Subliminal Number Priming Within and Across the Visual and Auditory Modalities
Abstract
Whether masked number priming involves a low-level sensorimotor route or an amodal semantic level of processing remains highly debated. Several alternative interpretations have been put forward, proposing either that masked number priming is solely a byproduct of practice with numbers, or that stimulus awareness was underestimated. In a series of four experiments, we studied whether repetition and congruity priming for numbers reliably extend to novel (i.e., unpracticed) stimuli and whether priming transfers from a visual prime to an auditory target, even when carefully controlling for stimulus awareness. While we consistently observed cross-modal priming, the generalization to novel stimuli was weaker and reached significance only when considering the whole set of experiments. We conclude that number priming does involve an amodal, semantic level of processing, but is also modulated by task settings.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Cites
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. B
Press, H. (1886) · Cited by 10,087 · see citing works
Towards a cognitive neuroscience of consciousness: basic evidence and a workspace framework
Dehaene, S. (2001) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(00)00123-2 · Cited by 2,498 · see citing works
Self-citationVarieties of numerical abilities
Dehaene, S. (1992) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(92)90049-n · Cited by 1,987 · see citing works
Self-citationCerebral mechanisms of word masking and unconscious repetition priming
Dehaene, S., Naccache, L., Cohen, L., Bihan, D. L., Mangin, J.-F., Poline, J.-B., & Rivière, D. (2001) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/89551 · Cited by 1,305 · see citing works
Self-citationWhy visual attention and awareness are different
Lamme, V. A. F. (2003) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(02)00013-x · Cited by 1,172 · see citing works
Imaging unconscious semantic priming
Dehaene, S., Naccache, L., Le Clec'H, G., Koechlin, E., Mueller, M., Dehaene-Lambertz, G., van de Moortele, P.-F., & Le Bihan, D. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/26967 · Cited by 1,081 · see citing works
Self-citationLevels of processing during non-conscious perception: a critical review of visual masking
Kouider, S., & Dehaene, S. (2007) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2093 · Cited by 835 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain Dynamics Underlying the Nonlinear Threshold for Access to Consciousness
Del Cul, A., Baillet, S., & Dehaene, S. (2007) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050260 · Cited by 753 · see citing works
Self-citation(1994) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/1478.001.0001 · Cited by 749 · see citing works
Three Cognitive Markers of Unconscious Semantic Activation
Greenwald, A. G., Draine, S. C., & Abrams, R. L. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.273.5282.1699 · Cited by 688 · see citing works
Word meanings can be accessed but not reported during the attentional blink
Luck, S. J., Vogel, E. K., & Shapiro, K. L. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/383616a0 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
A Supramodal Number Representation in Human Intraparietal Cortex
Eger, E., Sterzer, P., Russ, M. O., Giraud, A., & Kleinschmidt, A. K. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00036-9 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Naccache, L. (2001) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/11.10.966 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Unconscious semantic priming extends to novel unseen stimuli
Naccache, L., & Dehaene, S. (2001) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(00)00139-6 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Self-citationKiefer, M. (2002) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(01)00085-4 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Conscious control over the content of unconscious cognition
Kunde, W., Kiesel, A., & Hoffmann, J. (2003) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(03)00023-4 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Greenwald, A. G., Klinger, M. R., & Schuh, E. S. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.124.1.22 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
(1994) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/1478.003.0010 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Menary, R. (2016) · Open MIND, 2-vol. set · doi:10.7551/mitpress/10603.003.0076 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Cortical correlate of pattern backward masking.
Kovács, G., Vogels, R., & Orban, G. A. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.12.5587 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Parts Outweigh the Whole (Word) in Unconscious Analysis of Meaning
Abrams, R. L., & Greenwald, A. G. (2000) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00226 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Greenwald, A. G., Klinger, M. R., & Schuh, E. S. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.124.1.22 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Damian, M. F. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.27.1.154 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Cerebral Bases of Subliminal and Supraliminal Priming during Reading
Kouider, S., Dehaene, S., Jobert, A., & Bihan, D. L. (2006) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl110 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Self-citationPartial Awareness Creates the “Illusion” of Subliminal Semantic Priming
Kouider, S., & Dupoux, E. (2004) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.01502001.x · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Self-citationUnconscious semantic priming from pictures
Dell’Acqua, R., & Jonathan Grainger, B. (1999) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(99)00049-9 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Nonconscious semantic processing of emotional words modulates conscious access
Gaillard, R., Cul, A. D., Naccache, L., Vinckier, F., Cohen, L., & Dehaene, S. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0600584103 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationThe detection of visual signals by macaque frontal eye field during masking
Thompson, K. G., & Schall, J. D. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/6398 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Expe: An expandable programming language for on-line psychological experiments
Pallier, C., Emmanuel Dupoux, A., & Jeannin, X. (1997) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03200583 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Damian, M. F. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.27.1.154 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Long-term semantic memory versus contextual memory in unconscious number processing.
