The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Psychiatric Symptoms in Preschool Children with PDD and Clinic and Comparison Samples
Abstract
Objective This study describes and compares the severity of DSM-IV symptoms in preschool children with diagnosed pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), clinic controls, and two community-based samples. Method Parents (/and teachers) completed the early child inventory-4 (ECI-4), a DSM-IV-referenced rating scale for four samples: PDD (n = 172/160) and nonPDD psychiatric clinic referrals (n=135/101) and youngsters in regular (n=507/407) and special (n =64/140) early childhood programs. Children ranged in age from 3 to 5 years old. Results With the exception of conduct problems, the PDD group generally received higher symptom severity ratings than the regular early childhood group, but the pattern of differences compared with the other two groups often varied by type of symptom and informant. Teachers rated the PDD and nonPDD clinic groups as having equally severe ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms. Teachers rated the PDD group as having more severe anxiety and depression symptoms than parents. The Asperger group was rated by both informants as more oppositional than the autism and PDDNOS subgroups. Teachers rated males in the regular early childhood sample as having more severe ADHD and aggressive symptoms than females, but this was not the case for the PDD sample. Conclusion Preschoolers with PDD exhibit more severe DSM-IV psychiatric symptoms than children in regular and special early childhood programs, and to some extent nonPDD psychiatric referrals. The conce…
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“La prevalencia de los trastornos de ansiedad (TA) en personas autistas se estima entre el 18 % (Gadow, DeVicent et al., 2004) y el 87 % (Muris et al., 1998).”
From Ansiedad y trastornos del espectro del autismo: notas para la intervención psicoeducativa (2022) · cites this paper as Gadow, DeVicent et al., 2004
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Limitations of the Application of Fourfold Table Analysis to Hospital Data
Berkson, J. (1946) · Biometrics Bulletin · doi:10.2307/3002000 · Cited by 1,810
A case-control family history study of autism
Bolton, P., Macdonald, H., Pickles, A., Rios, P., Goode, S., Crowson, M., Bailey, A., & Rutter, M. (1994) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb02300.x · Cited by 1,094
Autism diagnostic interview: A standardized investigator-based instrument
Le Couteur, A., Rutter, M., Lord, C., Rios, P., Robertson, S., Holdgrafer, M., & McLennan, J. (1989) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02212936 · Cited by 1,036
The Prevalence of Anxiety and Mood Problems among Children with Autism and Asperger Syndrome
Kim, J. A., Szatmári, P., Bryson, S. E., Streiner, D. L., & Wilson, F. (2000) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361300004002002 · Cited by 937
Howlin, P., Mawhood, L., & Rutter, M. L. (2000) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00643 · Cited by 587
Anxiety in High-Functioning Children with Autism
Gillott, A., Furniss, F., & Walter, A. (2001) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361301005003005 · Cited by 562
Prevalence Rates and Correlates of Psychiatric Disorders among Preschool Children
Lavigne, J. V., Gibbons, R. D., Christoffel, K. K., Arend, R. A., Rosenbaum, D. L., Binns, H. J., DAWSON, N., SOBEL, H., & Isaacs, C. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199602000-00014 · Cited by 561
A Five to Fifteen Year Follow-Up Study of Infantile Psychosis
Rutter, M. L., Greenfeld, D., & Lockyer, L. (1967) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.113.504.1183 · Cited by 477
Bishop, D. V. M., & Norbury, C. F. (2002) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00114 · Cited by 474
A Broader Phenotype of Autism: The Clinical Spectrum in Twins
Couteur, A. S. L., Bailey, A. J., Goode, S., Pickles, A. R., Gottesman, I. I., Robertson, S., & Rutter, M. L. (1996) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01475.x · Cited by 457
Comorbidity of Asperger syndrome: a preliminary report
Ghaziuddin, M., Weidmer‐Mikhail, E., & Ghaziuddin, N. (1998) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.1998.tb01647.x · Cited by 428
Field trial for autistic disorder in DSM-IV
(1994) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.151.9.1361 · Cited by 401 · cited 2×
“The DSM-IV field trials also reported that the Asperger group, versus patients with autism, was less likely to exhibit language and communication impairments, but had more abnormal preoccupations and interests (Volkmar et al., 1994).”
