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The Anthropogenic Greenhouse Era Began Thousands of Years Ago
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“Subsequent Holocene CO2 concentrations remained approximately stable, a very slow rise of 260 to 285 ppm from ~9000 B.P. (Fig. 5A) being ascribed to early human agriculture by some ( 3 ), albeit controversially ( 66 ).”
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The Holocene CO2 rise: Anthropogenic or natural?
Broecker, W. S., & Stocker, T. F. (2006) · Eos · doi:10.1029/2006eo030002 · Cited by 116
Time - the emerging dimension of plant virus studies
Gibbs, A. J., Fargette, D., García‐Arenal, F., & Gibbs, M. J. (2009) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/vir.0.015925-0 · Cited by 115
“Biological, geographical, palynological and palaeoclimatological data suggest that TYMV entered Australia before the last glaciation of the region (12 000 years ago) but not before the last major interglacial climatic period 125 000 years ago (Gibbs et al., 1986, 1989; Ruddiman, 2003).”
BackgroundSoepboer, W., Sugita, S., Lotter, A. F., et al. (2007) · The Holocene · doi:10.1177/0959683607073279 · Cited by 115
“It has also been suggested that anthropogenicdriven climate change started as early as 8000 years ago with the advent of agriculture and subsequent clearance of forests ( Ruddiman, 2003 ).”
BackgroundEuropean colonialism and the Anthropocene: A view from the Pacific Coast of North America
Lightfoot, K. G., Panich, L. M., Schneider, T. D., & Gonzalez, S. L. (2013) · Anthropocene · doi:10.1016/j.ancene.2013.09.002 · Cited by 113
Soil carbon: A measure of ecosystem response in a changing world?
Janzen, H. H. (2005) · Canadian Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.4141/s04-081 · Cited by 114
The Politics of the Anthropogenic
Sayre, N. F. (2012) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-092611-145846 · Cited by 117
“Ruddiman (2003, 2005) countered that humans, in fact, began to affect global atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations as much as 8,000 years ago, through paddy-rice and domestic-livestock production, which he argues explains an otherwise anomalous rise in methane concentrations.”
BackgroundXu, Q., Chen, F., Zhang, S., et al. (2016) · The Holocene · doi:10.1177/0959683616675941 · Cited by 114
“…results indicate that vegetation is a major supporter of environmental change in land cover, which has an important influence on climatic and ecological systems (Friedlingstein et al., 2003; Kaplan et al., 2011; Kutzbach et al., 1996; Ruddiman, 2003; Sellers et al., 1997; Vitousek et al., 1997).”
BackgroundThe Role of Peatlands and Their Carbon Storage Function in the Context of Climate Change
Harenda, K. M., Lamentowicz, M., Samson, M., & Chojnicki, B. H. (2017) · GeoPlanet: earth and planetary sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71788-3_12 · Cited by 143
The record for marine isotopic stage 11
Raynaud, D., Barnola, J.-M., Souchez, R. A., et al. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/43639b · Cited by 114
Quantifying Anthropogenic Dust Emissions
Webb, N. P., & Pierre, C. (2018) · Earth s Future · doi:10.1002/2017ef000766 · Cited by 113
“…in studies framed by these definitions has been an assumption that dust emissions prior to the industrial era were natural, although land cover globally has been modified by human activities since the late Pleistocene (Kay WEBB AND PIERRE 287 & Kaplan, 2015; Pongratz et al., 2008; Ruddiman, 2003).”
BackgroundDoughty, C. E., Wolf, A., & Field, C. B. (2010) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2010gl043985 · Cited by 109
“Together, these results suggest that the human influence on climatebeganevenearlierthanpreviouslybelieved[ Ruddiman, 2003 ] and that the onset of the Anthropocene should be extended back many thousand years.”
BackgroundSpheroidal carbonaceous particles are a defining stratigraphic marker for the Anthropocene
Swindles, G. T., Watson, E., Turner, T. E., Galloway, J. M., Hadlari, T., Wheeler, J., & Bacon, K. L. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep10264 · Cited by 110
Paleoecoinformatics: applying geohistorical data to ecological questions
Brewer, S., Jackson, S. T., & Williams, J. W. (2011) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2011.09.009 · Cited by 108
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“According to this hypothesis, pandemic diseases caused a rapid reduction in population and widespread abandonment of farms which allowed rapid reforestration that sequestered atmospheric CO2 [Ruddiman, 2003, 2007].”