Greenwald, A. G., Abrams, R. L., Naccache, L., & Dehaene, S. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.29.2.235 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationMasked Repetition and Phonological Priming Within and Across Modalities.
Jonathan Grainger, B., Diependaele, K., Spinelli, E., Ferrand, L., & Farioli, F. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.29.6.1256 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Mechanisms of subliminal response priming
Kiesel, A., Kunde, W., & Hoffmann, J. (2007) · Advances in Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.2478/v10053-008-0032-1 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Priming of semantic classifications by novel subliminal prime words
Klauer, K. C., Eder, A. B., Greenwald, A. G., & Abrams, R. L. (2006) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2005.12.002 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Task-specific change of unconscious neural priming in the cerebral language network
Nakamura, K., Dehaene, S., Jobert, A., Bihan, D. L., & Kouider, S. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0704487104 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationKouider, S., & Emmanuel Dupoux, A. (2001) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(01)00152-4 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationTask-Guided Selection of the Dual Neural Pathways for Reading
Nakamura, K., Hara, N., Kouider, S., Takayama, Y., Hanajima, R., Sakai, K., & Ugawa, Y. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.09.030 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationUnconscious primes activate motor codes through semantics.
Reynvoet, B., Gevers, W., & Caessens, B. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.31.5.991 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Congruence effect in semantic categorization with masked primes with narrow and broad categories
Quinn, W. M., & Kinoshita, S. (2007) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2007.03.004 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Kunde, W., Kiesel, A., & Hoffmann, J. (2005) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2005.03.005 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Attentional modulation of masked repetition and categorical priming in young and older adults
Fabre, L., Lemaire, P., & Grainger, J. (2006) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2006.10.011 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Masked Priming Effects in Semantic Categorization Are Independent of Category Size
den Bussche, E. V., & Reynvoet, B. (2007) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1027/1618-3169.54.3.225 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Unconscious semantic priming in the absence of partial awareness
Abrams, R. L., & Grinspan, J. (2006) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2006.07.003 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Limited transfer of subliminal response priming to novel stimulus orientations and identities
Elsner, K., Kunde, W., & Kiesel, A. (2007) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2007.06.007 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Kouider, S., & Dupoux, E. (2007) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2007.05.001 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Empirical support for higher-order theories of conscious awareness
Lau, H., & Rosenthal, D. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.05.009 · Cited by 869 · see citing works
What is consciousness, and could machines have it?
Dehaene, S., Lau, H., & Kouider, S. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aan8871 · Cited by 855 · see citing works
Self-citationNumerical representation in the parietal lobes: Abstract or not abstract?
Kadosh, R. C., & Walsh, V. (2009) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x09990938 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Supramodal numerosity selectivity of neurons in primate prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices
Nieder, A. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1204580109 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
“Such a modality-independent representation of numerosity has also been postulated based on psychophysical results in humans (32) and monkeys (26).”
BackgroundTopology-defined units in numerosity perception
He, L., Zhou, K., Zhou, T., He, S., & Chen, L. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1512408112 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
What Is Consciousness, and Could Machines Have It?
Dehaene, S., Lau, H. C., & Kouider, S. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54173-6_4 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citation(2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843702.001.0001 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Reverberi, C., Pischedda, D., Burigo, M., & Cherubini, P. (2011) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.09.011 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Multi-feature objects elicit nonconscious priming despite crowding
Faivre, N., & Kouider, S. (2011) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/11.3.2 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“This was designed in order to avoid confounding response congruency with perceptual priming (Abrams, Klinger, & Greenwald, 2002; Damian, 2001; Kouider & Dehaene, 2009).”
Self-citationThe Flexible Nature of Unconscious Cognition
Wokke, M. E., van Gaal, S., Scholte, H. S., Ridderinkhof, K. R., & Lamme, V. A. F. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025729 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Previous research has highlighted the importance of (strong) SR associations in the impact of unconscious stimuli on brain and behavior [24,25,26,27,46].”
