A mega-trial investigation of goal setting, interest enhancement, and energy on procrastination.
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According to Temporal Motivation Theory, motivation increases as a function of the expectancy of an outcome and the size or value of a goal, but decreases as the time span before this outcome lengthens and impulsiveness increases.
“For example, according to the Temporal Motivation Theory (TMT; Steel and König, 2006; Gröpel and Steel, 2008), motivation increases as a function of the expectancy of an outcome and the size or value of a goal, but decreases as the time span before this outcome lengthens and impulsiveness increases.”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Gröpel and Steel, 2008
Gröpel & Steel found weak negative associations of procrastination to age (r = -.17) and female sex (r = -.08).
“Additionally, they found weak negative associations of procrastination to age (r = -.17) and female sex (r = -.08).”
From Procrastination, Distress and Life Satisfaction across the Age Range – A German Representative Community Study (2016) · cites this paper as [5]
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Academic procrastination: psychological antecedents revisited
Steel, P., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2016) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12173 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Self-citationProcrastination: When Good Things Don’t Come to Those Who Wait
Klingsieck, K. B. (2013) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000138 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Steel, P., & Ferrari, J. (2013) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1851 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
“two particularly large-scale investigations—a survey study by Gröpel and Steel (2008) and a meta-analysis by Steel (2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationBeutel, M. E., Klein, E. M., Aufenanger, S., Brähler, E., Dreier, M., Müller, K. W., Quiring, O., Reinecke, L., Schmutzer, G., Stark, B., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148054 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
“In his seminal meta-analysis and review, Steel [2] identified task (aversiveness, delay) and personality characteristics (particularly low self-efficacy, conscientiousness, self- control and achievement motivation as well as high impulsiveness and distractibility) as determinants of procrastination, along with a poten…”
BackgroundUnderstanding and Treating Procrastination: A Review of a Common Self-Regulatory Failure
Rozental, A., & Carlbring, P. (2014) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2014.513160 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
“Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation may therefore be equally important in explaining procrastination, but they may possibly affect individuals differently (Gröpel & Steel, 2008).”
BackgroundSteel, P., Taras, V., Uggerslev, K. L., & Bosco, F. A. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868317721372 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
“To address this, we conducted a mega-trial, a term from the medical field used to describe a study that is similar in 134 Personality and Social Psychology Review 22(2) size and breadth to a meta-analysis on the topic (Gröpel & Steel, 2008).”
MethodSelf-citationSteel, P., Svartdal, F., Thundiyil, T., & Brothen, T. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00327 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“Goal setting theory itself is largely derivable from temporal motivation theory (Gröpel and Steel, 2008), effectively connecting the inductive or descriptive approach of goal setting to other disciplines and lines of research.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationAcademic interventions for academic procrastination: A review of the literature
Zacks, S., & Hen, M. (2018) · Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community · doi:10.1080/10852352.2016.1198154 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
“Also, individual traits of impulsiveness, self-efficacy, and need for achievement as well as the task characteristics of aversiveness and delay were most strongly associated with procrastination (Gropel & Steel, 2008).”
BackgroundProcrastination's Impact in the Workplace and the Workplace's Impact on Procrastination
Nguyen, B., Steel, P., & Ferrari, J. R. (2013) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/ijsa.12048 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“Hammer and Ferrari (2002) found that procrastination differs among professions, with those in white-collar jobs reporting higher rates of procrastination compared to blue-collar workers.”
Self-citationGustavson, D. E., Miyake, A., Hewitt, J. K., & Friedman, N. P. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614526260 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
“Of these scales, the GPS is used most often to measure procrastination, but these items and subscales of the VCI and ACS have also been used to assess procrastination before and have demonstrated high correlations with GPS scores (Blunt & Pychyl, 1998; Gropel & Steel, 2008).”
BackgroundMethodResultHow Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations
Svartdal, F., Dahl, T. I., Gamst-Klaussen, T., Koppenborg, M., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.540910 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“For example, according to the Temporal Motivation Theory (TMT; Steel and König, 2006; Gröpel and Steel, 2008), motivation increases as a function of the expectancy of an outcome and the size or value of a goal, but decreases as the time span before this outcome lengthens and impulsiveness increases.”
MethodExploring different types of academic delayers: A latent profile analysis
Grunschel, C., Patrzek, J., & Fries, S. (2012) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2012.09.014 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Ziegler, N., & Opdenakker, M.-C. (2018) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2018.04.009 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“In general, males were more likely found to be procrastinators than were females (Gröpel & Steel, 2008; Steel, 2007).”