BackgroundModeling vegetation and land use in models of the Earth System
Levis, S. (2010) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Climate Change · doi:10.1002/wcc.83 · Cited by 110
Githumbi, E. N., Fyfe, R., Gaillard, M., Trondman, A., Mazier, F., Nielsen, A. B., Poska, A., Sugita, S., Theuerkauf, M., Woodbridge, J., et al. (2022) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-14-1581-2022 · Cited by 108
Sequestering Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
Lal, R. (2009) · Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences · doi:10.1080/07352680902782711 · Cited by 113
“Conversion of natural to agricultural ecosystems has been a major source of emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) since the dawn of settled agriculture about 10,000 years ago, and of the domestication of livestock and cultivation of rice paddies about 5,000 years ago (Ruddiman, 2003; 2005).”
BackgroundQuaternary palaeoecology and nature conservation: a general review with examples from the neotropics
Vegas-Vilarrúbia, T. E., Rull, V., Montoya, E., & Safont, E. (2011) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.05.006 · Cited by 113
“The defenders of the early Anthropocene hypothesis (Ruddiman, 2003; 2007; Ruddiman and Ellis, 2009) proposed that the start of forest clearance by humans reversed a naturally decreasing CO2 trend 7000 years ago and promoted a new increase in CO2 values, whereas early rice irrigation and livestock…”
BackgroundCaseldine, C. J., Langdon, P. G., & Holmes, N. (2006) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.02.003 · Cited by 106
“Understanding the nature of climatic variability during the first half of the Holocene, and in particular the timing and extent of the Holocene thermal maximum (HTM), is of critical importance for understanding the nature of orbitally-forced interglacial climate variability (Ruddiman, 2003) and for testing models of t…”
BackgroundPackalen, M. S., Finkelstein, S. A., & McLaughlin, J. W. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms5078 · Cited by 104
Nevle, R. J., & Bird, D. K. (2008) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.03.008 · Cited by 104
Vavrus, S. J., Ruddiman, W. F., & Kutzbach, J. E. (2008) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.04.011 · Cited by 103
Self-citationMorrison, K. D., Hammer, E. L., Boles, O. J. C., Madella, M., Whitehouse, N. J., Gaillard, M., Bates, J., Linden, M. V., Merlo, S., Yao, A., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246662 · Cited by 104
Multidecadal variability of atmospheric methane, 1000–1800 C.E.
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“[40] The “early anthropogenic” hypothesis argues that human activity began altering atmospheric methane concentrations as early as 5000 years ago with the biggest contribution coming from agricultural activities, particularly rice farming in China [see Ruddiman, 2003, 2007, and references therein].”
BackgroundEarly Interglacial Legacy of Deglacial Climate Instability
Barker, S., Knorr, G., Conn, S., Lordsmith, S., Newman, D., & Thornalley, D. (2019) · Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology · doi:10.1029/2019pa003661 · Cited by 103
Bauska, T., Joos, F., Mix, A. C., et al. (2015) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/ngeo2422 · Cited by 101
Some Reflections on Heritage and Archaeology in the Anthropocene
Solli, B., Burström, M., Domańska, E., Edgeworth, M., González‐Ruibal, A., Holtorf, C. J., Lucas, G., Oestigaard, T., Smith, L., & Witmore, C. (2011) · Norwegian Archaeological Review · doi:10.1080/00293652.2011.572677 · Cited by 106
Paudel, D., Neupane, R. C., Sigdel, S., Poudel, P., & Khanal, A. R. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15108280 · Cited by 104
Tarasov, P. E., Jin, G., & Wagner, M. (2006) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.03.038 · Cited by 100
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“Introduction It is widely accepted that human activities, including agriculture, are causing significant changes to the global climate due to the increasing emissions of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (FAO, 2002; Ruddiman, 2003; Solomon et al., 2007 and Smith et al., 2008).”
BackgroundJakob Zscheischler, A., Mahecha, M. D., Avitabile, V., Calle, L., Carvalhais, N., Ciais, P., Gans, F., Gruber, N., Hartmann, J., Herold, M., et al. (2017) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-14-3685-2017 · Cited by 104
“Humans have largely modified the C cycle over centuries if not millennia (Ruddiman, 2003; Pongratz et al., 2009).”
