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Personality Characteristics as Differential Variables of the Pain Experience
Abstract
This study analyzes the relationships between neuroticism, extroversion, age, and sex and the intensity of perceived pain and the coping strategies used. We worked with a sample of 96 patients with chronic pain. The assessment tools were the following: the Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory, a Spanish version of the McGill Pain Questionnaire, and the Eysenck Personality Inventory. The hypothetical model establishes positive relationships between neuroticism, the use of passive coping strategies, and the intensity of pain. On the other hand, extraversion is expected to be positively related to the use of active coping strategies and negatively related to the perceived intensity of pain. The results support the hypotheses formulated regarding the effects of the variables neuroticism and extraversion. Age is negatively related to active coping strategies and pain intensity. Men use more active strategies than women, while the latter have a greater perception of pain.
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“Ramirez-Maestre et al. (2004) found that neuroticism positively correlated with a passive coping style and intensity of perceived pain across a variety of conditions including rheumatic disease, cancer, LBP, and fibromyalgia.”
From Beyond yellow flags: The Big‐Five personality traits and psychologically informed musculoskeletal rehabilitation. (2023) · cites this paper as Ramirez-Maestre et al. (2004)
In the citing paper
“Ramirez-Maestre et al. (2004)found that extraversion was positively associated with active coping and negatively correlated with perceived pain in the same sample of patients with chronic disease.”
From Beyond yellow flags: The Big‐Five personality traits and psychologically informed musculoskeletal rehabilitation. (2023) · cites this paper as Ramirez-Maestre et al. (2004)
In the citing paper
“The findings consistently demonstrate elevated levels of neuroticism in patients suffering from these conditions (Bucourt et al., 2017;Conversano et al., 2018;Ramírez-Maestre et al., 2004), with some support for low levels of conscientiousness and extraversion (Bucourt et al., 2017;Mohn et al., 2010;Ramírez-Maestre et al., 2004;Torres et al., 2013).”
From Beyond yellow flags: The Big‐Five personality traits and psychologically informed musculoskeletal rehabilitation. (2023) · cites this paper as Ramírez-Maestre et al., 2004
In the citing paper
“Most of the work is in populations suffering from long-term chronic pain such as fibromyalgia or non-specific LBP (Conversano et al., 2018;Mohn et al., 2010;Ramírez-Maestre et al., 2004).”
From Beyond yellow flags: The Big‐Five personality traits and psychologically informed musculoskeletal rehabilitation. (2023) · cites this paper as Ramírez-Maestre et al., 2004
Citations
Cites
Multidimensional assessment of coping: a critical evaluation
Endler, N. S., & Parker, J. D. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.5.844 · Cited by 2,237 · cited 5×
“…Characteristics as Differential Variables of the Pain Experience 149 that might lead to poor adaptation to stress (Bolger, 1990; Costa and McCrae, 1990; Endler and Parker, 1990; Epstein and Meier, 1989; Gunthert et al., 1999; McCrae and Costa, 1986; Medvedova, 1998; Morasso et al., 1996).”
BackgroundInfluentialGender variations in clinical pain experience
Unruh, A. M. (1996) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(95)00214-6 · Cited by 1,550
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Snow-Turek, L. A., Norris, M. P., & Tan, G. (1996) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(95)00190-5 · Cited by 266
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Pain assessment and management in older adults: Conceptual issues and clinical challenges.
