Cited by 1,658Geology and Paleoclimatology ResearchClimate variability and modelsArchaeology and ancient environmental studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Anthropogenic Greenhouse Era Began Thousands of Years Ago

Ruddiman, William F.·2003·Climatic Change

DOI 10.1023/b:clim.0000004577.17928.fa

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1023/b:clim.0000004577.17928.fa

Cites

59 of 59 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica
Petit, J., Jouzel, J., Raynaud, D., Barkov, N. I., Barnola, J.-M., Basile‐Doelsch, I., Bender, M. L., Chappellaz, J., Davis, M. E., Delaygue, G., et al. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/20859 · Cited by 6,516
Variations in the Earth's Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages: For 500,000 years, major climatic changes have followed variations in obliquity and precession.
Hays, J. D., Imbrie, J., & Shackleton, N. J. (1976) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.194.4270.1121 · Cited by 3,781
Climate Forcing by Anthropogenic Aerosols
Charlson, R. J., Schwartz, S. E., Hales, J. M., CESS, R. D., Coakley, J. A., Hansen, J. E., & Hofmann, D. J. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.255.5043.423 · Cited by 3,626
Domestication of Plants in the Old World
Zohary, D., Hopf, M., & Weiss, E. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199549061.001.0001 · Cited by 3,061
Climate change 2001, the scientific basis, chap. 8: model evaluation. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC
Kattsov, Zhao, Z., Joussaume, S., Covey, C., McAvaney, B. J., Ogana, W., & Kitoh, A. (2001) · Cited by 2,349
Special Paper: A Global Biome Model Based on Plant Physiology and Dominance, Soil Properties and Climate
Prentice, I. C., Crämer, W., Harrison, S. P., Leemans, R., Monserud, R. A., & Solomon, A. M. (1992) · Journal of Biogeography · doi:10.2307/2845499 · Cited by 2,106
Causes of Climate Change Over the Past 1000 Years
Crowley, T. J. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.289.5477.270 · Cited by 2,068
Climatic changes of the last 18,000 years: observations and model simulations
Members, C. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.241.4869.1043 · Cited by 1,969
Plagues and People
McNeill, W. H. (1977) · Health Care Management Review · doi:10.1097/00004010-197700220-00022 · Cited by 1,713
An atlas of past and present pollen maps for Europe, 0-13,000 years ago
Huntley, B. J., & Birks, H. J. B. (1983) · Durham Research Online (Durham University) · Cited by 1,533

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 62 references

3 of the 62 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 17

Bray, R. S.: 1996, Armies of the Pestilence, Barnes and Noble, N.Y.
Crutzen, P. I. and Stoermer, E. F.: 2000, ‘The “Anthropocene”’, IGBP Newsletter 41, 12.
Djevsky, N.: 1980, ‘The Urbanization of Eastern Europe’, in Sherratt, A. (ed.), Cambridge Encyclopedia of Archeology, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 314 pp.
Hudson, C.: 1976, Southeastern Indians, Univ. Tenn. Press, Knoxville.
Intergovernmental Report on Climate Change: 2001, ‘Third Assessment of the IPCC’, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K.
Kutzbach, J. E. et al.: 1996, ‘Potential Role of Vegetation in the Climatic Sensitivity of High–Latitude Regions: A Case Study at 6000 Years BP’, Global Biogeochem. Cycles 6, 727.
Lamb, H. H.: 1977, Climate: Past, Present, and Future, 2, Methuen, London.
Lewthwaite, J. W. and Sherratt, A.: 1980, ‘Chronological Atlas’, in Sherratt, A. (ed.), Cambridge Encyclopedia of Archeology, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 437 pp.
Loewe, M.: 1980, ‘The Growth of a Chinese Empire’, in Sherratt, A. (ed.), Cambridge Encyclopedia of Archeology, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 246 pp.
Milankovitch, M. M.: 1941, Canon of Insolation and the Ice–Age Problem, Beograd: Koniglich Serbische Akademie. [English translation by the Israel program for Scientific Translations]. U.S. Dep’t of Commerce, and National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.
Rackam, O.: 1980, Ancient Woodland, Edward Arnold, London.
Roberts, N.: 1998, The Holocene, Blackwell Publ., Oxford.
Shaffer, L. N.: 1992, Native Americans before 1492, M. E. Sharpe, Armonk, NY.
Sherratt, A. (ed.): 1980, Cambridge Encyclopedia of Archeology, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
Taylor, C.: 1983, Village and Farmstead, George Phillip, London.
Thirgood, J. V.: 1981, Man and the Mediterranean Forest, Academic Press, London.
Weming, Y.: 1991, ‘China's Earliest Agricultural Remains’, Indo–Pac. Prehist. Assoc. Bull. 10, 118.