BackgroundLi, X., Zhou, X., Zhou, J., Dodson, J., Zhang, H., & Shang, X. (2007) · Science China Earth Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11430-007-0066-0 · Cited by 97
Insects take a bigger bite out of plants in a warmer, higher carbon dioxide world
DeLucia, E. H., Casteel, C. L., Nabity, P. D., & O’Neill, B. F. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0712056105 · Cited by 97
Soil Carbon Management and Climate Change
Lal, R. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04084-4_35 · Cited by 98
Robin, L., & Steffen, W. (2007) · History Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00459.x · Cited by 107
The term ‘Anthropocene’ in the context of formal geological classification
Gibbard, P. L., & WALKER, M. J. C. (2013) · Geological Society London Special Publications · doi:10.1144/sp395.1 · Cited by 96
“The former has been related to forest clearance by human groups in China, India and Europe, while the latter has been associated with expansion of rice farming and increasing livestock numbers (Ruddiman 2003, 2005; Ruddiman et al. 2011).”
BackgroundIlluminating the Modern Dance of Climate and CO 2
Cox, P. M., & JONES, C. D. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1158907 · Cited by 95
Lane, P. J. (2015) · Journal of Field Archaeology · doi:10.1179/2042458215y.0000000022 · Cited by 78
Archaeology of the Anthropocene in the Yellow River region, China, 8000–2000 cal. BP
Zhuang, Y., & Kidder, T. R. (2014) · The Holocene · doi:10.1177/0959683614544058 · Cited by 98
“Ruddiman argues that humans transformed global environments as early as ~7000 BP and possibly earlier (Ruddiman, 2003, 2005a, 2005b, 2013; Ruddiman et al., 2011; Ruddiman and Thomson, 2001).”
BackgroundSolar Forcing of Climate. 2: Evidence from the Past
Versteegh, G. J. M. (2005) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-005-7047-4 · Cited by 95
Conceptualising climate change archaeology
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Late Holocene Asian summer monsoon dynamics from small but complex networks of paleoclimate data
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“Our observation period does, however, include the transition from the LIA (Osborn and Briffa 2006) and increasing anthropogenic impacts and alteration of the atmosphere, also in monsoonal Asia (Ruddiman 2003; Zhang et al. 2008), and we must be careful not to over-interpret this results.”
BackgroundThe stratigraphic status of the Anthropocene
Gale, S., & Hoare, P. (2012) · The Holocene · doi:10.1177/0959683612449764 · Cited by 93
“With the exception of a handful of workers who have used al- ternative terms in an informal sense (see, for example, Crutzen and Steffen, 2003; Ruddiman, 2003), subsequent commentators appear to have followed Crutzen and Stoermer (2000) in assigning the Anthropocene the status of an epoch.”
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Pinter, N., Fiedel, S. J., & Keeley, J. E. (2011) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.12.010 · Cited by 91
Can natural or anthropogenic explanations of late-Holocene CO 2 and CH 4 increases be falsified?
Ruddiman, W. F., Kutzbach, J. E., & Vavrus, S. J. (2011) · The Holocene · doi:10.1177/0959683610387172 · Cited by 92
“CO2 feedback of 8 ppm from the Southern Ocean would explain the full 22-ppm CO2 increase with the mean d 13C composition measured by Elsig et al. (2009) and would also meet the full 40-ppm CO2 anomaly proposed by Ruddiman (2003). from ocean sources.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe early anthropogenic hypothesis: A review
Ruddiman, W. F., He, F., Vavrus, S. J., & Kutzbach, J. E. (2020) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106386 · Cited by 97
Self-citationChanges in forest cover in China during the Holocene
Ren, G. (2006) · Vegetation History and Archaeobotany · doi:10.1007/s00334-006-0075-5 · Cited by 92
“et al. 1995; Peng and Apps 1997; Peng et al. 1998; Phillips et al. 1998; Joos et al. 1999; Houghton et al. 1999; Casperson et al. 2000; Fang et al. 2001; Ruddiman 2003 ).”