BackgroundRepeating a strongly masked stimulus increases priming and awareness
Atas, A., Vermeiren, A., & Cleeremans, A. (2013) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2013.09.011 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Unlike previous studies using the same numerical comparison task (e.g., Del Cul, Dehaene, & Leboyer, 2006; Kouider & Dehaene, 2009; Naccache et al., 2002) , we also failed to find unconscious priming for a single presentation of the masked prime.”
von Braun, J., Archer, M. S., Reichberg, G. M., & Sorondo, M. S. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54173-6 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Zerweck, I. A., Kao, C.-S., Meyen, S., Amado, C., von Eltz, M., Klimm, M., & Franz, V. H. (2021) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-021-02312-2 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“…of whether there really is preserved unconscious processing in the masked response-priming paradigm, as claimed in many studies (Dehaene et al., 1998; Kouider & Dehaene, 2009; Mattler, 2003; Naccache & Dehaene, 2001a, 2001b; Pessiglione et al., 2007; ten Brinke et al., 2014; Wójcik et al., 2019).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialA general magnitude system in human adults: Evidence from a subliminal priming paradigm
Lourenco, S. F., Ayzenberg, V., & Lyu, J. (2016) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.04.013 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The Temporal Dynamics of Early Visual Cortex Involvement in Behavioral Priming
Jacobs, C., de Graaf, T. A., Goebel, R., & Sack, A. T. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048808 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Masked priming studies showed that a visual stimulus can indeed modulate subsequent behavior in the absence of visual awareness, and that this can occur at different levels of the visual hierarchy, from lowlevel color and form priming [21,22,23] all the way up to semantic priming [24,25,26,27,28].”
BackgroundNot quite so blind: Semantic processing despite inattentional blindness.
Schnuerch, R., Kreitz, C., Gibbons, H., & Memmert, D. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/xhp0000205 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Increased sensory evidence reverses nonconscious priming during crowding
Faivre, N., & Kouider, S. (2011) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/11.13.16 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“This argues for the idea that perceptual awareness is associated with an amplification of priming, a phenomenon that was previously reported both at the behavioral (Kouider & Dehaene, 2009) and neural levels (Kouider, Dehaene, Jobert, & Le Bihan, 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFornaciai, M., & Park, J. (2022) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-022-02518-y · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Finally, priming shows a more semantic nature (e.g., Naccache & Dehaene, 2001), and can transfer from audition to vision (Kouider & Dehaene, 2009), while serial dependence does not (Fornaciai & Park, 2019b).”
BackgroundSubliminal priming with nearly perfect performance in the prime-classification task
Finkbeiner, M. S. (2011) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-011-0088-8 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Unconscious integration: Current evidence for integrative processing under subliminal conditions
Zher‐Wen, & Yu, R. (2023) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12631 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Subliminal Semantic Priming in Speech
Daltrozzo, J., Signoret, C., Tillmann, B., & Perrin, F. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020273 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Furthermore, with visual prime numbers and auditory or visual target numbers, Kouider and Dehaene reported a subliminal number priming [4].”
BackgroundMasking procedures can influence priming effects besides their effects on conscious perception
Wernicke, M., & Mattler, U. (2019) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2019.03.009 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Predictions from masked motion with and without obstacles
Goldstein, A., Rivlin, I., Goldstein, A., Pertzov, Y., & Hassin, R. R. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239839 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“as the dependent variable, objective measures of awareness were more commonly used than the subjective ones [40, 51, 81, 83, 84].”
MethodLourenco, S. F. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801637-4.00017-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Multi-talker background and semantic priming effect
Dekerle, M., Boulenger, V., Hoen, M., & Meunier, F. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00878 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The case for a notation-independent representation of number
Dehaene, S. (2009) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x09990033 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural mechanisms of response priming do not support veridical unconscious processing
Schnepf, I. A., Friedrich, F., Hepting, C., Meyen, S., & Franz, V. H. (2022) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2022.103348 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Unconscious cross-modal priming of auditory sound localization by visual words.
Ulrich Ansorge, A., Khalid, S., & Laback, B. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000217 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Auditory affective processing requires awareness.
Lähteenmäki, M., Kauramäki, J., Sauter, D. A., & Nummenmaa, L. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000388 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…and visual-auditory prime-probe combinations, and with stimulus categories ranging from words (Davis & Kim, 2015; Holcomb & Anderson, 1993; Scherer & Larsen, 2011), numbers (Kouider & Dehaene, 2009) and faces (Young et al., 1988) to environmental sounds (Kim, Porter, & Goolkasian, 2014).”
Dissociating perception from action during conscious and unconscious conflict adaptation.
Atas, A., Desender, K., Gevers, W., & Cleeremans, A. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000206 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Previous research has demonstrated that the prime–target task can induce both perceptual and motor conflict (e.g., Kouider & Dehaene, 2009).”