Sorted by citations

Items 1,301–1,400 of 1,658

Species response to rapid environmental change in a Subarctic pond
Lemmen, K. D. (2013) · QSpace (Queen's University Library)
Facts about the use of agrometeorological information in Hungary and suggestions for making that more efficient
Varga, Z. (2014)
Carbon and Climate System Coupling on Timescales from the Precambrian
Doney, S. C., & SCHIMEL, D. S. (2007)
References
(2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139165266.018
Secuencias tobáceas y cambios de paisaje en el Alto Ebro
Serrano, E., & Amuchastegui, M. J. G. (2014) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja)
Into the Modern Condition
Brooke, J. L. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139050814.022
Detection and attribution
Oldfield, F. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139165266.013
Reconsidering Some of the Earth’s Biophysical Limits to the Long Term Sustainable Development of Humanity
Harizaj, P. (2013) · Journal of Environmental Accounting and Management · doi:10.5890/jeam.2013.08.006
Section 29. Ruddiman
Broecker, W. S. (2012) · Geochemical Perspectives
Section 8. Coastal Ocean Carbon Cycle from the Last Glacial Maximum into Late Preindustrial Time
Mackenzie, F. T., & Andersson, A. J. (2013) · Geochemical Perspectives
Effects of land-use type, nitrogen deposition and climate on dynamics of greenhouse gas fluxes and soil carbon, nitrogen cycles.
孔, 玉., コウ, ギ., & Kong, Y. (2013) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)
Aboriginal landscape burning and its impact on the summer monsoon of northern Australia
Wyrwoll, K., & Notaro, M. (2014) · Australian Archaeology · doi:10.1080/03122417.2014.11682026
“…is not surprising that there have been suggestions that early agricultural practices led to significant increases in atmospheric CO 2 and CH 4 concentrations (Ruddiman 2003; Ruddiman et al. 2011) and potentially significant global climate change, as inferred by the ‘early anthropogenic hypothesis’.”
Background
Changing biodiversity
Oldfield, F. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139165266.012
DETERMINATION OF METHANE SOURCEX GLOBALLY BY SCIAMACHY
Park, J. G., & Park, S. Y. (2016) · The international archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences/International archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences · doi:10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b8-291-2016
“Among artificial sources, the main sources are wet rice paddies, livestock, waste disposal processes, and mining and use of fossil fuels (Houweling et al., 2000; Ruddiman, 2003).”
Background
Sind Umweltkrisen Krisen der Natur oder Krisen der Kultur?
Herrmann, B. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-48139-4_1
Die moralische Herausforderung des Anthropozän. Ein umweltgeschichtlicher Problemaufriss
Reinkemeier, P. (2015) · V&R unipress eBooks · doi:10.14220/9783737003957.81
Stress and deformation
Hooke, R. L. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108698207.012
Agriculture: a mixed blessing
Murphy, D. J. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207145.003.0009
Agricultural improvement and the rise of crop breeding
Murphy, D. J. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207145.003.0014
The palaeo-record: approaches, timeframes and chronology
Oldfield, F. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139165266.004
Evolution of agrourban cultures: II South and east Asia
Murphy, D. J. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207145.003.0011
Evolution of agrourban cultures: III Africa, Europe, and the Americas
Murphy, D. J. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207145.003.0012
Merging of organismal and ecological physiology
Wilkinson, D. M. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.003.0006
Crop management in the classical and medieval periods
Murphy, D. J. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207145.003.0013
Nutrient cycling as an emergent property
Wilkinson, D. M. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.003.0009
