The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Structure of Perfectionism: A Twin Study
Abstract
Background Perfectionism may be a premorbid risk factor for eating disorders. Evidence of familial transmission suggests features of perfectionism may be genetically determined. This study examines the structure of perfectionism using classical twin design models. Methods Independent (IP) and common (CP) pathway models are used to investigate the extent to which genetic and environmental factors can help to identify and differentiate three behavioral domains of perfectionism as measured by a shortened version of the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS) [Frost et al. (1990). Cognit. Ther. Res. 14: 449-468]. Three of the original subscales were included: Personal standards (PS), Doubts about actions (DA), Concern over mistakes (CM). We studied a sample of 1022 paired and unpaired female twins from the Mid-Atlantic Twin Registry. Results MZ correlations were consistently higher than DZ twin correlations for all three composite subscales. The multivariate independent pathway model provided a better fit to the twin correlations then did the more parsimonious common pathway model suggesting the pattern of familial resemblance for the three subscales is not well characterized by a unidimensional perfectionism factor. CM phenotypic variance was completely accounted for by common heritability influences in both the IP and CP models. Based on the IP model results, there was evidence that PS and CM but not DA shared some common genetic effects, with DA and CM sharing some common e…
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“Error sensitivity overlaps substantially with the domain of concern over mistakes in Frost's multidimensional model of perfectionism (Frost et al., 1990) and has been shown to be a core feature of maladaptive perfectionism (Tozzi et al., 2004).”
From Perceived acceptability and appropriateness of a web-based program targeting risk for anxiety in young children and their parents (2025) · cites this paper as Tozzi et al., 2004
In the citing paper
“Consistent support for a multidimensional model of trait perfectionism has been garnered not only from behaviour genetics research with a sample of 1,022 twin pairs (Tozzi et al., 2004), but also from studies which have established that the different dimensions of perfectionism are differentially related to a wide range of consequential outcomes.”
From A Meta–Analytic and Conceptual Update on the Associations between Procrastination and Multidimensional Perfectionism (2017) · cites this paper as Tozzi et al., 2004
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The dimensions of perfectionism
Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01172967 · Cited by 4,279
Methodology for Genetic Studies of Twins and Families
Neale, M. C., & Cardon, L. R. (1992) · doi:10.1007/978-94-015-8018-2 · Cited by 4,005
Self-citationHewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.3.456 · Cited by 3,378
Psychodynamics of normal and neurotic perfectionism.
Hamachek, D. E. (1978) · Psychology: A Quarterly Journal of Human Behavior · Cited by 1,196
Clinical perfectionism: A cognitive behavioural analysis
Shafran, R., Cooper, Z., & Fairburn, C. G. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00059-6 · Cited by 984
Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment.
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THE PERFECTIONIST'S SCRIPT FOR SELF-DEFEAT
Burns, D. (1980) · Psychology today · Cited by 720
Perfectionism and psychopathology: a review of research and treatment
Shafran, R., & Mansell, W. (2001) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(00)00072-6 · Cited by 664
Pacht, A. R. (1984) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.39.4.386 · Cited by 643
Risk Factors for Anorexia Nervosa
Fairburn, C. G., Cooper, Z., Doll, H., & Welch, S. L. (1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.5.468 · Cited by 642
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Burns, D. D. (2001). The spouse who is a perfectionist. Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality, 17:219–230.
- Muthen, L. K., and Muthen, B. O. (1998). Mplus (Version 2) [Computer software]. Los Angeles, CA: Muthen & Muthen.
- Neale, M. C. (1997). Mx:Statistical Modeling [Computer software]. Richmond, Medical college of Virginia, Department of Psychiatry.
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Positive Conceptions of Perfectionism: Approaches, Evidence, Challenges
Stoeber, J., & Otto, K. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_2 · Cited by 1,779
Perfectionism is increasing over time: A meta-analysis of birth cohort differences from 1989 to 2016
Curran, T., & Hill, A. P. (2019) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000138 · Cited by 780
Heritability of polycystic ovary syndrome in a Dutch twin-family study
Vink, J. M., Sadrzadeh, S., Lambalk, C. B., & Boomsma, D. I. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1494 · Cited by 647
Perfectionism and eating disorders: Current status and future directions
Bardone‐Cone, A. M., Wonderlich, S. A., Frost, R. O., Bulik, C. M., Mitchell, J. E., Uppala, S., & Simonich, H. K. (2006) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.12.005 · Cited by 632
Self-citationVariation in the Heritability of Educational Attainment: An International Meta-Analysis
Branigan, A. R., McCallum, K. J., & Freese, J. (2013) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/sot076 · Cited by 360
Metadata
- Authors
- Tozzi, F., Aggen, S. H., Neale, B. M., Anderson, C. B., Mazzeo, S. E., Neale, M. C., & Bulik, C. M.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bulik, Cynthia M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Behavior Genetics
- Published
- 2004-09
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 483-494
- ISSN
- 0001-8244 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3297
- OpenAlex
- W2042881458
- Cited by
- 112
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 5.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Behavior Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 01553, K02MH001458, MH-01458)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- perfectionism, heritability, environmental influences, Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, concern over mistakes, doubts about actions, personal standards, familial resemblance, eating disorders, twin studies, women
- MeSH terms
- Achievement, Analysis of Variance, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Humans, Models, Psychological, Personality, Registries, Risk Factors, Telephone, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Monozygotic, Virginia
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