BackgroundBurjachs, F., Obiol, R. P. I., Picornell-Gelabert, L., et al. (2016) · Journal of Archaeological Science Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.09.018 · Cited by 91
Vannière, B., Magny, M., Joannin, S., Simonneau, A., Wirth, S. B., Hamann, Y., Chapron, E., Gilli, A., Desmet, M., & Anselmetti, F. S. (2013) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-9-1193-2013 · Cited by 97
Tzedakis, P. C. (2010) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-6-131-2010 · Cited by 91
“In the “early anthropogenic hypothesis”, Ruddiman (2003) proposed that humans began modifying greenhouse gas concentrations thousands of years before the industrial era, with forest clearance and intensification of rice agriculture leading to the increases in atmospheric CO2 and CH4 levels,…”
BackgroundInfluentialThomas, H., Huang, L., Young, M., & Ougham, H. (2009) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-163 · Cited by 92
Terrestrial Carbon Cycle Dynamics under Recent and Future Climate Change
Matthews, H. D., Weaver, A. J., & Meißner, K. J. (2005) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli3359.1 · Cited by 88
“It is possible that some of the early model-data discrepancy could be related to an underspecification of land-use emissions prior to 1850 (see, e.g., Ruddiman 2003 ).”
BackgroundMarine resource management and conservation in the Anthropocene
Aswani, S., Basurto, X., Ferse, S. C. A., Glaser, M., Campbell, L. M., Cinner, J. E., Dalton, T. M., Jenkins, L. D., Miller, M. L., Pollnac, R. Β., et al. (2017) · Environmental Conservation · doi:10.1017/s0376892917000431 · Cited by 97
“…the Anthropocene started with the arrival of Homo sapiens, the inception of agriculture, colonialism or the beginning of industrialization (e.g. Ruddiman 2003; Smith & Zeder 2013) came to the fore in August 2016 when the scientific community recognized the Anthropocene as a geological reality…”
BackgroundOn the mineralogy of the “Anthropocene Epoch”
Hazen, R. M., Grew, E. S., Origlieri, M. J., & Downs, R. T. (2017) · American Mineralogist · doi:10.2138/am-2017-5875 · Cited by 88
“Some scholars have suggested a time associated with the advent of near-surface mining and smelting technologies in classic times (e.g., Ruddiman 2003; Smith and Zeder 2013), although such alterations of Earth’s surface were not global in scale.”
BackgroundInfluentialNicola Scafetta, A., & West, B. J. (2007) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2007jd008437 · Cited by 89
Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs)
Barnosky, A. D., Holmes, M., Kirchholtes, R., Lindsey, E., Maguire, K. C., Poust, A. W., Stegner, M. A., Sunseri, J., Swartz, B., Swift, J., et al. (2014) · The Anthropocene Review · doi:10.1177/2053019614547433 · Cited by 90
“Geochemical signals arguably indicate human influence on the atmosphere as early as 8000 years ago (Ruddiman, 2003) (see also Crucifix et al.”
BackgroundClimate change? Archaeology and Anthropocene
Pétursdóttir, Þ. (2017) · Archaeological Dialogues · doi:10.1017/s1380203817000216 · Cited by 90
“While the official ratification of the Anthropocene still awaits final verdict, including how to confine it chronologically (for discussion of the various controversies of this see e.g. Ruddiman 2003; 2005; Periman 2006; Zalasiewicz et al .”
Mid-Holocene vegetation history and Neolithic land-use in the Lake Banyoles area (Girona, Spain)
Revelles, J., Cho, S., Iriarte, E., Burjachs, F., Geel, B. V., Palomo, A., Piqué, R., Peña‐Chocarro, L., & Terradas-Batlle, X. (2015) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.06.002 · Cited by 87
Böck, M., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., Beck, J., Seth, B., Chappellaz, J., & Fischer, H. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1613883114 · Cited by 92
“To explain this feature, Ruddiman (77) proposed an early human influence.”
Zhao, L., Ma, C., Leipe, C., Long, T., Liu, K., Lu, H., Tang, L., Zhang, Y., Wagner, M., & Tarasov, P. E. (2017) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.06.035 · Cited by 88
Essentials of Landscape Ecology
With, K. A. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198838388.001.0001 · Cited by 93
Bendle, J., & Rosell‐Melé, A. (2007) · The Holocene · doi:10.1177/0959683607073269 · Cited by 86
“…climate models) and for understanding the role of the environment in shaping the rapid development of human societies, from the first Neolithic farmers (and their potential impact on atmospheric methane levels: Ruddiman and Thomson, 2001; eg, Ruddiman, 2003), through to industrialization.”