BackgroundAtas, A., Anton, E. S., & Axel Cleeremans, B. (2014) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-014-0611-3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“These results replicate findings from previous studies that had separately examined perceptual and motor processing of masked primes (Kouider & Dehaene, 2009; Mattler, 2006; Naccache et al., 2002), and are very similar to studies that have separated perceptual and motor compatibility effects in the…”
A Way of Integration: The Relationship between Conscious and Unconscious Processes
Tu, S. (2014) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2014.43065 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Non-abstract numerical representations in the IPS: Further support, challenges, and clarifications
Kadosh, R. C., & Walsh, V. (2009) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x09990987 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Memmert, D., Klatt, S., Mann, D. L., & Kreitz, C. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-03921-8_2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A Way of Integration: The Relationship between Conscious and Unconscious Processes
Tu, S., & Zhao, G. W. (2014) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Psychologie cognitive expérimentale
Dehaene, S. (2010) · L’annuaire du Collège de France · doi:10.4000/annuaire-cdf.357 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationTactile to visual number priming in the left intraparietal cortex of sighted Braille readers
Rączy, K., Czarnecka, M., Paplińska, M., Hesselmann, G., Knops, A., & Marcin Szwed, A. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72431-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Numerical Priming Between Touch and Vision Depends on Tactile Discrimination
Faivre, N., Salomon, R., Vuillaume, L., & Blanke, O. (2015) · Perception · doi:10.1177/0301006615599129 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…notably between a subliminal (i.e., consciously unaccessible) visual prime digit and a supraliminal (i.e., consciously accessible) auditory target (Kouider & Dehaene, 2009), and even between two subliminal audiovisual stimuli conveying numerosity information (Faivre, Mudrik, Schwartz, & Koch,…”
BackgroundThe Perseverance of Numerical Distance Effect in Attentional Blink
Hsu, T.-Y., Cheng, S.-K., Hung, D., Tzeng, O. J. L., Juan, C., & Tseng, P. (2010) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p6761 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…2004), number matching task (Dehaene and Akhavein 1995), priming task (Koechlin et al 1999; Reynvoet et al 2002), subliminal priming task (Kouider and Dehaene 2009; Naccache and Dehaene 2001), and continuous flash suppression (Bahrami et al 2010) to demonstrate the automatic nature of…”
BackgroundLucido, R. J. (2024) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/q6pw9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Preverbal infants tune manual choices on subliminal affective information
Nava, E., & Turati, C. (2022) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2022.101774 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Fischer, S. K., Kahane, O., Tal, A., & Mudrik, L. (2025) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niaf048 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…the original paper tested a wareness and priming on different participants (Dehaene et al. 1998), two replications reported above-chance discrimination in the objective task (Kouider and Dehaene 2009; Zerweck et al. 2021), and one did not measure awareness to begin with (Kinoshita and Hunt 2008).”
Carruthers, P. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843702.003.0002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wahrnehmung und Aufmerksamkeit im Sport
Memmert, D., Klatt, S. M., & Kreitz, C. (2019) · Sportpsychologie · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-56802-6_2
Carruthers, P. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843702.003.0005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cross-modal masked priming of the tritone paradox
Tranquada-Torres, B., Macleod, L., Lavezzi, G. D., & Cacciamani, L. (2022) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-022-01282-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Effects of Visual Masking and Crowding on Stimulus Visibility and Processing
Sommerfeld, A. (2023) · doi:10.53846/goediss-9659 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Isenman, L. D. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814108-3.00001-4
Carruthers, P. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843702.003.0007
Carruthers, P. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843702.003.0003
Carruthers, P. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843702.003.0004
Carruthers, P. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843702.003.0008
Carruthers, P. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843702.003.0006
Forbes, C. E., Magerman, A. B., Splan, E. D., & Duran-Jordan, K. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397025-1.00183-4
Carruthers, P. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843702.003.0001
Augsten, M.-L., Eder, S. J., Büsel, C., Valuch, C., & Ulrich Ansorge, A. (2023) · Open Psychology · doi:10.1515/psych-2022-0132
Carruthers, P. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843702.002.0004
Carruthers, P. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843702.002.0003
Carruthers, P. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843702.002.0006
Mid-level perceptual features, and not ambiguity, accelerate access to awareness
Amir, N., Maoz, U., & Mudrik, L. (2026) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niag006
“However, unlike the perceptual ambiguity of the Necker Cube, the ambiguity in our experiment was meaningful, as the opposing alternatives imply different numerical values, possibly recruiting higher-level processes (Kouider and Dehaene 2009, Zerweck et al. 2021).”
Tracing Subliminal Memory Traces
Bergström, F. (2011) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
- Authors
- Kouider, S., & Dehaene, S.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Inserm (FR)
- Venue
- Experimental Psychology
- Publisher
- Hogrefe Publishing Group
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 418-433
- ISSN
- 0949-3964 (ISSN-L)
- 1618-3169
- 2190-5142
- OpenAlex
- W2003772560
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 6.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- subliminal priming, cross-modal priming, repetition priming, novel stimuli, semantic processing, sensorimotor processing, stimulus awareness, task setting
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Attention, Awareness, Humans, Perceptual Masking, Photic Stimulation, Reaction Time, Regression Analysis, Subliminal Stimulation, Unconscious, Psychology, Visual Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