Hadjistavropoulos, T., Hunter, P. V., & Fitzgerald, T. D. (2009) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/a0015341 · Cited by 36
Klinger-König, J., Hertel, J., Terock, J., Völzke, H., der Auwera, S. V., & Grabe, H. (2018) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.10.003 · Cited by 31
Cloninger's psychobiological model of personality and psychological distress in fibromyalgia
Garcia-Fontanals, A., García-Blanco, S., Portell, M., Pujol, J., Poca‐Dias, V., García-Fructuoso, F., López-Ruiz, M., Gutiérrez-Rosado, T., Gomà-i-Freixanet, M., & Deus, J. (2016) · International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1111/1756-185x.12473 · Cited by 29
Spada, M. M., Gay, H., Nikčević, A. V., Fernie, B. A., & Caselli, G. (2015) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1111/cp.12081 · Cited by 25
Pain and Depression in Late Life: Mastery as Mediator and Moderator
Bierman, A. (2011) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbr070 · Cited by 30
Lillefjell, M. (2006) · Journal of occupational rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-006-9056-x · Cited by 28
“The individuals respond to pain and the apparent effects of their ways of coping might also vary according to several personality dimensions [11, 21, 23].”
BackgroundResiliencia psicológica y dolor crónico
Párraga, G. T. R., & Martínez, A. E. L. (2012) · doi:10.5231/psy.writ.2012.1001 · Cited by 26
Self-citationVisceral hypersensitivity: fact or fiction.
Aziz, Q. (2006) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2006.06.039 · Cited by 26
Patient personality predicts postoperative stay after colorectal cancer resection
Sharma, A., Sharp, D., Walker, L., & Monson, J. (2007) · Colorectal Disease · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1318.2007.01287.x · Cited by 25
Kadimpati, S., Zale, E. L., Hooten, W., Ditre, J., & Warner, D. O. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129871 · Cited by 24
“Among persons with chronic pain, greater neuroticism has been associated with greater disability and lower quality of life [11], increased pain reactivity [12], greater suffering [13], and the use of passive pain-coping strategies [14].”
BackgroundVallejo, M. Á., Rivera, J., Esteve-Vives, J., Rejas, J., & Group ICAF (2011) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-9-39 · Cited by 26
“Women report more pain than men [34], and men use more active coping than women [ 35 ].”
BackgroundCoping, Depression, Anxiety, Self-Efficacy and Social Support: Impact on Adjustment to Chronic Pain
Ferreira-Valente, A., Ribeiro, J. L. P., & Jensen, M. P. (2009) · Escritos de Psicología / Psychological Writings · doi:10.24310/espsiescpsi.v2i3.13382 · Cited by 24
“A third potential sex difference is the possibility that, due to social role functioning, men may engage in more active coping strategies than women (Ramírez-Maestre et al., 2004).”
Krok, J. L., & Baker, T. A. (2013) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105313488976 · Cited by 25
“Finding low extraversion as a significant predictor of greater current pain is supported by prior research suggesting that extraversion is negatively related to the perceived intensity of chronic pain (Phillips and Gatchel, 2000; Ramirez-Maestre et al., 2004).”
BackgroundResultRzeszutek, M., Oniszczenko, W., Schier, K., Biernat‐Kałuża, E., & Gasik, R. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.03.036 · Cited by 21
Bendayan, R., Ramírez‐Maestre, C., Ferrer, E. E., López-Martínez, A. E., & Esteve, R. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.sjpain.2017.02.009 · Cited by 16
Self-citationDegree of extraversion and physiological responses to physical pain and sadness
Park, M., Lee, K. H., Sohn, S., Eom, J., & Sohn, J. (2014) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12144 · Cited by 21
Pallegama, R. W., Ariyasinghe, S., Perera, E. D., & Treede, R. (2016) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnw123 · Cited by 20
Ruffle, J., Farmer, A., Kano, M., Giampietro, V., Aziz, Q., & Coen, S. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.10.024 · Cited by 19
Is experimentally induced pain associated with socioeconomic status? Do poor people hurt more?