BackgroundSimilarity of vegetation dynamics during interglacial periods
Cheddadi, R., de Beaulieu, J., Jouzel, J., Andrieu‐Ponel, V., Laurent, J.-M., Reille, M., Raynaud, D., & Bar‐Hen, A. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0501752102 · Cited by 84
Members of the Anthropocene Working Group:, Zalasiewicz, J., Waters, C. N., Barnosky, A. D., Cearreta, A., Edgeworth, M., Ellis, E. C., Gałuszka, A., Gibbard, P. L., Grinevald, J., et al. (2015) · The Anthropocene Review · doi:10.1177/2053019615587056 · Cited by 82
“…associated with hunting and, particularly, the changes to landscape and, arguably, to CO2 levels associated with the origin and spread of farming (e.g. Ruddiman, 2003, 2013; Ruddiman et al., 2015; Smith and Zeder, 2013), to a number of suggestions based on the large changes to the Earth System in…”
BackgroundMann, D. H., Groves, P., Gaglioti, B. V., & Shapiro, B. (2018) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12456 · Cited by 88
“In addition to differences in Milankovitch forcing, the Holocene climate may be unusual because of anthropogenic effects that have imbued it with anomalous stability beginning in the early Holocene (Ruddiman, 2003, 2007, 2014).”
BackgroundMillet cultivation history in the French Alps as evidenced by a sedimentary molecule
Jacob, J., Disnar, J.-R., Arnaud, F., Chapron, E., Debret, M., Lallier-Vergès, É., Desmet, M., & Revel, M. (2007) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2007.06.006 · Cited by 101
“Introduction Past relationships between human land-use and the earth/climate system are of direct relevance for predicting the response of continental ecosystems to a possible Global Change (Ruddiman, 2003; Dearing, 2006; Hurtt et al., 2006).”
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Conservation implications of limited Native American impacts in pre-contact New England
Oswald, W. W., Foster, D. R., Shuman, B. N., Chilton, E. S., Doucette, D. L., & Duranleau, D. L. (2020) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-019-0466-0 · Cited by 82
The effects of changing solar activity on climate: contributions from palaeoclimatological studies
Engels, S., & Geel, B. V. (2012) · Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate · doi:10.1051/swsc/2012009 · Cited by 83
“Even anthropogenic influence as early as the middle Holocene has been suggested as an explanation of the rise in atmospheric CO 2 levels (Ruddiman 2003).”
Holocene carbon cycle dynamics
Kleinen, T., Brovkin, V. A., von Bloh, W., Archer, D. E., & Munhoven, G. (2010) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2009gl041391 · Cited by 82
Human–environment interactions: towards synthesis and simulation
Dearing, J. A., Battarbee, R. W., Dikau, R., Larocque, I., & Oldfield, F. (2006) · Regional Environmental Change · doi:10.1007/s10113-005-0012-7 · Cited by 80
Cremaschi, M., Zerboni, A., Mercuri, A. M., Olmi, L., Biagetti, S., & di Lernia, S. (2014) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.07.004 · Cited by 85
New Insights From Pre-Columbian Land Use and Fire Management in Amazonian Dark Earth Forests
Maezumi, S. Y., Robinson, M. E., de Souza, J. G., Urrego, D. H., Schaan, D. P., Alves, D. T., & Iriarte, J. (2018) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2018.00111 · Cited by 78
“Today, the extent of anthropogenic impact is so extensive that a new geological epoch, the Anthropocene, has been proposed (Ruddiman, 2003; Smith and Zeder, 2013; Castree, 2015; Waters et al., 2016; Turney et al., 2018).”
BackgroundUrbanization within a Dynamic Environment: Modeling Bronze Age Communities in Upper Mesopotamia
Wilkinson, T. J., CHRISTIANSEN, J. H., Ur, J. A., et al. (2007) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1525/aa.2007.109.1.52 · Cited by 80
“Clearly if environmental scientists are seeing both significant impacts by the environment on humans (De Menocal 2001) and significant impacts by humans on the environment (Ruddiman 2003), there is an obvious need to tackle the problem from both directions.”
