearance reflects health and affective habits (e.g., Adams et al. 2016; Henderson et…”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Diener, E., & Biswas-Diener, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Corresponding author
- Diener, Ed
- ORCID
- Diener, Ed
- Venue
- Social Indicators Research
- Published
- 2002-02
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 119-169
- ISSN
- 0303-8300 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-0921
- OpenAlex
- W1735969924
- Cited by
- 1,555
- References
- 117
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 99 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 80 · 2021: 87 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 79 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 85 · 2016: 72 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 88 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 64
- FWCI
- 38.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Social Indicators Research (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Income, Poverty, and Inequality
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Quality of Life Measurement
- Keywords
- subjective well-being, income, happiness, materialism, material desire, poverty, economic growth, basic needs, social norms, consumption, The Wealth of Nations
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