Cited by 1,555Psychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionIncome, Poverty, and InequalityQuality of Life Measurement

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Will Money Increase Subjective Well-Being?

Diener, Ed, Biswas-Diener, Robert·2002·Social Indicators Research

DOI 10.1023/a:1014411319119

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“…introduced to the large body of literature that conclusively shows that once we reach a certain level of material wealth any additional increase in wealth is only marginally contributing to further increases in happiness (Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002; Diener & Oishi, 2000; Kahneman et al., 2006).”
Background
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“Besides the relevance of demographic variables (e.g., gender, and age) with SWB, some factors such as good income, physical activity, and health condition contribute positively with SWB (Diener and Biswas-Diener 2002; Ngamaba, 2017; Diener et al., 2018).”
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“Given the importance of income to people’s basic needs, more complex interest or status needs, and/or culturally learned needs (Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002; Diener, Sandvik, Seidlitz, & Diener, 1993; Maslow, 1970; Veenhoven, 1991), we can reasonably infer that income loss would be positively…”
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“Keywords: relative resource assessments, reference points, temporal relative deprivation, future expectations, optimism, worry It is well established that economic resources are positively related to well-being and positive future expectations (Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002).”
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“While they are positively related at the country level (Diener and Biswas-Diener 2002; Diener et al.”
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“This effect has been confirmed by numerous previous studies (Diener et al., 1993; Diener and Biswas-Diener, 2002; Di Tella et al., 2003; Pouwels et al., 2008; Pedersen and Schmidt, 2011), and is generally interpreted as ‘more income brings greater happiness’ (Easterlin, 2001, p. 465).”
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“…on the relation between income and subjective wellbeing suggesting that there is a modest positive correlation between the two, perhaps explained—in part—by the suggestion that more affluent individuals have a greater ability to fund the pursuit of personal goals (Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002).”
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“The finding that country level development indicators were not significantly associated with global LS and happiness is not unique to our paper (Diener and Biswas-Diener 2002; Easterlin et al. 2010) although other studies have found positive associations (Karoly and Burtless 1995; Diener and Oishi…”
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“…the others SDHI, such as social, environmental and psychological factors (Bedin & Sarriera, 2015; Bedran-Martins et al., 2018; Clark et al., 2008; Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002; Gordeev, Goryakin, McKee, Stuckler, & Roberts, 2015; Helliwell et al., 2014; Kahneman & Deaton, 2010; Nunes et al.,…”
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“(4)), and higher income might bring greater happiness (Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002).”
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“The idea that relative position matters to an individual’s subjective well-being has a long history in the social science literature (e.g., Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002; Duesenberry, 1949, Easterlin, 1974; and Veblen, 1899) and there is substantial empirical support.”
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“Second, the relation between income and subjective well-being depends on the amount of material desires that people's income allows them to fulfil (Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002 ).”
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“On one hand, there are some studies that explored the correlation between financial income and subjective well-being emphasized that while basic needs are satisfied by wealth, once these needs are met, the increase in wealth has a marginal impact on happiness (Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002).”
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“These results are consistent with numerous studies that emphasize the critical role of education, occupation, and social support in individual quality of life (52).”
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“…for employees and its pivotal role in counterbalancing the adverse effects of unfavourable job attributes, such as prolonged working hours or suboptimal conditions, thereby bol-stering the overall well-being of workers (Bartoll and Ramos, 2020; Diener and Biswas-Diener, 2002; Warren, 2015).”
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“Robust evidence has been found in a cross ‐ section of countries showing that individuals living in wealthier nations tend to be happier on average (Inglegart and Rabier 2000; Diener and Biswas ‐ Diener 2002).”
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“2009; Diener and Biswas-Diener 2002), prior results may indicate differences in the traits related to affect between the rich and poor.”
BackgroundResult
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Family socioeconomic status and provincial‐level economic, educational, and health‐related factors as predictors of present‐ and future‐oriented subjective wellbeing in junior high school students in China
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“39,40 For high-SES mothers speciﬁcally, the signiﬁcant reduction in access to outsourced childcare or housework may have been experienced more acutely because they were dependent on these supports for daily functioning 41 as a parent before the pandemic.”