BackgroundThe Health of Vineyard Soils: Towards a Sustainable Viticulture
Visconti, F., López, R., & Olego, M. Á. (2024) · Horticulturae · doi:10.3390/horticulturae10020154 · Cited by 85
“Additionally, despite its low share of soil weight, SOM down to 1 m depth also stores 1800 Gt of C, i.e., more than the atmosphere (570 Gt) and biota (740 Gt) combined [70,71], which might increase by 20–50 Gt if best CAPs were globally adopted [72].”
BackgroundWu, D., Zhou, A., Liu, J., et al. (2014) · Journal of Paleolimnology · doi:10.1007/s10933-014-9806-2 · Cited by 79
“bined with historical records to produce an integrated record of the impact of human activity over time (Zhang et al. 2000; Ruddiman 2003; Shen et al. 2006; Dearing 2008; Dearing et al. 2008; Oldfield 2013).”
BackgroundEarth Systems, Human Agency, and the Anthropocene: Planet Earth in the Human Age
Braje, T. J. (2015) · Journal of Archaeological Research · doi:10.1007/s10814-015-9087-y · Cited by 75
Three flaws in defining a formal ‘Anthropocene’
Ruddiman, W. F. (2018) · Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment · doi:10.1177/0309133318783142 · Cited by 77
Self-citationIs there an isotopic signature of the Anthropocene?
Dean, J. R., Leng, M. J., & Mackay, A. W. (2014) · The Anthropocene Review · doi:10.1177/2053019614541631 · Cited by 76
“Ruddiman (2003, 2013) and Ruddiman et al. (2011, 2014) have argued the Anthropocene started in the early to mid Holocene, when they suggest land clearance and agriculture initiated changes in the composition of the atmosphere.”
BackgroundLithic Landscapes: Early Human Impact from Stone Tool Production on the Central Saharan Environment
Foley, R., & Lahr, M. M. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116482 · Cited by 77
Harrison, S. P., Gaillard, M., Stocker, B. D., Linden, M. V., Goldewijk, K. K., Boles, O. J. C., Braconnot, P., Dawson, A., Fluet‐Chouinard, E., Kaplan, J. O., et al. (2020) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-13-805-2020 · Cited by 84
Yeloff, D., & Geel, B. V. (2007) · Journal of Biogeography · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01674.x · Cited by 76
“As noted in the Introduction, Ruddiman (2003) hypothesized that the reforestation of abandoned farms in western Eurasia following the plague pandemic sequestered enough carbon to account for the observed 14th century minima in CO2 observed in the Antarctic ice-core records from Law and Taylor Domes…”
BackgroundInfluentialRiver Systems and the Anthropocene: A Late Pleistocene and Holocene Timeline for Human Influence
Gibling, M. R. (2018) · Quaternary · doi:10.3390/quat1030021 · Cited by 76
A quantitative comparison and analysis on the assessment indicators of greenhouse gases emission
Zhang, Z., Qu, J., & Zeng, J. (2008) · Journal of Geographical Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11442-008-0387-8 · Cited by 75
Atmospheric methane isotope records covering the Holocene period
Sowers, T. (2009) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.05.023 · Cited by 75
“The Ruddiman hypothesis posits that early civilizations began to influence atmospheric CH4 levels beginning about 5 ka (Ruddiman, 2003).”
BackgroundCold climate during the closest Stage 11 analog to recent Millennia
Ruddiman, W. F. (2005) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.012 · Cited by 74
“They estimated that 550–700Gt C of direct CO2 emissions from forest burning would be needed to explain a 40-ppm anomaly, well above the 250–320GtC calculated by Ruddiman (2003a) based on Indermuhle et al. (1999), and even farther above their own estimate of 60–80Gt C based on DeFries et al. (1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationOceanic forcing of the Marine Isotope Stage 11 interglacial
Dickson, A. J., Beer, C. J., Dempsey, C., et al. (2009) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/ngeo527 · Cited by 74
“This approach suggests that the Holocene is comparable to the first 12,000 years of the MIS-11 interglacial optimum and challenges studies that have used greenhouse-gas concentrations from the second part of the MIS-11 optimum to frame early Holocene ‘anthropogenic’ greenhouse-gas emission”
BackgroundManaging soils for feeding a global population of 10 billion
Lal, R. (2006) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.2626 · Cited by 75
Irvine, R. D. G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108867450 · Cited by 72
He, F., Vavrus, S. J., Kutzbach, J. E., Ruddiman, W. F., Kaplan, J. O., & Krumhardt, K. M. (2013) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1002/2013gl058085 · Cited by 71
“We further compare our results with previous model experiments that only considered biogeochemical feedbacks in Holocene climate change [Kutzbach et al., 2011; Ruddiman, 2003].”
