Allgemeine Prokrastination: Entwicklung und Validierung einer deutschsprachigen Kurzskala der General Procrastination Scale (Lay, 1986) 1Wir danken Axel Grund, Carola Grunschel, Justine Patrzek, Sebastian Schmid und Marion Schmidt-Huber sowie den beiden anonymen Gutachtern und dem zuständigen Mitherausgeber für ihre hilfreichen Rückmeldungen zu früheren Versionen dieses Manuskripts.
Abstract
In der vorliegenden Studie wurde anhand einer Übersetzung der General Procrastination Scale (GPS; Lay, 1986 ) eine deutschsprachige Kurzskala zur Erfassung von allgemeiner Prokrastination entwickelt und validiert. In drei Teilstudien wurden (sprachliche) Äquivalenz, Faktorenstruktur, Reliabilität und Validität untersucht. Die GPS erwies sich als sprachlich äquivalent zum englischen Original (Vorstudie, N = 38). Die Exploration der Faktorenstruktur (Studie I, N = 1 253) lieferte jedoch keine eindeutigen Hinweise auf die Eindimensionalität der GPS. Aufgrund dessen wurde eine eindimensionale Kurzskala (GPS-K) entwickelt und in der letzten Studie (Studie II, N = 218) validiert. Die interne Konsistenz (Studie I, II) sowie die Test-Retest Reliabilität (Studie II) der Kurzskala waren zufriedenstellend. Die konvergente und diskriminante Validität konnte in Bezug auf andere Persönlichkeitsmerkmale gezeigt werden. Anhand eines Verhaltensmaßes konnten weitere Hinweise für die Konstruktvalidität gesammelt werden. Mit der deutschen Übersetzung und Entwicklung der GPS-K liegt demnach ein ökonomisches sowie reliables und valides Instrumente zur Erfassung von allgemeiner Prokrastination vor.
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The PFS-4 has been proven to be reliable and valid, showing very high correlations with other established trait procrastination scales.
“The PFS-4 has been proven to be reliable and valid, showing very high correlations with other established trait procrastination scales, for example, with the German short form of the General Procrastination Scale [37, 38].”
From Procrastination, depression and anxiety symptoms in university students: a three-wave longitudinal study on the mediating role of perceived stress (2024) · cites this paper as [37]
Klingsieck & Fries identified nine items forming a brief, one-factorial scale covering a broad range of procrastination behaviors.
“Based on factor analysis, Klingsieck & Fries [16] identified nine items forming a brief, one-factorial scale covering to a broad range of procrastination behaviors.”
From Procrastination, Distress and Life Satisfaction across the Age Range – A German Representative Community Study (2016) · cites this paper as [16]
The GPS-K is a one-dimensional short-form of the General Procrastination Scale with nine items.
“The German short form (GPS-K; [16]) is a one-dimensional short-form of the General Procrastination Scale (GSS) with nine items [15].”
From Procrastination, Distress and Life Satisfaction across the Age Range – A German Representative Community Study (2016) · cites this paper as [16]
The GPS-K showed high positive correlations with the Aitken Procrastination Inventory (r = .75) and high negative correlations with conscientiousness (r = -.69), action orientation (r = -.67), time management (r = -.48), planning (r = -.34), self-efficacy (r = -.26), and agreeability (r = -.20) in a validation study.
“In a validation study with the short scale (GPS-K), the authors found high positive correlations to the Aitken Procrastination Inventory ([17]; r = .75) and high negative correlations to conscientiousness (based on the BFI-10; r = .-.69) as well as action orientation (r = .-.67). Other negative associations were found to time management (r = .-.48), planning (r = .-.34), self-efficacy ([18]; r = .”
From Procrastination, Distress and Life Satisfaction across the Age Range – A German Representative Community Study (2016) · cites this paper as [16]
The GPS-K was validated in a student sample (N = 218).
“As described above, it was validated in a student sample (N = 218).”
From Procrastination, Distress and Life Satisfaction across the Age Range – A German Representative Community Study (2016) · cites this paper as [16]
Klingsieck & Fries were not able to reproduce the postulated one-factorial structure of the original GPS in a large student sample.
“However, Klingsieck & Fries [16] were not able to reproduce the postulated one-factorial structure of the original scale in a large student sample, which they explained by heterogeneity and ambiguity of some of the items (e.g. delay of getting out of bed in the morning).”
From Procrastination, Distress and Life Satisfaction across the Age Range – A German Representative Community Study (2016) · cites this paper as [16]
Conscientiousness is strongly negatively associated with procrastination.
“a personality trait which is strongly negatively associated with procrastination [16].”
From Procrastination, Distress and Life Satisfaction across the Age Range – A German Representative Community Study (2016) · cites this paper as [16]
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- Authors
- Klingsieck, K. B., & Fries, S.
- Venue
- Diagnostica
- Publisher
- Hogrefe Publishing Group
- Published
- 2012-10
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 182-193
- ISSN
- 0012-1924 (ISSN-L)
- 2190-622X
- OpenAlex
- W2323072172
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 8 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- de
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Diagnostica (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- General Procrastination Scale, German translation, short scale development, factor structure, construct validity, convergent and discriminant validity, test-retest reliability, personality traits
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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