Redfield revisited: 2. What regulates the oxygen content of the atmosphere?
Open accessAbstract
The continuous charcoal record, interpreted with the aid of the results of combustion experiments, indicates that the mixing ratio of atmospheric oxygen has varied remarkably little over the past 350 Myr. We develop a dynamic feedback model of the coupled P, N, C, and O 2 cycles and use perturbation analysis and a case study of the past 40 Myr to test various feedback mechanisms that have been proposed to stabilize atmospheric oxygen. These mechanisms involve alterations in nutrient driven productivity and the subsequent burial flux of organic carbon, which provides the main source of atmospheric oxygen. Suppression of the burial of phosphorus sorbed to iron minerals under anoxic conditions in ocean bottom waters tends to increase the ocean nutrient inventory and provide negative feedback against declining oxygen [Holland, 1994]. However, denitrification is enhanced by anoxia, tending to reduce the nutrient inventory and amplify declining oxygen [Lenton and Watson, this issue]. If organic phosphorus removal from the ocean is also suppressed under anoxic conditions, this improves oxygen regulation [Van Cappellen and Ingall, 1994], as does direct enhancement of organic carbon burial due to reduced oxygen concentration in bottom waters [Betts and Holland, 1991]. However, all of the ocean‐based feedback mechanisms cease to operate under increases in oxygen that remove anoxia from the ocean. Fire frequency is extremely sensitive to increases in oxygen above 21% of the atmosphere, readily suppressing vegetation on the land surface. This should transfer phosphorus from the land to the ocean, causing less carbon to be buried per unit of phosphorus and providing a weak negative feedback on oxygen [Kump, 1988]. However, a new proposal that increases in oxygen suppress the biological amplification of rock weathering and hence the input of phosphorus to the Earth system provides the most effective oxygen regulation of all the mechanisms considered. A range of proxies suggests that the input of available phosphorus to the ocean may have been significantly reduced 40 Myr ago, suppressing new production and organic carbon burial in the model. With only ocean‐based feedback, the atmospheric oxygen reservoir is predicted to have shrunk from ∼26% of the atmosphere 40 Myr ago. However, when land plant mediated negative feedback on phosphorus weathering is added, oxygen is regulated within 19–21% of the atmosphere throughout the past 40 Myr, in a manner more consistent with paleorecords.
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Models for Phanerozoic oxygen regulation tend to focus on strong negative feedbacks on organic carbon burial, and any negative feedback on oxidative weathering is estimated to be relatively weak (or non-existent).
“Models for Phanerozoic oxygen regulation1128 tend to focus on strong negative feedbacks on organic carbon burial29 (that is, that the production rate of oxygen decreases as oxygen rises), and any negative feedback on oxidative weathering is estimated to be relatively weak3031 (or non-existent2832).”
From Atmospheric oxygen regulation at low Proterozoic levels by incomplete oxidative weathering of sedimentary organic carbon (2017) · cites this paper as [29]
Plants and their associated mycorrhizal fungi can increase phosphorus weathering, and this could be sustained on longer timescales if they preferentially weather phosphorus relative to alkalinity.
“However, plants and their associated mycorrhizal fungi can increase phosphorus weathering (20 -22), and this could be sustained on longer timescales if they preferentially weather phosphorus relative to alkalinity.”
From Earliest land plants created modern levels of atmospheric oxygen (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
New fire-mediated negative feedbacks on O2 were instigated and have played a key role in stabilizing atmospheric O2 concentration up to the present day.
“new fire-mediated negative feedbacks on O2 were instigated that have played a key role in stabilizing atmospheric O2 concentration up to the present day (22, 43).”
From Earliest land plants created modern levels of atmospheric oxygen (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
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Modeling atmospheric O2 over Phanerozoic time
Berner, R. A. (2001) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(00)00572-x · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Phanerozoic Atmospheric Oxygen
Berner, R. A., Beerling, D. J., Dudley, R., Robinson, J. M., & Wildman, R. A. (2003) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.31.100901.141329 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
“Kump (1988) and Lenton & Watson (2000) have emphasized fire as a negative feedback mechanism by perturbing the phosphorus cycle.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRedfield revisited: 1. Regulation of nitrate, phosphate, and oxygen in the ocean
Lenton, T. M., & Watson, A. J. (2000) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/1999gb900065 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Self-citationBelcher, C. M., Yearsley, J. M., Hadden, R. M., McElwain, J. C., & Rein, G. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1011974107 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Limits for Combustion in Low O <sub>2</sub> Redefine Paleoatmospheric Predictions for the Mesozoic
Belcher, C. M., & McElwain, J. C. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1160978 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
The co-evolution of the nitrogen, carbon and oxygen cycles in the Proterozoic ocean
Fennel, K. (2005) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/ajs.305.6-8.526 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
“There are parallels in the time-dependent representation of biogeochemical processes in the model presented here and that of Lenton and Watson (2000a, 2000b) who also considered the coupling between carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and oxygen cycling.”