BackgroundResultGreen, J., Gilchrist, A., Burton, D., & Cox, A. (2000) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005523232106 · Cited by 389
Autism and Asperger syndrome: coexistence with other clinical disorders
Gillberg and, C., & Billstedt, E. (2000) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.102005321.x · Cited by 352
Mawhood, L., Howlin, P., & Rutter, M. L. (2000) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00642 · Cited by 350
Handen, B. L., Johnson, C. R., & Lubetsky, M. J. (2000) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005548619694 · Cited by 336
ASPERGER'S SYNDROME AND AUTISM: COMPARISON OF EARLY HISTORY AND OUTCOME
Szatmári, P., Bartolucci, G., & Bremner, R. (1989) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1989.tb04066.x · Cited by 301
Tourette's Disorder: Epidemiology and Comorbidity in Primary School Children
Kadesjö, B., & Gillberg, C. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200005000-00007 · Cited by 290
The sleep/wake rhythm in children with autism
Richdale, A. L., & Prior, M. R. (1995) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/bf01980456 · Cited by 281
Teacher Reports of DSM-IV ADHD, ODD, and CD Symptoms in Schoolchildren
Nolan, E. E., Gadow, K. D., & Sprafkin, J. N. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200102000-00020 · Cited by 248
Self-citationDSM-III-R Disorders in Preschool Children From Low-Income Families
Keenan, K. E., Shaw, D. S., Walsh, B., Delliquadri, E., & Giovannelli, J. L. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199705000-00012 · Cited by 192
Baron‐Cohen, S., Scahill, V. L., Izaguirre, J., Hornsey, H., & Robertson, M. M. (1999) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329179900896x · Cited by 178
DSM-IV Symptoms in Community and Clinic Preschool Children
Gadow, K. D., Sprafkin, J. N., & Nolan, E. E. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200112000-00008 · Cited by 177
Self-citationSzatmári, P., MacLean, J. E., Jones, M. B., Bryson, S. E., Zwaigenbaum, L., Bartolucci, G., Mahoney, W. J., & Tuff, L. (2000) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00644 · Cited by 152
At the Threshold: The Developing Adolescent
Volkmar, F. R. (1994) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.151.3.445-a · Cited by 144
Mania in Children With Pervasive Developmental Disorder Revisited
Wozniak, J. R., Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Frazier, J. A., KIM, J., Millstein, R., Gershon, J., Thornell, A., Cha, K., & Snyder, J. B. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0890-8567(09)66564-3 · Cited by 137
Buitelaar, J. K., van der Gaag, R. J., Klin, A., & Volkmar, F. R. (1999) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1025966532041 · Cited by 135
Ghaziuddin, M., & Greden, J. F. (1998) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1026036514719 · Cited by 134
Differences between preschool children with ODD, ADHD, and ODD+ADHD symptoms
Gadow, K. D., & Nolan, E. E. (2002) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00012 · Cited by 132
Self-citationA DSM-IV–Referenced Screening Instrument for Preschool Children: The Early Childhood Inventory-4
SPRAFKIN, J., VOLPE, R. J., GADOW, K. D., NOLAN, E. E., & KELLY, K. (2002) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200205000-00018 · Cited by 128
Self-citationNervous Habits and Stereotyped Behaviors in Preschool Children
Anthony, L. G. (1998) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199807000-00010 · Cited by 112
Tics and psychiatric comorbidity in children and adolescents
Gadow, K. D., Nolan, E. E., Sprafkin, J. N., & Schwartz, J. E. (2002) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1017/s001216220100216x · Cited by 107
Self-citationComings, D. E., & Comings, B. G. (1991) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320390213 · Cited by 106
Tics and psychiatric comorbidity in children and adolescents
Gadow, K. D., Nolan, E. E., Sprafkin, J. N., & Schwartz, J. E. (2002) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2002.tb00820.x · Cited by 102
Self-citationBrief report: Comorbid psychiatric disorders of autistic disorder
Tsai, L. Y. (1996) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02172004 · Cited by 92
Burd, L., Fisher, W. W., Kerbeshian, J., & Arnold, M. E. (1987) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-198703000-00006 · Cited by 89
Mayes, L. C., Volkmar, F. R., HOOKS, M. Y., & Cicchetti, D. V. (1993) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01066420 · Cited by 78
Psychiatric Disorders in Individuals with Pervasive Developmental Disorder
Sverd, J. (2003) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/00131746-200303000-00003 · Cited by 67
Tourette syndrome and autistic disorder: A significant relationship
Sverd, J. (1991) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320390212 · Cited by 64
A follow-up study of infantile autism in Hong Kong
Chung, S. Y., Luk, S. L., & Lee, P. W. H. (1990) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02284720 · Cited by 59
Ando, H., & Yoshimura, I. (1979) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01531295 · Cited by 57
Diagnostic assessment in a sample of autistic and developmentally impaired adolescents
Fombonne, E. J. (1992) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01046328 · Cited by 57
Developmental, Gender, and Comorbidity Differences in Clinically Referred Children with ADHD
Nolan, E. E., Volpe, R. J., Gadow, K. D., & Sprafkin, J. N. (1999) · Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/106342669900700102 · Cited by 54
Self-citationApplication of DSM-III in an epidemiological study of preschool children
Earls, F. J. (1982) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.139.2.242 · Cited by 51
Preschool Psychiatric Disorders: Diagnostic Classification and Symptom Patterns
Rescorla, L. A. (1986) · Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0002-7138(09)60222-3 · Cited by 50
Rhythmic Motor Activities (Stereotypies) in Children Under Five: Etiology and Prevalence
WERRY, J. S., CARLIELLE, J., & FITZPATRICK, J. (1983) · Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0002-7138(09)60667-1 · Cited by 49
Diagnostic Continuity From Preschool to Middle Childhood
Beitchman, J. H., Wekerle, C., & Hood, J. E. (1987) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-198709000-00013 · Cited by 45
School refusal in pervasive developmental disorders
Kurita, H. (1991) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02206993 · Cited by 39
Psychiatric Disorders among Preschool Children
HOOKS, M. Y., Mayes, L. C., & Volkmar, F. R. (1988) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-198809000-00018 · Cited by 36
‘Schizoid’ personality and antisocial conduct: a retrospective case note study
Wolff, S., & Cull, A. (1986) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700010424 · Cited by 31
Observations on compulsive behavior in autism
Simons, J. (1974) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02104996 · Cited by 27
Afro-American Families: Assessment, Treatment, and Research Issues
Earls, F. J. (1982) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.139.10.1365 · Cited by 18
Ghaziuddin, M., Tsai, L., & Alessi, N. E. (1992) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199205000-00035 · Cited by 18
Lee, B. J. (1987) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-198705000-00005 · Cited by 16
Burger (1998) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2779(1998)4:2
Gadow, K. D., & Sprafkin, J. (2000) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t17340-000
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Gadow, K. D., & Sprafkin, J. (1997). Early Childhood Symptom Inventory-4 Norms Manual. Stony Brook, NY: Checkmate Plus.
- Gillott, A., Furniss, F., & Walter, A. (2001). Anxiety in highfunctioning children with autism. Autism,4, 117–132.
- Sprafkin, J., & Gadow, K. D. (1996). Early Childhood Inventories Manual. Stony Brook, NY: Checkmate Plus.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents with Autistic Spectrum Disorders: A Meta-Analysis
van Steensel, F. J. A., Bögels, S. M., & Perrin, S. (2011) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-011-0097-0 · Cited by 1,463
The impact of behaviour problems on caregiver stress in young people with autism spectrum disorders
Lecavalier, L., Leone, S., & Wiltz, J. (2006) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00732.x · Cited by 1,163
Corbett, B. A., Constantine, L. J., Hendren, R., Rocke, D., & Ozonoff, S. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.02.005 · Cited by 584
Herring, S., Gray, K., Taffe, J., Tonge, B., Sweeney, D., & Einfeld, S. (2006) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00904.x · Cited by 588
Lecavalier, L. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0147-5 · Cited by 569
Metadata
- Authors
- Gadow, K. D., DeVincent, C. J., Pomeroy, J., & Azizian, A.
- Affiliations
- Stony Brook University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gadow, Kenneth D.
- ORCID
- Azizian, Allen
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2004-08
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 379-393
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- OpenAlex
- W2037432206
- Semantic Scholar
- 3758442cf1d37eead5419128652e855e57ae5671
- Cited by
- 295
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 5.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- pervasive developmental disorders, preschool children, psychiatric symptoms, symptom severity, autism spectrum disorder, Asperger syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, anxiety, depression, conduct problems, informant differences, parent and teacher ratings, early childhood programs, special education, comorbidities, gender differences
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Community Mental Health Services, Female, Humans, Male, Severity of Illness Index, Socioeconomic Factors, Observer Variation, Prevalence, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review