Why visual attention and awareness are different
Abstract
Now that the study of consciousness is warmly embraced by cognitive scientists, much confusion seems to arise between the concepts of visual attention and visual awareness. Often, visual awareness is equated to what is in the focus of attention. There are, however, two sets of arguments to separate attention from awareness: a psychological/theoretical one and a neurobiological one. By combining these arguments I present definitions of visual attention and awareness that clearly distinguish between the two, yet explain why attention and awareness are so intricately related. In fact, there seems more overlap between mechanisms of memory and awareness than between those of attention and awareness.
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When people are unaware of a visual stimulus, they can still sometimes direct attention to it.
“When people are unaware of a visual stimulus, they can still sometimes focus processing resources on it. They can direct attention to it (McCormick, 1997; Lamme, 2003; Woodman and Luck, 2003; Ansorge and Heumann, 2006; Tsushima et al., 2006; Kentridge et al., 2008; Hsieh et al., 2011; Norman et al., 2013).”
From The Attention Schema Theory: A Foundation for Engineering Artificial Consciousness (2017) · cites this paper as Lamme, 2003
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Attentional Load Modulates Responses of Human Primary Visual Cortex to Invisible Stimuli
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Bottom-up and top-down attention are independent
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Visual processing of contour patterns under conditions of inattentional blindness
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Seeing the invisible: The scope and limits of unconscious processing in binocular rivalry
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Cerebral Bases of Subliminal and Supraliminal Priming during Reading
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The rise of machine consciousness: Studying consciousness with computational models
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Cueing attention after the stimulus is gone can retrospectively trigger conscious perception
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Self-citationExploring Multidimensional Conceptualization of Social Presence in the Context of Online Communities
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Understanding What We See: How We Derive Meaning From Vision
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Interplay between computational models and cognitive electrophysiology in visual word recognition
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Hyperfocus: the forgotten frontier of attention
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Natural world physical, brain operational, and mind phenomenal space–time
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A higher order Bayesian decision theory of consciousness
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Opposing effects of attention and consciousness on afterimages
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The Neurology of Consciousness
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Distinguishing the Neural Correlates of Perceptual Awareness and Postperceptual Processing
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Natural-Scene Perception Requires Attention
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- Authors
- Lamme, V. A. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Lamme, Victor A.F.
- ORCID
- Lamme, Victor A.F.
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-01
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 12-18
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2156281732
- Cited by
- 1,172
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 73 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 50
- FWCI
- 3.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Keywords
- visual attention, visual awareness, consciousness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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