BackgroundIrrational Delay Revisited: Examining Five Procrastination Scales in a Global Sample
Svartdal, F., & Steel, P. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01927 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationAcademic Self-Efficacy and Postgraduate Procrastination: A Moderated Mediation Model
Liu, G., Cheng, G., Hu, J., Pan, Y., & Zhao, S.-Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01752 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“However, people tend to choose more concrete tasks that need to be performed immediately and ignore more abstract tasks in the distant future, so they are more likely to procrastinate (Gröpel and Steel, 2008).”
BackgroundGustavson, D. E., Miyake, A., Hewitt, J. K., & Friedman, N. P. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000110 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“…to play an important role in the effective management of goals and subgoals (Miyake & Friedman, 2012), which in turn has been theorized to be crucial for successfully avoiding procrastination (e.g., Gropel & Steel, 2008; Gustavson et al., 2014; Krause & Freund, 2013; Steel & Konig, 2006).”
BackgroundResultGustavson, D. E., & Miyake, A. (2017) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2017.01.010 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“…to different types of measures related to goal achievements, such as course grades (Kim & Seo, 2015; Morris & Fritz, 2015), individual differences in self-reported frequencies of goal setting (Gröpel & Steel, 2008), and actual studying behaviors (Glick & Orsillo, 2015; Steel et al., 2001).”
The role of the college classroom climate on academic procrastination
Corkin, D. M., Yu, S. L., Wolters, C. A., & Wiesner, M. (2014) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2014.04.001 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Wang, S., Zhou, Y., Yu, S., Ran, L.-W., Liu, X.-P., & Chen, Y.-F. (2017) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731515577890 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“…fear of failure, which may cause the individual waste too much cognitive resources on useless thoughts and such have difficulties in concentrating on the completion of the task per se (Baumeister, Heatherton, & Tice, 1994; Flett, Stainton, Hewitt, Sherry, & Lay, 2012; Gropel & Steel, 2008).”
BackgroundLimone, P., Sinatra, M., Ceglie, F., & Monacis, L. (2020) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs10120184 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“negatively associated with health, wealth, and happiness [13] as well as to difficulty in meeting deadlines within a specific time-frame; 2.”
BackgroundLu, D., He, Y., & Tan, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.719425 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“001) in both general and academic procrastination, which was consistent with previous investigations suggesting a relationship between them (Pychyl et al., 2000; Steel, 2007; Gröpel and Steel, 2008).”
BackgroundResultReconsidering active procrastination: Relations to motivation and achievement in college anatomy
Hensley, L. C. (2014) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2014.10.012 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Belonging to Tomorrow: An Overview of Procrastination
Wilson, B. A., & Nguyen, T. D. (2012) · International Journal of Psychological Studies · doi:10.5539/ijps.v4n1p211 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Indeed, Knaus (2000) calls procrastination an “ancient nemesis,” saying that it parallels human civilization and may have originated 2.”
BackgroundInfluentialKlingsieck, K. B., & Fries, S. (2012) · Diagnostica · doi:10.1026/0012-1924/a000060 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
van Eerde, W., & Venus, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02029 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“As such, feeling replenished and recovered, and having enough energy may be a precondition to prevent procrastination because of increased resources (Gröpel and Steel, 2008).”
BackgroundProcrastination and problematic new media use: the mediating role of future anxiety
Przepiorka, A., Blachnio, A., & Cudo, A. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01773-w · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Similarly, some researchers consider general procrastination as a kind of personality disposition associated with self-efficacy and selfregulation (Gropel & Steel, 2008); others mention also certain situational determinants, such as stress or the characteristics of the task to be performed…”
BackgroundThe relevance of sleep and circadian misalignment for procrastination among shift workers
Kühnel, J., Sonnentag, S., Bledow, R., & Melchers, K. G. (2017) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12191 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
General and Life-Domain Procrastination in Highly Educated Adults in Israel
Hen, M., & Goroshit, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01173 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Health related variables such as: lack of energy (Gröpel and Steel, 2008), hypertension and Cardiovascular disease (Sirois, 2015), and low social well-being (Steel, 2010) were indicated as well.”