Self-citationMapping ecosystem functions and services in Eastern Europe using global-scale data sets
Schulp, C. J. E., Alkemade, R., Goldewijk, K. K., & Petz, K. (2012) · International Journal of Biodiversity Science Ecosystems Services & Management · doi:10.1080/21513732.2011.645880 · Cited by 72
“Human impact on the Earth’s surface is regarded as the dominant process controlling the Earth system since several millennia (Crutzen and Steffen 2003; Ruddiman 2003; Zalasiewicz et al. 2008).”
BackgroundMethane emissions from extinct megafauna
Smith, F. A., Elliott, S., & Lyons, S. K. (2010) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/ngeo877 · Cited by 73
Comparative carbon cycle dynamics of the present and last interglacial
Brovkin, V. A., Brücher, T., Kleinen, T., Zaehle, S., Joos, F., Roth, R., Spahni, R., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., Fischer, H., Leuenberger, M., et al. (2016) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.01.028 · Cited by 74
“Ruddiman (2003) argued that the increase in CO 2 during the last 8000 years of the Holocene is unique if one compares it with CO 2 dynamics in the previous interglacials.”
BackgroundThe chronostratigraphic method is unsuitable for determining the start of the Anthropocene
Edgeworth, M., Ellis, E. C., Gibbard, P., Neal, C., & Ellis, M. (2019) · Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment · doi:10.1177/0309133319831673 · Cited by 71
“…by emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases from deforestation, land clearing and the production of rice and livestock (Ruddiman, 2003, 2005), correlated with pollen, bones, artefacts and other material evidence from stratified sequences of archaeological deposits…”
BackgroundPoska, A., Meltsov, V., Sugita, S., et al. (2011) · Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology · doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2011.07.001 · Cited by 71
Neotropical human–landscape interactions, fire, and atmospheric CO 2 during European conquest
Nevle, R. J., Bird, D. K., Ruddiman, W. F., & Dull, R. A. (2011) · The Holocene · doi:10.1177/0959683611404578 · Cited by 68
“…al., 2004), but others have suggested that reforestation and carbon sequestration tied to demographic collapse in the Americas also played a significant role in this unusually rapid and steep drop (Dull et al., 2010; Faust et al., 2006; Ferretti et al., 2005; Nevle and Bird, 2008; Ruddiman, 2003).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationNew directions of technologies pointing the way to a sustainable global society
Coccia, M. (2023) · Sustainable Futures · doi:10.1016/j.sftr.2023.100114 · Cited by 73
A pollen-based pseudobiomisation approach to anthropogenic land-cover change
Fyfe, R., Roberts, N., & Woodbridge, J. (2010) · The Holocene · doi:10.1177/0959683610369509 · Cited by 70
Metadata
- Authors
- Ruddiman, W. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ruddiman, William F.
- Venue
- Climatic Change
- Published
- 2003-12
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 261-293
- ISSN
- 0165-0009 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-1480
- OpenAlex
- W2139562946
- Semantic Scholar
- 83a526a6d579874795e7852a395c3e44637efead
- Cited by
- 1,658
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 97 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 115 · 2020: 79 · 2019: 102 · 2018: 80 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 96 · 2013: 87 · 2012: 56
- FWCI
- 39.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Climatic Change (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
- Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Keywords
- anthropogenic greenhouse effect, atmospheric CO2, methane, Holocene, ancient agriculture, forest clearing, rice irrigation, Little Ice Age, bubonic plague, farm abandonment, forest regeneration, carbon sequestration, orbital forcing, paleoclimate, Industrial Revolution, global warming
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