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“Furthermore, the magnification of the extra money importance effect connects to recognition that money can be important for well-being to an extent (Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002; Lomas & VanderWeele, 2023), but that individuals generally overestimate the benefits of having larger amounts of it…”
BackgroundInfluential
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Het belang van sociale cohesie en sociaal kapitaal in de buurt voor het welzijn van ouderen
Cramm, J. M., van Dijk, H. M., & Nieboer, A. P. (2013) · Tijdschrift voor Gerontologie en Geriatrie · doi:10.1007/s12439-013-0010-z · Cited by 7
“Deze bevinding komt overeen met eerdere studies waarin werd aangetoond dat het risico op laag welzijn hoger is voor armere alleenstaande mensen.(14,28) Echter, de effecten van burgerlijke staat en inkomen werden gemedieerd door buurtvoorzieningen, het sociaal kapitaal van de buurt, en de sociale cohesie tussen buurtge…”
Background
Liushou Women’s Happiness and its Influencing Factors in Rural China
Liang, H., Tang, Y., & Huo, X. (2013) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-013-0370-3 · Cited by 7
Urban Residents' Life Satisfaction and Cultural Tourism Development: The Role of Health Perception, Wealth, Safety, Community Contentment, and Cultural Tourism Development
Yamada, N., Heo, J., King, C., & Fu, Y.-Y. (2011) · Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism · doi:10.1080/1528008x.2011.541830 · Cited by 7
“On the other hand, positive relationships between economic factors and life satisfaction can be found in numerous studies (Biswas-Diener & Diener, 2001; Diener, 2000; Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002; Marks & Fleming, 1999).”
Background
Relating social welfare to life satisfaction in the postmodern era of Hong Kong
Cheung, C., & Leung, K. (2006) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-006-9073-3 · Cited by 7
Well-Being and Distress in Mothers of Two-Year-Old Singletons and Twins
Noy, A., Taubman-Ben-Ari, O., & Kuint, J. (2014) · Women & health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2014.896441 · Cited by 8
“While the fact that no other sociodemographic variable was related to mothers’ well-being or distress contradicts some studies (Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002; Nomaguchi & Brown, 2011), it is in line with those of others (e.g., Wei, Liao, Ku, & Shaffer, 2011), who have found only weak relationships…”
BackgroundResult
The Effects of Housing Poverty on Family life
임재현 (2011) · Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies · doi:10.16999/kasws.2011.42.1.279 · Cited by 7
Predictors of stress and depressive mood in Portuguese middle-aged women
Pimenta, F., Marôco, J. P., Leitão, M., & Leal, I. M. P. (2016) · Journal of Women & Aging · doi:10.1080/08952841.2015.1018058 · Cited by 7
“Diener and Biswas-Diener (2002) have reported that after controlling for cost of living and purchasing power, wealthier nations manifest higher levels of happiness when compared with poorer societies.”
Background
Using insights about key factors impacting ‘quality of life’ to inform effective on-farm conservation programs: a case study in Northern Australia
Chacón, A., Stoeckl, N., Jarvis, D., & Pressey, R. L. (2016) · Australasian Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1080/14486563.2016.1251345 · Cited by 7
“In line with other researchers (Diener & Biswas-Diener 2002), we used the natural logarithm of life satisfaction because it allows for diminishing returns.”
Method
Materialism and Mental Health: A Negative Relation Not Moderated by Economic Status
Shin, H.-S., Park, Y., 박선웅, & Kim, T.-I. (2017) · Health and Social Welfare Review · doi:10.15709/hswr.2017.37.3.368 · Cited by 7
Subjective well-being among Latino day laborers: Examining the role of religiosity, social networks, and cigarette use
Boyas, J. F., Valera, P. A., & Ruiz, E. (2017) · Health Promotion Perspectives · doi:10.15171/hpp.2018.06 · Cited by 7
An Integrative Approach to Assess Subjective Well-Being. A Case Study on Romanian University Students
Șerban-Oprescu, G.-L., Dedu, S., & Şerban-Oprescu, A.-T. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11061639 · Cited by 7
“In terms of the relationship between income and SWB, the results are consistent with Diener and Biswas-Diener [9], who claim that there are small correlations between income and SWB among people living in the same country.”