How some people became farmers
Murphy, D. J. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207145.003.0003
Crop residues for biofuel and increased soil erosion hazards
Lal, R. (2012) · Advances in agroecology · doi:10.1201/b11836-14
From processes to systems
Wilkinson, D. M. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.003.0011
Plant management and agriculture
Murphy, D. J. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207145.003.0002
People and the emergence of crops
Murphy, D. J. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207145.003.0008
The Palaeo-record: archives, proxies and calibration
Oldfield, F. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139165266.005
Applications of stress and deformation principles to classical problems
Hooke, R. L. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511614231.016
Introducing the thought experiment
Wilkinson, D. M. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.003.0001
Defining and exploring the key questions
Oldfield, F. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139165266.002
The Anthropocene – changing land
Oldfield, F. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139165266.010
The human ecology of climate change
Cowie, J. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511803826.008
Ancient and Medieval Agrarian Societies
Brooke, J. L. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139050814.021
Evolution of agrourban cultures: I The Near East
Murphy, D. J. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207145.003.0010
The future of agriculture and humanity
Murphy, D. J. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207145.003.0017
Ecological hypercycles—covering a planet with life
Wilkinson, D. M. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.003.0005
Sceptics, responses and partial answers
Oldfield, F. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139165266.017
The Anthropocene – a changing atmosphere
Oldfield, F. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139165266.009
Tradeoffs and biodiversity
Wilkinson, D. M. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.003.0004
From the global to the specific
Oldfield, F. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139165266.015
Hybrid Encounters in Reconciliation Ecology
Kidwell, J. (2016) · Worldviews Global Religions Culture and Ecology · doi:10.1163/15685357-02003003
“Since Paul Crutzen first suggested (in 2002) that themid-nineteenth centurymight be the start point of a newgeological epoch, a range of studies have proposed a variety of alternatives, including 1945 (the great acceleration) and a range of “early anthropocene” theories which place the crucial transition at the rise o…”
Background
Deforestation and Drought: Environmental Impacts on Rapa Nui (Easter Island)
gossen, C. (2008)
Holocene Carbon Dynamics in the Patterned Peatlands of the Hudson Bay Lowland, Canada: Reducing Landscape-Scale Uncertainty in a Changing Climate
Packalen, M. S. (2015) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Climatic variability and pictorial oscillation
Davis, W. M. (2013) · Res Anthropology and Aesthetics · doi:10.1086/690975
“2010), environmental and even climate change has increasingly been caused by human technoculture and its by-products, though this was not unprecedented in earlier eras (Ruddiman 2003).”
Background
Detecting ENSO Period Changes in a Proxy Record Spanning the Last Millennium
Dorin, J. N. (2008)
Historical Perspectives of the Global Carbon Cycle
Ussiri, D. A. N., & Lal, R. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-53845-7_5 · Cited by 1
Determination of Methane sources globally by SCIAMACHY
Park, J., & Sooyoung, P. A. R. K. (2016) · Journal of the Japan society of photogrammetry and remote sensing · doi:10.4287/jsprs.55.104
Rise of Human Influence on the World's Biota
Elias, S. A. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.09144-2
North-East Indian Monsoon Rainfall Variability over Southeastern Peninsular India
Shanmugasundaram, J. (2017) · doi:10.33915/etd.6616