Miljković, A., Stipčić, A., Braš, M., Đorđević, V., Brajković, L., Hayward, C., Pavić, A., Kolčić, I., & Polašek, O. (2014) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.890714 · Cited by 19
Lillefjell, M., Krokstad, S., & Espnes, G. A. (2006) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-005-9011-2 · Cited by 22
Adams, M. H., Dobscha, S. K., Smith, N. X., Yarborough, B. J. H., Deyo, R. A., & Morasco, B. J. (2018) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2018.04.005 · Cited by 19
Personality, Cognitive Appraisal and Adjustment in Chronic Pain Patients
Herrero, A., Ramírez-Maestre, C., & González, V. (2008) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/s1138741600004534 · Cited by 17
Self-citationWilliams, M. K., Waite, L., Van Wyngaarden, J. J., Meyer, A. R., & Koppenhaver, S. L. (2023) · Musculoskeletal Care · doi:10.1002/msc.1797 · Cited by 15
Zhu, Y., Hu, X., Yang, B. Y., Wu, G., Wang, Z., Xue, Z., Shi, J., Ouyang, X., Liu, Z., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.11.026 · Cited by 16
Sad Music Modulates Pain Perception: An EEG Study
Guo, S., Lu, J., Wang, Y., Li, Y., Huang, B., Zhang, Y., Gong, W., Yao, D., Yuan, Y., & Xia, Y. (2020) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s264188 · Cited by 13
Who Benefits from Chronic Opioid Therapy? Rethinking the Question of Opioid Misuse Risk
Huber, E., Robinson, R., Noe, C. E., & Ness, O. V. (2016) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare4020029 · Cited by 13
“Furthermore, higher scores on extraversion [61], openness [62], and conscientiousness [63] have been found to be related to more active coping among individuals with chronic pain.”
Not Simply “In Their Heads”: Individual Differences Associated With Victimization and Health1
Knack, J. M., Iyer, P. A., & Jensen‐Campbell, L. A. (2012) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00898.x · Cited by 24
Psychological Profile in Women with Chronic Pelvic Pain
López, M. M., Rodriguez, M. J. L., Menéndez-García, Á., Cid, S. G., Royuela, A., & Pereira, A. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11216345 · Cited by 24
Liew, S., Chowdhury, E., Ernst, M. E., Gilmartin‐Thomas, J., Reid, C. M., Tonkin, A. M., Neumann, F., McNeil, J. J., & Kaye, D. M. (2022) · ESC Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ehf2.14101 · Cited by 12
Kadu, A., Chopra, S., Gupta, N., Jayan, B., & Kochar, G. (2015) · doi:10.4103/0301-5742.162260 · Cited by 12
“Findings of the present study are supported by many studies in literature and state that pain perception is flexible and varies dependent on personality traits and specifically dependent on trait neuroticism.[16,24,25] Patients with a neurotic personality should be treated with greater care and provided with greater p…”
BackgroundResultKatana, M., Röcke, C., & Allemand, M. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-019-00099-0 · Cited by 9
“Cross-sectional research suggests that individuals with chronic pain report lower levels of positive affect and higher levels of negative affect (Hanssen et al., 2014; Ramirez-Maestre et al., 2004; Simsek et al., 2010; Willman et al., 2013).”
BackgroundBurri, A., Lachance, G., & Williams, F. (2015) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2015.7 · Cited by 11
Pirrotta, R., Jeanmonod, D., McAleese, S., Aufenberg, C., Opwis, K., Jenewein, J., & Martin-Soelch, C. (2013) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000429845.06955.70 · Cited by 11
Waardenburg, S. F., Visseren, L., van Daal, E., Brouwer, B., Zundert, J. V. V., van Kuijk, S. V., Lousberg, R., Jongen, E., Leue, C., & de Meij, N. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11195515 · Cited by 10
“Moreover, previous studies suggest that women are more sensitive to threat-related stimuli than men, and this would generally lead to an increased pain perception [6,27] and have greater catastrophic thoughts than men, which would generally lead to an increased pain perception.”