BackgroundContent Analyses of the Beliefs of Academic Procrastinators
McCown, B., Blake, I. K., & Keiser, R. (2012) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-012-0148-6 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
On the Behavioral Side of Procrastination: Exploring Behavioral Delay in Real-Life Settings
Svartdal, F., Granmo, S., & Færevaag, F. S. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00746 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“…procrastination lacks a calibration mechanism that may help differentiate between trivial but harshly judged procrastination and more serious forms (e.g., Gröpel and Steel, 2008; Svartdal and Steel, 2017), which again has implications for prevalence estimates (e.g., Rozental and Carlbring, 2014).”
BackgroundLoeffler, S. N., Stumpp, J., Grund, S., Limberger, M. F., & Ebner‐Priemer, U. (2019) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2019.101760 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-Regulation of Slippery Deadlines: The Role of Procrastination in Work Performance
Steel, P., Taras, D., Ponak, A., & Kammeyer-Mueller, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.783789 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Directly investigating this, Gröpel and Steel (2008) report that energy is linked with enthusiasm and pleasurable engagement, finding that chronic lack of energy, that is at a trait level, is one of the best predictors of procrastination. Along these lines, repeatedly research has connected bedtime procrastination to…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationTask ambiguity and academic procrastination: An experience sampling approach
Wieland, L. M., Hoppe, J. D., Wolgast, A., & Ebner-Priemer, U. (2022) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2022.101595 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Purposeful delay and academic achievement. A critical review of the Active Procrastination Scale
Pinxten, M., Laet, T. D., Soom, C. V., Peeters, C., & Langie, G. (2019) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2019.04.010 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Study Habits and Procrastination: The Role of Academic Self-Efficacy
Svartdal, F., Sæle, R. G., Dahl, T. I., Nemtcan, E., & Gamst-Klaussen, T. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313831.2021.1959393 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Gender (Male = 0; Female = 1) was included as a control variable in all studies, as gender differences have been observed in procrastination (e.g., Gröpel & Steel, 2008; Mandap, 2016; Steel & Ferrari, 2013; Washington, 2004), study skills (e.g., Ekuni et al., 2020; Khan & Rasheed, 2019), and…”
MethodImproving the Meta-Analytic Assessment of Effect Size Variance With an Informed Bayesian Prior
Steel, P., Kammeyer‐Mueller, J. D., & Paterson, T. A. (2014) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206314551964 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Gröpel and Steel (2008) subsequently found that the use of interest enhancement can largely preempt the benefits of goal setting, reducing its effect to zero.”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe ABC of academic procrastination: Functional analysis of a detrimental habit
Svartdal, F., & Løkke, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1019261 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Empower, not impose!—Preventing academic procrastination
Hoppe, J. D., Prokop, P., & Rau, R. (2018) · Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community · doi:10.1080/10852352.2016.1198172 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“As an explanation for this effect Gröpel and Steel (2008) argue that goal setting helps diminish procrastination “because it increases the value of a task and decreases the perceived delay by dividing the task into smaller proximal parts” (p. 407).”
BackgroundSchodl, M. M., Raz, A., & Kluger, A. N. (2018) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12147 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Shen, J., Zheng, J., & Zhang, T. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01256-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Mobile video games can bring immediate rewards to gamers, and make them procrastinate by increasing their time discounting for achieving long-term goals [11, 13, 14].”
BackgroundOvercoming Procrastination: Time Pressure and Positive Affect as Compensatory Routes to Action
Kühnel, J., Bledow, R., & Kuonath, A. (2022) · Journal of business and psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-022-09817-z · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Similarly, in a study with more than 9.000 participants, Gröpel and Steel (2008) showed that lack of energy was a strong predictor of procrastination.”
BackgroundInfluentialUrsia, N. R., Siaputra, I. B., & Sutanto, N. (2013) · Makara Human Behavior Studies in Asia · doi:10.7454/mssh.v17i1.1798 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Taura, A. A., Abdullah, M. C., Roslan, S. B., & Omar, Z. B. (2015) · Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Putra Malaysia) · doi:10.5897/ijpc2014.0297 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Past Negative Consequences of Unnecessary Delay as a Marker of Procrastination
Svartdal, F., & Nemtcan, E. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.787337 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Here, it was expected that NCPred would significantly contribute to the TABLE 3 | Regression analysis (Beta/R2/robust SE) for IPS and NCPred in predicting SWLS, LoE, and social loafing.”
BackgroundInfluentialTurtle, Task Ninja, or Time Waster? Who Cares? Traditional Task-Completion Strategies Are Overrated
Vangsness, L., & Young, M. E. (2020) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797619901267 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Researchers who adhere to this approach consider self-reports a required research element (e.g., Krause & Freund, 2014) and may use them as the sole hypothesis test for behavioral models (e.g., Gröpel & Steel, 2008; Steel & Klingsieck, 2016).”
