Psychological outcomes and gender-related development in complete androgen insensitivity syndrome
Abstract
We evaluated psychological outcomes and gender development in 22 women with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS). Participants were recruited through a medical database (n = 10) or through a patient support group (n = 12). Controls included 14 males and 33 females, of whom 22 were matched to women with CAIS for age, race, and sex-of-rearing. Outcome measures included quality of life (self-esteem and psychological general well-being), gender-related psychological characteristics (gender identity, sexual orientation, and gender role behavior in childhood and adulthood), marital status, personality traits that show sex differences, and hand preferences. Women recruited through the database versus the support group did not differ systematically, and there were no statistically significant differences between the 22 women with CAIS and the matched controls for any psychological outcome. These findings argue against the need for two X chromosomes or ovaries to determine feminine-typical psychological development in humans and reinforce the important role of the androgen receptor in influencing masculine-typical psychological development. They also suggest that psychological outcomes in women with CAIS are similar to those in other women. However, additional attention to more detailed aspects of psychological well-being in CAIS is needed.
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- Authors
- Hines, M., Ahmed, S. F., & Hughes, I. A.
- Affiliations
- City, University of London (GB)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hines, Melissa
- Venue
- Archives of Sexual Behavior
- Published
- 2003-04
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 93-101
- ISSN
- 0004-0002 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2800
- OpenAlex
- W1529661185
- Cited by
- 320
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 4.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Archives of Sexual Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD024542, HD 24542)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Keywords
- complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, gender development, psychological well-being, self-esteem, gender identity, sexual orientation, gender role behavior, androgen receptor, handedness, sex differences in personality, ovarian function, quality of life
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Life Style, Male, Personality Development, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Self Concept, Sexual Behavior, Sex Factors, Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome, Time Factors, Case-Control Studies
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