BackgroundPersonality Traits in Burning Mouth Syndrome Patients With and Without a History of Depression
Tu, T., Watanabe, M., Suga, T., Hong, C., Takao, C., Takenoshita, M., Motomura, H., & Toyofuku, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.659245 · Cited by 10
Resilience in Very Advanced Ages: A Study With Centenarians
Amaral, A. S., Afonso, R., Brandão, D., Teixeira, L., & Ribeiro, Ó. (2020) · The International Journal of Aging & Human Development · doi:10.1177/0091415020926839 · Cited by 10
“It is known that the experience of pain is not only influenced by physical injuries but also by physical, psychological, and social factors (Ramírez- Maestre et al., 2004; Willman et al., 2013).”
BackgroundPsychische Struktur bei chronischen Schmerzpatienten
Fischer‐Kern, M., Mikuttaw, C., Kapusta, N. D., Hörz‐Sagstetter, S., Naderer, A., Thierry, N., Leithner, K., Löffler‐Stastka, H., & Aigner, M. (2010) · Zeitschrift für psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie · doi:10.13109/zptm.2010.56.1.34 · Cited by 10
Investigating the effect of anxiety on pain scores in dogs.
Ellwood, B., & Murison, P. (2021) · Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia · doi:10.1016/j.vaa.2021.07.005 · Cited by 9
Thomas, M., Führes, H., Scheer, M., Rampp, S., Strauss, C., Schönfeld, R., & Leplow, B. (2024) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm14010075 · Cited by 8
“Employing strategies to reduce pain-related helplessness and depression, alongside fostering cognitive restructuring skills, appears to be a promising avenue for treatment of POHs, as indicated by the regression analysis.”
MethodIndividual differences and health in chronic pain: are sex-differences relevant?
Suso-Ribera, C., Martínez-Borba, V., Martín-Brufau, R., Suso-Vergara, S., & García-Palacios, A. (2019) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-019-1182-1 · Cited by 8
Pain response in heroin users: personality, abstinence, and modulation by benzodiazepines.
Ho, A. M., Cheung, B. K. L., & Stadlin, A. (2011) · Addictive Behaviours · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.07.047 · Cited by 8
Volunteers’ concerns about facial neuromuscular electrical stimulation
Efthimiou, T., Hanel, P., & Korb, S. (2022) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00827-3 · Cited by 7
“particularly high or low levels of interoceptive awareness, which is known to play a role in the experience of pain [47, 48].”
BackgroundTrajectories of Pain in Very Old Age: The Role of Eudaimonic Wellbeing and Personality
Wettstein, M., Schilling, O., & Wahl, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2022.807179 · Cited by 7
“In contrast, higher extraversion is related with active coping strategies (98), such as social support seeking, problem-focused coping or positive reappraisal (92, 99).”
BackgroundOmmerborn, M., Depprich, R., Schneider, C., Giraki, M., Franz, M., Raab, W., & Schäfer, R. (2019) · Head & Face Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13005-019-0188-6 · Cited by 7
INTERVENCIÓN PSICOLÓGICA EN DOLOR ONCOLÓGICO: UN ESTUDIO DE REVISIÓN
Monsalve, V., Gómez-Carretero, P., & Sánchez, J. G. S. (2006) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.5209/rev_psic.2006.v3.n1.16803 · Cited by 4
“Por otro lado, Ramirez-Maestre et al(21) desarrollaron un estudio en el que se centraron en el análisis de las relaciones entre neuroticismo, extraversión y estrategias de afrontamiento, hallando una asociación entre el neuroticismo y el empleo de estrategias de afrontamiento pasivas y la intensidad del dolor, así com…”
BackgroundKästner, A., & Petzke, F. (2024) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2024.1288758 · Cited by 5
Gender differences in personality and cancer-related pain among older cancer patients
Krok-Schoen, J., & Baker, T. (2016) · Journal of Gender Studies · doi:10.1080/09589236.2015.1041463 · Cited by 5
Dispositional Affect in Unique Subgroups of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rice, D., Mehta, S., Pope, J., Harth, M., Shapiro, A., & Teasell, R. (2016) · Pain Research and Management · doi:10.1155/2016/1024985 · Cited by 5
“SPSS version 23.0 (Chicago, IL) was used for all tests performed, with the significance level set at alpha 0.05 and all tests were two-tailed.”