“Humans have altered terrestrial landscapes for agriculture for many thousands of years (Ruddiman 2003, Albert 2015).”
Background
The Demise of the Holocene Biosphere
Glikson, A. Y. (2017) · Modern approaches in solid earth sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57237-6_1
The Matter of Humans
LeCain, T. J. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316460252.007
Temporalities of Change
Richardson, B. J. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108120678.002
Empirical Evidence of Soil Carbon Changes in Bioenergy Cropping Systems
Schmer, M. R., Stewart, C. E., & Jin, V. L. (2017) · Geophysical monograph · doi:10.1002/9781119297376.ch7
Apa itu Antroposen?Preprint
Raja, M. U. A. (2018) · doi:10.31227/osf.io/7mf4t
Intensidade energética dos países integrantes do BRICS (Brasil, Rússia, Índia, China e África do Sul)
Maciel, H. M., & Khan, A. S. (2017) · Revista Brasileira de Gestão Ambiental e Sustentabilidade · doi:10.21438/rbgas.040816
Counterfactuality as a Polyphonic Assemblage. Entangled Human and Nonhuman Stories of Early Modern Sciences in Neal Stephenson’s The Baroque Cycle
Chaberski, M. (2018) · Art History & Criticism · doi:10.2478/mik-2018-0010
Análise territorial no xiro espacial do coñecemento
González, R. C. L., López, L., & Antelo, Á. P. (2018) · Semata: Ciencias sociais e humanidades · doi:10.15304/s.30.5370
Tropical Garden Cities: Cultural Values and Sustainability in the Amazon's "Arc of Deforestation"
Heckenberger, M. (2012) · World Sustainability Forum (WSF) · doi:10.3390/wsf2-00984
Biomarcadors paleoclimàtics a la conca de la Guaiana (Atlàntic tropical occidental)
Rama-Corredor, O. (2017) · UPCommons institutional repository (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya) · doi:10.5821/dissertation-2117-114221
The Modern Mississippi: Provenance Indicators and Human Impact
Gregory, B. (2019) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.4874
“Many different scientific disciplines have shown these alterations to both atmosphere and climate (Montgomery, 2007; Ruddiman, 2003).”
Background
Evaluación del efecto de los incendios en los procesos erosivos mediante sensores remotos y Sistemas de Información Geográfica = Assessment of fire effects on erosion processes using remote sensing and Geographical Information Systems
Giovanardi, F. S. (2016) · doi:10.18002/10612/5415
Climate Change and the Anthropocene
Singer, A. J. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429399428-18
Hacia una nueva historiografía. De la historia del presente a la filosofía con gente adentro
Larsson, M. J. (2019) · LiminaR Estudios Sociales y Humanísticos · doi:10.29043/liminar.v18i1.731
Impermanence: Elemental Forces
Eriksen, C., & Ballard, S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-2533-9_6
Humans: occupation and humanization of the planet
Rull, V. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820473-3.00005-1
The future: natural cycles and human interference
Valentí Rull, A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820473-3.00006-3
Potencial de fornecimento de serviços ecossistêmicos de um solo no município de São Paulo - SP
Almeida, I. D. S. (2020) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.8.2020.tde-14022020-165654
Hegel's Logic and Global Climate Change
Borchers, S. (2006)
How to Cope with Climate’s Complexity?
Crucifix, M. C. (2009) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics
L’émergence de l’agriculture : révolution ou grande transition de l’Anthropocène ?
de Saulieu, G., Sebag, D., & Guillaud, D. (2020) · Les Nouvelles de l archéologie · doi:10.4000/nda.10496
Skirtingos žemėnaudos dirvožemių bendrosios anglies kiekio ir anglies dioksido emisijos tyrimai bei vertinimas
Pranskevičius, M. (2011) · doi:10.20334/1878-m
Effect of per-capita land use changes on Holocene forest clearance and CO2 emissions
Ruddiman, W. F., & Ellis, E. C. (2009) · AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
Self-citation
Glacial-interglacial water cycle, global monsoon and atmospheric methane changes
GuoXin, Z., & Wu, Z. (2012)
