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Cited by 45Water resources management and optimizationWater Resources and SustainabilityWater-Energy-Food Nexus Studies

An In-Depth Analysis of Physical Blue and Green Water Scarcity in Agriculture in Terms of Causes and Events and Perceived Amenability to Economic Interpretation

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Zisopoulou, Kalomoira, Panagoulia, Dionysia·2021·Water
DOI 10.3390/w13121693
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Abstract

An analytical review of physical blue and green water scarcity in terms of agricultural use, and its amenability to economic interpretation, is presented, employing more than 600 references. The main definitions and classifications involved and information about reserves and resources are critically analyzed, blue and green water scarcity are examined along with their interchange, while their causal connection with climate in general is analyzed along with the particular instances of Europe, Africa, Asia and the WANA region. The role of teleconnections and evaporation/moisture import-export is examined as forms of action at a distance. The human intervention scarcity driver is examined extensively in terms of land use land cover change (LULCC), as well as population increase. The discussion deals with following critical problems: green and blue water availability, inadequate accessibility, blue water loss, unevenly distributed precipitation, climate uncertainty and country level over global level precedence. The conclusion singles out, among others, problems emerging from the inter-relationship of physical variables and the difficulty to translate them into economic instrumental variables, as well as the lack of imbedding uncertainty in the underlying physical theory due to the fact that country level measurements are not methodically assumed to be the basic building block of regional and global water scarcity.

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  • In low-capacity states, the administrative load created by these demands can overwhelm bureaucratic systems, reducing the effectiveness of policy implementation.

    “In low-capacity states, the administrative load created by these demands can overwhelm bureaucratic systems, reducing the effectiveness of policy implementation (Zisopoulou & Panagoulia, 2021).”

    From Climate Security, Water Governance, and Resilience How Climate-Induced Water Stress and Migration Challenge State Capacity (2026) · cites this paper as Zisopoulou & Panagoulia, 2021

    Section 4.7 discusses weak enforcement of international water-scarcity agreements, while Section 4.6 discusses difficulties in long-term planning under climate uncertainty. Neither addresses administrative demands overwhelming bureaucracies in low-capacity states or reducing policy implementation effectiveness. Searches for administrative burden, bureaucratic capacity, and weak institutional capacity found no passage on that claim. (LLM, conf=0.74)

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Authors
Zisopoulou, K., & Panagoulia, D.
Affiliations
  • Travaux Publics, Becket House, London SE1 7EU, UK
  • National Technical University of Athens (GR)
Corresponding author
Panagoulia, Dionysia
ORCID
Venue
Water
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-06-18
Volume
13
Issue
12
Pages
1693
ISSN
2073-4441 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/w13121693
OpenAlex
W3175350763
Cited by
45
References
9
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 3
FWCI
3.47
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Water (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Ocean Engineering › Water resources management and optimization
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Resources and Sustainability
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water-Energy-Food Nexus Studies
Keywords
blue water scarcity, agricultural water use, water availability, water access, land use and land cover change, population growth, teleconnections, climate uncertainty, precipitation distribution, Europe, Africa, Asia

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