MethodInfluentialEffects of preoperative anxiety levels and the D-type personality on propolol injection pain
Miniksar, O., & Yüksek, A. (2022) · İstanbul Kuzey Klinikleri · doi:10.14744/nci.2020.61214 · Cited by 4
“Pain sensation is specific to the individual’s personal experience is due to psychological factors [11, 12].”
BackgroundFederman, D. J., Schwartz, R. M., & Amital, H. (2019) · Body Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/17432979.2019.1672790 · Cited by 4
“Extraversion predicts greater use of active and effective strategies for handling the pain (Ramírez-Maestre et al., 2004).”
BackgroundHarrison, R., van Reekum, C. V., Adams, G., Gandhi, W., & Salomons, T. V. (2025) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003636 · Cited by 3
VULNERABILITY FACTORS, ADJUSTMENT, AND OPIOID MISUSE IN CHRONIC NON-CANCER PAIN INDIVIDUALS.
Ramírez-Maestre, C., Barrado-Moreno, V., Esteve, R., Serrano-Ibáñez, E., de la Vega, R., Ruíz-Párraga, G., Fernández-Baena, M., Jensen, M. P., & López-Martínez, A. E. (2024) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2024.104606 · Cited by 3
Self-citationKulshreshtha, P., & Deepak, K. (2023) · Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/bmr-220353 · Cited by 3
“People with high extroversion levels are impulsive, uninhibited, and so-ciable and have active coping strategies for handling chronic pain [57].”
Assessing Level of Personality Organization With the Psychodiagnostic Chart: A Validity Study
Hinrichs, J., Dauphin, V. B., Munday, C. C., Porcerelli, J. H., Kamoo, R., & Christian-Kliger, P. (2018) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2018.1436062 · Cited by 5
Pain in the management of opioid use disorder
SIROHI, S. K., & Tiwari, A. K. (2016) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s123667 · Cited by 3
“comorbid with chronic pain, which can further intensify pain symptoms.(40,41) As a result, in patients receiving opioid”
Dresch, V., Sánchez–López, M. D. P., & García, M. E. A. (2008) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.2008.36.10.1411 · Cited by 3
Tools That Should Be Considered in Pain Assessment: Cognitive Factors, Emotion, and Personality
Oosterman, J. M., & Brazil, I. A. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-12033-1_6 · Cited by 4
Childhood Reading Ability and Pain in Childhood Through to Midlife
Bridges, E. C., Torsney, C., Bates, T. C., & Luciano, M. (2024) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2024.03.014 · Cited by 2
Pain Perception at Birth depending on the Personality of the Parturient Women
Mirsadeghi, M. N., Madani, Z. H., Boostan, A., & Massoudifar, A. (2022) · Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Cancer Research · doi:10.30699/jogcr.7.6.543 · Cited by 2
“, (12); While they do not agree with the results of the study of Yadollahi et al.”
ResultLecci, L., Page, G., Keith, J., Neal, S., & Ritter, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.818724 · Cited by 2
Personality, cognitive appraisal and labor pain
Kwissa-Gajewska, Z., & Dołęgowska, M. (2017) · doi:10.5114/hpr.2017.67701 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Ramírez-Maestre, C., Martínez, A. E. L., & Zarazaga, R. E.
- Venue
- Journal of Behavioral Medicine
- Published
- 2004-04
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 147-165
- ISSN
- 0160-7715 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3521
- OpenAlex
- W2096785055
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 3.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Behavioral Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- McGill University
- Universidad de Málaga
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Opioid Use
- Keywords
- personality traits, neuroticism, extraversion, chronic pain, pain intensity, pain coping, sex differences, age differences, passive coping, active coping
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pain, Personality Disorders
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