BackgroundMethodInfluence of decision-making styles and affective styles on academic procrastination among students
Vany Mol, K. S., Rajkumar, E., Lakshmı, R., Romate, J., Sunny, S. M., George, A. J., Pawar, S., & Abraham, J. (2023) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2023.2203598 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Other researchers such as Gorpel and Steel (2008), Eerde (2003) have also found the importance of age in procrastinating behavior.”
BackgroundSims, C. M. (2014) · International Coaching Psychology Review · doi:10.53841/bpsicpr.2014.9.2.147 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Procrastination and its effect on English writing errors and writing performance of medical students
Kafipour, R., & Jafari, S. (2021) · Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.17509/ijal.v10i3.31763 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Moreover, Chow (2011) found that students with lower socioeconomic status procrastinated more while Gropel and Steel (2008) found out that younger students procrastinated more than older students.”
BackgroundMartín‐Puga, M. E., Pelegrina, S., Gómez-Pérez, M. M., & Justicia‐Galiano, M. J. (2022) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/07342829221106538 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Some studies with adults have reported that men are more prone to procrastination than women (Gropel & Steel, 2008; Özer et al., 2009; Steel & Ferrari, 2013).”
BackgroundProkrastynacja i prokrastynatorzy. Definicja, etiologia, epidemiologia i terapia
Markiewicz, K. (2019) · Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska sectio J – Paedagogia-Psychologia · doi:10.17951/j.2018.31.3.195-213 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Gündüz, G. F. (2020) · International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research · doi:10.33200/ijcer.731976 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Is the Association of Procrastination and Age Mediated by Fear of Failure?
Danne, V., Gers, B., & Altgassen, M. (2024) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-023-00527-w · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…our study to previous research into the relationship between age and procrastination (e.g., Beutel et al., 2016: 2527 participants; Gröpel & Steel, 2008 : 9351 participants; Steel & Ferrari, 2013: 16,413 participants; Svartdal et al., 2016 : 2893 participants), it has to be noted that we…”
InfluentialA consilience framework: Revealing hidden features of the independent contractor
McKeown, T. (2016) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2016.44 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“As Gropel and Steel (2008) note, the implications of unification are immense as consilience allows different disciplines to effectively share results.”
BackgroundTask Aversiveness Sebagai Prediktor Prokrastinasi Akademik Pada Mahasiswa
Putri, N. I., & Edwina, T. N. (2020) · Jurnal Studi Guru dan Pembelajaran · doi:10.30605/jsgp.3.1.2020.242 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Fragebogen zu Gründen akademischer Prokrastination
Patrzek, J., Grunschel, C., König, N., & Fries, S. (2014) · Diagnostica · doi:10.1026/0012-1924/a000121 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Nie, Y., Wang, W., Zhou, F., Wang, T., Li, S., Liu, C., & Gao, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1624094 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“An extensive web-based study by Gröpel and Steel (7) found that procrastination was negatively correlated with age and female gender, i.e., procrastination is likely to decrease with age.”
Taura, A. A., Abdullah, M. C., Roslan, S. B., & Omar, Z. B. (2014) · Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Putra Malaysia) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Goroshit, M., & Hen, M. (2018) · Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community · doi:10.1080/10852352.2018.1470421 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Most scholars view it as a personality trait, emphasizing the central facets of conscientiousness and self-process such as self-efficacy and self-regulation (Gropel & Steel, 2008).”
BackgroundResultGender Difference in Procrastination Among University Students
Kassim, F., Samiun, N. S., Ahmad, N., Zamri, N. A. A.-Z. A., & Kamarulzaman, W. B. (2022) · Asian Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences · doi:10.55057/ajress.2022.4.3.2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Subjective and Projective Measures of Thesis Writing Procrastination: Real World and The Sims World
Siaputra, I. B., Prawitasari, J. E., Hastjarjo, T. D., & Azwar, S. (2011) · ANIMA Indonesian Psychological Journal · doi:10.24123/aipj.v26i2.4213 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“One of the reasons is the recentness of TMT (Gröpel & Steel, 2008; Steel & König, 2006).”