A conceptual framework for sustainable decision making using the second law of thermodynamics
Lewis, D. P. (2011) · The Atrium (University of Guelph)
Ice streams and ice shelves
Hooke, R. L. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108698207.016
Antropoceno e com-posição (Ge-stell): Uma época provocada pelo humano ou na qual ele é provocado?
Plebani, A. K. (2021) · Princípios Revista de Filosofia (UFRN) · doi:10.21680/1983-2109.2021v28n56id23057
Theatre and Performance
Wilke, S. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108683111.009
Sustainable second-generation bioenergy alternatives for Ecuador
Meneses, C. P. (2021) · doi:10.35376/10324/47594
Response of glaciers to climate change
Hooke, R. L. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108698207.018
Geology and Biography
Irvine, R. D. G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108867450.007
Mapping Deep Time
Irvine, R. D. G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108867450.006
The substitution of agrobased society for industrial society: A perspective of transforming societies
Hongyun, H., & Sheng, X. (2021) · Global Journal of Ecology · doi:10.17352/gje.000049
Comment on cp-2021-113
Shin, J., Ahn, J., Beeman, J. C., et al. (2021) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-2021-113-ec1
Comment on cp-2021-113
Shin, J., Ahn, J., Beeman, J. C., et al. (2021) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-2021-113-rc2
Comment on essd-2021-269
Githumbi, E. N., Fyfe, R., Gaillard, M.-J., et al. (2021) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-2021-269-rc1
Comment on essd-2021-269
Githumbi, E. N., Fyfe, R., Gaillard, M.-J., et al. (2021) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-2021-269-rc2
Malthusian assumptions lead to Boserupian phenology in a global model of the transitions to agriculturePreprint
Lemmen, C. (2011) · arXiv (Cornell University)
Reply on RC2
Githumbi, E. N., Fyfe, R., Gaillard, M., et al. (2021) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-2021-269-cc2
Reply on RC2
Githumbi, E. N., Fyfe, R., Gaillard, M., et al. (2021) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-2021-269-cc3
Reply on RC1
Githumbi, E. N., Fyfe, R., Gaillard, M., et al. (2021) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-2021-269-cc1
Reply on RC2
Githumbi, E. N. (2022) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-2021-269-ac2
Reply on RC1
Githumbi, E. N. (2022) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-2021-269-ac1
References
(2021) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80043-330-420211008
Bibliographie
(2017) · La Découverte eBooks · doi:10.3917/dec.mouth.2017.01.0289
Reply on RC1
Ahn, J. (2022) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-2021-113-ac1
Reply on RC2
Ahn, J. (2022) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-2021-113-ac2

Authors: Ruddiman, W. F.
Affiliations: University of Virginia (US)
Corresponding author: Ruddiman, William F.
Venue: Climatic Change
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2003-12
Volume: 61
Issue: 3
Pages: 261-293
ISSN: 0165-0009 (ISSN-L)
1573-1480
DOI: 10.1023/b:clim.0000004577.17928.fa
OpenAlex: W2139562946
Semantic Scholar: 83a526a6d579874795e7852a395c3e44637efead
Cited by: 1,658
References: 62
Citations by year: 2026: 37 · 2025: 97 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 115 · 2020: 79 · 2019: 102 · 2018: 80 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 96 · 2013: 87 · 2012: 56
FWCI: 39.15
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Climatic Change (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
Keywords: anthropogenic greenhouse effect, atmospheric CO2, methane, Holocene, ancient agriculture, forest clearing, rice irrigation, Little Ice Age, bubonic plague, farm abandonment, forest regeneration, carbon sequestration, orbital forcing, paleoclimate, Industrial Revolution, global warming

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The Anthropogenic Greenhouse Era Began Thousands of Years Ago

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks