Examining executive functioning in children with autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and typical development
Open accessAbstract
Executive functioning (EF) is an overarching term that refers to neuropsychological processes that enable physical, cognitive, and emotional self-control. Deficits in EF are often present in neurodevelopmental disorders, but examinations of the specificity of EF deficits and direct comparisons across disorders are rare. The current study investigated EF in 7- to 12-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and typical development using a comprehensive battery of measures assessing EF, including response inhibition, working memory, cognitive flexibility, planning, fluency and vigilance. The ADHD group exhibited deficits in vigilance, inhibition and working memory relative to the typical group; however, they did not consistently demonstrate problems on the remaining EF measures. Children with ASD showed significant deficits in vigilance compared with the typical group, and significant differences in response inhibition, cognitive flexibility/switching, and working memory compared with both groups. These results lend support for previous findings that show children with autism demonstrate generalized and profound impairment in EF. In addition, the observed deficits in vigilance and inhibitory control suggest that a significant number of children with ASD present with cognitive profiles consistent with ADHD.
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Issues in executive functioning and emotion regulation are increasingly being addressed, though they are not yet included as specifiers in the formal diagnostic systems.
“Issues in executive functioning (Corbett et al. 2009) and emotion regulation (Mazefsky et al. 2013) are also increasingly being addressed, though are not yet included as specifiers in the formal diagnostic systems.”
From The Diagnosis of Autism: From Kanner to DSM-III to DSM-5 and Beyond (2021) · cites this paper as Corbett et al. 2009
The Introduction (page unavailable) says executive-function deficits in autism have been widely reported, and the study examines those deficits in children with autism and ADHD. The paper does not say that executive functioning is absent as a specifier from formal diagnostic systems; it does not address that part of the claim. Emotion regulation is cited to a different source in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe absence of set shifting deficits in ASD in some studies suggests that children and adolescents with ASD are capable of shifting mental sets.
“Nevertheless, the absence of set shifting deficits in ASD in these studies suggests that children and adolescents with ASD are capable of shifting mental sets.”
From Atypical attentional networks and the emergence of autism (2013) · cites this paper as Corbett et al., 2009
Children and adults with ASD show impaired spatial working memory on the CANTAB Spatial Working Memory subtest.
“More recently, impaired spatial working memory performance in children and adults with ASD has been reported using the CANTAB Spatial Working Memory subtest (Corbett et al., 2009; Goldberg et al., 2005; Happé et al., 2006; Steele et al., 2007).”
From Atypical attentional networks and the emergence of autism (2013) · cites this paper as Corbett et al., 2009
In ASD, there is evidence for similar sustained attention impairment, albeit with also negative findings.
“In ASD, there is evidence for similar impairment,8, 9, 10, 11 albeit with also negative findings.12”
From Disorder-specific functional abnormalities during sustained attention in youth with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and with Autism (2013) · cites this paper as [9]
There is considerable overlap in both phenotypic and biological alterations in ASD and ADHD, one of the most striking similarities being common difficulties in executive function.
“In addition to high levels of within-group variability, there is considerable overlap in both phenotypic and biological alterations in ASD and ADHD, one of the most striking similarities being common difficulties in executive function (Corbett et al., 2009).”
From Investigating functional brain network integrity using a traditional and novel categorical scheme for neurodevelopmental disorders (2019) · cites this paper as Corbett et al., 2009
Individual differences among children within a DSM diagnostic category are increasingly recognized across the biological psychiatry field, with recent calls to account for this variability in research studies.
“Individual differences among children within a DSM diagnostic category are increasingly recognized across the biological psychiatry field, with recent calls to account for this variability in research studies (Ameis, 2017; Corbett et al., 2009).”
From Investigating functional brain network integrity using a traditional and novel categorical scheme for neurodevelopmental disorders (2019) · cites this paper as Corbett et al., 2009
EF in general tend to be more impaired in individuals with ASD than those with ADHD.
“There are also findings that EF in general tend to be more impaired in individuals with ASD than those with ADHD (e.g., Corbett et al. 2009;Goldberg et al. 2005;Pennington and Ozonoff 1996).”
From A meta-analytic review of the efficacy of physical exercise interventions on cognition in individuals with autism spectrum disorder and ADHD (2016) · cites this paper as Corbett et al. 2009
Studies investigating EF between individuals with ASD and ADHD have demonstrated difficulty in establishing a distinct executive dysfunction profile; EF deficits can overlap in both disorders such as aspects of working memory, sustained attention and even inhibition.
“Nevertheless, studies that investigated EF between individuals with ASD and ADHD have demonstrated the difficulty in establishing a distinct executive dysfunction profile (e.g., Corbett et al. 2009;Geurts et al. 2004;Goldberg et al. 2005); in that EF deficits can sometimes overlap in both disorders such as aspects of working memory, sustained attention and even inhibition.”
From A meta-analytic review of the efficacy of physical exercise interventions on cognition in individuals with autism spectrum disorder and ADHD (2016) · cites this paper as Corbett et al. 2009
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- Authors
- Corbett, B. A., Constantine, L. J., Hendren, R., Rocke, D., & Ozonoff, S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Corbett, Blythe A.
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-04
- Volume
- 166
- Issue
- 2-3
- Pages
- 210-222
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2683039
- OpenAlex
- W2128815365
- Cited by
- 584
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 13.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (5 K08NMH072958)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K08MH072958)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- executive function, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, children, sustained attention, response inhibition, working memory, cognitive flexibility, planning, fluency, inhibitory control, neurodevelopmental disorders, cognitive profile
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Autistic Disorder, Child, Cognition, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests, Personality Inventory, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychomotor Performance, Severity of Illness Index
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