InfluentialSteel, P., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0140 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationAntinyan, A., Bellio, S., Bertoni, M., Corazzini, L., Longone, M., & Narne, E. (2024) · Frontiers in Behavioral Economics · doi:10.3389/frbhe.2024.1458981
“Moreover, the larger treatment effect on the share of no-shows among younger women is also in line with this hypothesized mechanism, as there is evidence that procrastination is more common at young ages (Beutel et al., 2016; Gröpel and Steel, 2008).”
The Environment of Task Procrastination
Bellini, C. G. P., Pereira, R. D. C. D. F., & Correia, R. R. (2022) · Information Resources Management Journal · doi:10.4018/irmj.298974 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Yang, J., Xu, T., & Feng, T. (2025) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2025.109114 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Relationship between Academic Procrastination and Self-control in Entrepreneurship Education
Marliyah, L., Novera, D. A., Handayani, D. A. K., Abdillah, F., & Kasidi, K. (2020) · Universal Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.13189/ujer.2020.082656 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Previous research has linked the degree of procrastination with different types of actions associated with goal attainment [26] [27], individual differences increase the frequency of self-control [28], and actual learning behaviour [29] [26].”
BackgroundGrit and self-regulated learning: evaluating achievement goals as mediators
Won, S., Wolters, C. A., Brady, A. C., & Hensley, L. C. (2025) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-024-09993-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Procrastination tends to be elevated when indi - viduals are faced with tasks that they perceive as difficult, boring, or aversive in some way (Ackerman & Gross, 2005; Gröpel & Steel, 2008; Steel, 2007 ).”
KARİYER KARAR PİŞMANLIĞI VE AKADEMİK ERTELEME ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİDE KARİYER UYUMUNUN ARACI ROLÜ
Doğanülkü, H. A., & Şeker, G. (2023) · Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi · doi:10.30783/nevsosbilen.1164558 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Is Procrastination Related to Low‐Quality Data?
Voss, N. M., & Vangsness, L. (2020) · Educational Measurement Issues and Practice · doi:10.1111/emip.12355 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Karkı, A., & Bayramoğlu, G. (2024) · İktisadi İdari ve Siyasal Araştırmalar Dergisi · doi:10.25204/iktisad.1391441 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
THE SEVERITY OF PSYCHOSOMATIC PROBLEMS AND PROCRASTINATION IN STUDENTS
Malobabić, M., Živković, D., & Ranđelović, N. (2020) · Facta Universitatis Series Teaching Learning and Teacher Education · doi:10.22190/futlte1902109m · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Studies conducted by Gröpel and Steel (2008) and Steel (2007) showed that men have higher levels of impulsivity (Strüber, Lück & Roth, 2008) and lower levels of self-control (Higgins & Tewksbury, 2006), which are key determinants of procrastination.”
Astutik, F., Bukhori, B., & Rahmatika, R. (2023) · Phenomenon Jurnal Pendidikan MIPA · doi:10.21580/phen.2022.12.2.13481 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Камінська, А. (2024) · Перспективи та інновації науки · doi:10.52058/2786-4952-2024-2(36)-1092-1104 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Relación entre gaudibilidad (moduladores del disfrute) y procrastinación patológica
Pardo, A. A. M., Blázquez, F. P., Montoya-Pérez, K. S., Pérez, R. M., & Medina, M. P. M. (2022) · Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos de Psicología · doi:10.18270/chps..v22i2.4416 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Jo, S., & Park, T. (2024) · Journal of Lifelong Learning Society · doi:10.26857/jlls.2024.11.20.4.150 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Does Social Monitoring Reduce Procrastination? Findings from a Five-Day Study
Teoh, A. N., Chouynuu, K., Lugiman, V., & Chailis, M. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2439012 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The goal setting theory (Locke & Latham, 1990) defines goals as a strong motivator of behaviors (Gr € opel & Steel, 2008).”
InfluentialNeculau-Cojocaru, A., Karner‐Huțuleac, A., Cobzeanu, A., & Opariuc‐Dan, C. (2025) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2025.2496720 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Xian, L., Fei, W.-Q., & Wang, C. (2025) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2025.2512247 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Furthermore, academic procrastination is closely linked to impulsiveness, reduced hopefulness (McCown et al., 2012), and lower self-efficacy (Gröpel & Steel, 2008; Liu et al., 2020).”
A Study on Role of Big 5 Personality Traits on Social Ostracism
Kiran, P. M., & Thiruchelvi, A. (2020) · Shanlax International Journal of Management · doi:10.34293/management.v8i2.3430 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The relationship between productivity, burnout and procrastination at work
Fătu, I.-R., Jeliu, L.-A., Matei, D., & Sandu, M. L. (2024) · The Black Sea Journal of Psychology · doi:10.47577/bspsychology.bsjop.v14i4.285 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Blázquez, F. P., Barrera, M. E. G., & González, Ó. U. R. (2024) · Horizonte de enfermeria · doi:10.7764/horiz_enferm.35.1.231-245 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wang, C. (2013) · Cardinal Scholar (Ball State University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Saltukoğlu, G., & Astar, M. (2017) · Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5455/apd.236425 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zachowania prokrastynacyjne młodzieży gimnazjalnej, licealnej i studenckiej – analiza porównawcza
Markiewicz, K. (2018) · Psychologia Rozwojowa · doi:10.4467/20843879pr.18.021.9950 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pu, S.-Y., Tai, N.-C., & Ng, K.-H. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics - Taiwan (ICCE-Taiwan) · doi:10.1109/icce-tw46550.2019.8991946 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Temporal motivation theory was proposed by Piers Steel to evaluate the effectiveness of anti-procrastination strategy [3][7].”
BackgroundAnalýza vzájomných vzťahov medzi nerozhodnosťou, akademickou prokrastináciou a úzkosťou
Trnavská univerzita v Trnave, S., Jurásová, K. I., Čavojcová, P., & Trnavská univerzita v Trnave, S. (2021) · E-psychologie · doi:10.29364/epsy.410 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Motivational aspects of learning activities among engineering specialties’ students
Pilishvili, T., Medvedeva, I. A., & Игоревна, Ф. М. (2020) · Perspectives of science and education · doi:10.32744/pse.2020.4.22 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Грепел полагают, что основным противником прокрастинации выступает наличие чёткой, постоянной цели в жизни человека, к которой он будет стараться стремиться вне зависимости от происходящих вокруг него событий [3].”
The Effects of Task Ambiguity and Individual Differences on Personal Internet Use at Work
Nishina, H. (2012) · Cornerstone (Minnesota State University, Mankato) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Yu, A. (2012) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research
Regulacja nastroju i strategie radzenie sobie ze stresem a prokrastynacja we wczesnej dorosłości
Pisarska, A. (2020) · Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska sectio J – Paedagogia-Psychologia · doi:10.17951/j.2020.33.2.207-220
Students' Procrastination Behavior on Their Online AssessmentsPreprint
Apas, P. D. D., & Ondayo, J. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4097821
Zhang, Y., Shi, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · International Conference on Internet Technology and Educational Informatization (ITEI) · doi:10.4108/eai.23-12-2022.2329140
КОГНІТИВНО-ПОВЕДІНКОВІ ПРЕДИКТОРИ АКАДЕМІЧНОЇ ПРОКРАСТИНАЦІЇ У ЗДОБУВАЧІВ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ
Камінська, А. (2024) · Перспективи та інновації науки · doi:10.52058/2786-4952-2024-1(35)-934-945
Gou, W. (2024) · International Conference on Internet Technology and Educational Informatization (ITEI) · doi:10.4108/eai.24-11-2023.2343559
Malváez-Pardo, Á. A., Montoya-Pérez, K. S., & Blázquez, F. P. (2025) · Acta Colombiana de Psicología · doi:10.14718/acp.2025.28.8
طاهر, ه. م. ا. (2024) · Tobruk University Journal of Social and Human Sciences · doi:10.64516/2nyhjk14
A computational model of procrastination
Procee, R. (2014) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Factor Analysis of Expectancy, Value, and Sensitivity to Delay
Endy, & Siaputra, I. B. (2012) · ANIMA Indonesian Psychological Journal · doi:10.24123/aipj.v27i2.4178
“TMT theoretical model is formulated as follows (Gropel & Steel, 2008): Utility is a subjective perception of the usefulness of an effort for individuals The magnitude of this utility depends on the interaction between expectancy (E), and value (V) divided by the interaction between the length of…”
BackgroundÇoban, S. S. Y., ŞAHİN, M., & Yüzbaşı, D. V. (2026) · Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.16953/deusosbil.1641626
- Authors
- Gröpel, P., & Steel, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Trnava (SK)
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Steel, Piers
- Venue
- Personality and Individual Differences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-10
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 406-411
- ISSN
- 0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1977892793
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 0.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Individual Differences (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Keywords
- procrastination, goal setting, energy, sex differences, age differences, mediation, motivational interventions, mega-trials
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