Result
Explaining the U-shaped life satisfaction: dissatisfaction as a driver of behavior
Kageyama, J., & Sato, K. (2021) · Journal of Bioeconomics · doi:10.1007/s10818-020-09306-4 · Cited by 8
Wealth and preferences for redistribution: The effects of financial assets and home equity in 31 countries
Steele, L. G. (2020) · International Journal of Comparative Sociology · doi:10.1177/0020715220988088 · Cited by 7
“Given that household wealth can act as a safety net for wealthy households during times of illness or unemployment, needs theory would also predict that greater wealth would be negatively associated with support for redistribution (Diener and Biswas-Diener, 2002; Hochman and Skopek, 2013; Veenhoven, 1991).”
Background
Subjective Well-being, Happiness, and Fairness of Marketing Systems in Brazil: Some Further Thoughts
de Almeida, S. O., & de Mattos, E. J. (2021) · Markets Globalization & Development Review · doi:10.23860/mgdr-2021-06-04-03 · Cited by 7
A systematic approach to assess human wellbeing demonstrated for impacts of climate change
Lissner, T., Reusser, D. E., Lakes, T., & Kropp, J. P. (2014) · Change and Adaptation in Socio-Ecological Systems · doi:10.2478/cass-2014-0010 · Cited by 7
“While income is sometimes included as a separate requirement, for our approach we draw on findings from research on the relationship of subjective well-being and income, which indicate that wealth contributes to wellbeing and happiness up to where basic needs are met, but no strong direct correlation is apparent [53,6…”
Background
Social Mitigation of the Impact of Urban Renewal on Residents’ Morale
Cheung, C., & Leung, K. (2011) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-011-9820-y · Cited by 7
“At least, shopping amenities would contribute to the residents’ morale as shopping itself is a means of therapy for distressed residents ( Diener and Biswas-Dierner 2002 ).”
Background
Environmental sustainability and quality of life: from theory to practice
Malkina-Pykh, I. G., & PYKH, Y. A. (2016) · International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning · doi:10.2495/sdp-v11-n6-853-863 · Cited by 7
“Some studies show that income contributes to SWB, even after controlling for all the benefits of earnings [18].”
Background
Contingent valuation as a research method: environmental values and human behaviour
Spash, C. L. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511490118.018 · Cited by 7
MEASURING WELL-BEING IN A MULTIDIMENSIONAL PERSPECTIVE: A MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL APPLICATION TO ITALIAN REGIONSPreprint
Ferrara, A. R., & Nisticò, R. (2014) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 7
The hidden penalties of informal work: Life-job satisfaction and negative affect
Martínez, L. M., & Zafra, M. I. (2025) · Wellbeing Space and Society · doi:10.1016/j.wss.2025.100253 · Cited by 8
Racial/ethnic Variations in the Association Between Financial Strain and Well-Being: Evidence from the United Kingdom Household Longitudinal Survey
Chai, L., Chow, C., & Lu, Z. (2025) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-025-10502-5 · Cited by 6
“According to need theory, life satisfaction depends largely on the ability to meet basic needs such as having adequate food, housing, and clothing (Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002; Jung, 2018).”
Digital Financial Services Use and Life Satisfaction: Is Financial Well‐Being a Mediator?
Pak, T., Chatterjee, S., & Choung, Y. (2025) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.70158 · Cited by 6
Financial self‐regulation
Peetz, J., & Davydenko, M. (2022) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12663 · Cited by 6
Deprivation, Social Mobility Considerations, and Life Satisfaction: A Comparative Study of 33 European Countries
Drishti, E., Shkreli, Z., Zhllima, E., & Gërdoçi, B. (2023) · Comparative Economic Studies · doi:10.1057/s41294-023-00216-8 · Cited by 6
“• Studies have shown that income does not predict one’s material situation • (Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002; Headey, 2008, 2019).”
Understanding the Role of Cancer Diagnosis in the Associations between Personality and Life Satisfaction
Kang, W., Whelan, E., & Malvaso, A. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11162359 · Cited by 8
Family psychological wealth, peer pressure, and corruption tendencies of adolescent students in Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State, Nigeria
Iheanacho, R. A., Oyo-Ita, M. E., Ofoegbu, J. U., & Akpan, N. A. (2023) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-023-01835-3 · Cited by 6
The effects of ethical leadership, help seeking and happiness on innovation: an examination in China
Xie, L., Li, G.-P., & Bian, X.-Y. (2024) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-07-2023-0377 · Cited by 3
Stable traits and transient states
Matthews, G., Deary, I. J., & Whiteman, M. C. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511812736.006 · Cited by 6
Perception and Experience of Teacher Educators about Their Motivation: A Case Study Approach
Sahito, Z., & Väisänen, P. (2018) · Journal of Language Teaching and Research · doi:10.17507/jltr.0903.05 · Cited by 7
“As they want and struggle for a higher status that to be respected by the majority of the people as subjective well-being (Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002; Niemiec & Ryan, 2009; Ryan, Chirkov, Little, Sheldon, Timoshina & Deci, 1999; Twenge & Campbell, 2002).”
Background
What are We Working For? Comparing the Importance of Job Features for Job Satisfaction over the Career Span
Kaplan, S. A., Winslow, C. J., & Luchman, J. N. (2019) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-019-02231-8 · Cited by 7
A multi‐dimensional analysis of the subjective well‐being of self‐initiated expatriates: The case of Nigerian expatriates in Germany
Merchant, H., Rao‐Nicholson, R., & Iheikhena, E. G. (2022) · Thunderbird International Business Review · doi:10.1002/tie.22280 · Cited by 7
Parental financial socialization and life satisfaction of college students: mediation and moderation analyses
Mahapatra, M. S., Xiao, J. J., Mishra, R. K., & Meng, K. (2023) · Young Consumers Insight and Ideas for Responsible Marketers · doi:10.1108/yc-10-2022-1626 · Cited by 7
Psychosocial linkages of consumers' income security, financial well-being and social loneliness
Smith, B., & Eng, S. (2024) · International Journal of Bank Marketing · doi:10.1108/ijbm-03-2023-0176 · Cited by 9
Regional capability and regional disparity: a conceptual framework and applications within Korea
Koo, J. H., & Lee, H.-C. (2015) · International Review of Public Administration · doi:10.1080/12294659.2014.1003456 · Cited by 7
“…simple question “can money buy happiness?” can be given as “unclear” or even “no” according to a series of recent studies in psychology (Deiner, Diener, & Deiner, 1995; Kahneman & Deaton, 2010), sociology (Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002), and economics (Binswanger, 2006; Blanchflower & Oswald, 2004).”
Background
Comparing Interpersonal Comparisons in Utility Theory and Happiness Research
Mann, S. (2007) · Forum for Social Economics · doi:10.1007/s12143-007-0003-1 · Cited by 6
“Similar evidence comes from Diener and Biswas-Diener (2002) .”
Result
Sustainable Mobility and Urbanity
Perrels, A. (2007) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/9780857245168-008 · Cited by 6
Do You Feel Financially Secured? The Investigation of Economic Indicators and Consequences of Financial Well-Being
Hsu, T., Tam, L., & Howell, R. T. (2017) · DigitalCommons - Kennesaw State University (Kennesaw State University) · Cited by 6
Exploring Life Satisfaction Among Subsistence Migrant Consumers: A Case in China
Huang, Y., Chu, R., & Cheng, J. (2018) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1509/jppm.16.233 · Cited by 20
Reaching Compromises in Workers’ Life Satisfaction: A Multiobjective Interval Programming Approach
Henriques, C., López-Agudo, L. A., Gutiérrez, Ó. D. M., & Luque, M. (2020) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-020-00226-8 · Cited by 6
“…there seems to be an exception regarding national income, since studies examining the relationship between average income per capita and average life satisfaction across nations managed to establish significant correlations among them, varying between 0.50 and 0.70 (Diener and Biswas-Diener 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential

Authors: Diener, E., & Biswas-Diener, R.
Affiliations: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
Corresponding author: Diener, Ed
ORCID: Diener, Ed
Venue: Social Indicators Research
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2002-02
Volume: 57
Issue: 2
Pages: 119-169
ISSN: 0303-8300 (ISSN-L)
1573-0921
DOI: 10.1023/a:1014411319119
OpenAlex: W1735969924
Cited by: 1,555
References: 117
Citations by year: 2026: 56 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 99 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 80 · 2021: 87 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 79 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 85 · 2016: 72 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 88 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 64
FWCI: 38.51
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Social Indicators Research (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Income, Poverty, and Inequality
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Quality of Life Measurement
Keywords: subjective well-being, income, happiness, materialism, material desire, poverty, economic growth, basic needs, social norms, consumption, The Wealth of Nations

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