MethodMills, B. J. W., Krause, A. J., Scotese, C. R., Hill, D. J., Shields, G., & Lenton, T. M. (2018) · Gondwana Research · doi:10.1016/j.gr.2018.12.001 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Self-citationNutrient ratios and fluxes hint at overlooked processes in the Mediterranean Sea
d’Alcalà, M. R., Civitarese, G., Conversano, F., et al. (2003) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2002jc001650 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Cretaceous wildfires and their impact on the Earth system
Brown, S. A. E., Scott, A. C., Glasspool, I. J., & Collinson, M. E. (2012) · Cretaceous Research · doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.02.008 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“However, it may be a significant short-term feedback mechanism, though Lenton and Watson (2000) suggested that in the long term increases in oxygen are counteracted by reductions in phosphorous weathering flux and organic carbon burial and via versa.”
BackgroundUranium isotopes distinguish two geochemically distinct stages during the later Cambrian SPICE event
Dahl, T. W., Boyle, R. A., Canfield, D. E., Connelly, J. N., Gill, B. C., Lenton, T. M., & Bizzarro, M. (2014) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.05.043 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
“…where enhanced organic carbon burial into sediments represents a source of O2 to the atmosphere, thereby reducing anoxia in a net negative feedback (Lenton and Watson, 2000; Van Cappellen and Ingall, 1994), thought (for example) to have been relevant to Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events (Handoh…”
BackgroundSelf-citationDaines, S. J., Mills, B. J. W., & Lenton, T. M. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms14379 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Self-citationSannigrahi, P., & Ingall, E. D. (2005) · Geochemical Transactions · doi:10.1186/1467-4866-6-52 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Dahl, T. W., & Arens, S. K. M. (2020) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119665 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“Earth's long-term O2 cycle is considered tightly coupled to the marine carbon and phosphorous cycles (Cappellen and Ingall, 1996; Kump, 1988; Lenton and Watson, 2000).”
BackgroundUranium isotope evidence for two episodes of deoxygenation during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2
Clarkson, M. O., Stirling, C. H., Jenkyns, H. C., Dickson, A. J., Porcelli, D., Moy, C. M., von Strandmann, P. A. E. P., Cooke, I. R., & Lenton, T. M. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1715278115 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationStabilization of the coupled oxygen and phosphorus cycles by the evolution of bioturbation
Boyle, R. A., Dahl, T. W., Dale, A. W., Shields-Zhou, G. A., Zhu, M., Brasier, M. D., Canfield, D. E., & Lenton, T. M. (2014) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/ngeo2213 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationRuttenberg, K. C. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-095975-7.00813-5 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Testing the Growth Rate vs. Geochemical Hypothesis for latitudinal variation in plant nutrients
Lovelock, C. E., Feller, I. C., Ball, M. C., et al. (2007) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01112.x · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Biotic enhancement of weathering, atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide in the Neoproterozoic
Lenton, T. M., & Watson, A. J. (2004) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2003gl018802 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“However, this choice does not affect the steady state solution for O2 [Lenton and Watson, 2000a].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe impact of fire on the Late Paleozoic Earth system
Glasspool, I. J., Scott, A. C., Waltham, D. A., Пронина, Н. В., & Shao, L. (2015) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00756 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Lenton, T. M. (2001) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1046/j.1354-1013.2001.00429.x · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“They are effective against declining oxygen but rising oxygen can remove anoxia and hence switch off the feedbacks (Lenton & Watson 2000b).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationBurning of forest materials under late Paleozoic high atmospheric oxygen levels
Wildman, R. A., Hickey, L. J., Dickinson, M. B., Berner, R. A., Robinson, J. M., Dietrich, M. R., Essenhigh, R. H., & Wildman, C. (2004) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g20255.1 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Handoh, I. C., & Lenton, T. M. (2003) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2003gb002039 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“Hence further negative feedbacks between atmospheric oxygen and phosphorus supply to the ocean have been proposed, mediated by the effects of oxygen on photosynthetic efficiency and fire frequency [Lenton and Watson, 2000].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationCarbon isotope evidence implying high O2/CO2 ratios in the Permo-Carboniferous atmosphere
Beerling, D. J., Lake, J. A., Berner, R. A., Hickey, L. J., Taylor, D. W., & Royer, D. L. (2002) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(02)00901-8 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“On a time scale of millions of years, its partial pressure (pO2) is determined by regulatory feedback mechanisms (Holland, 1978), but the nature and action of these mechanisms in the Phanerozoic (past 550 Ma) remain areas of extensive debate (Robinson, 1989; Berner, 2001; Lenton and Watson, 2000).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe carbon and sulfur cycles and atmospheric oxygen from middle Permian to middle Triassic
Berner, R. A. (2005) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2005.03.021 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
The oxygen geochemical cycle: dynamics and stability
Lasaga, A. C., & Ohmoto, H. (2002) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(01)00685-8 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Hansen, K. W. (2003) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/ajs.303.2.94 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Atmosphere oxygen cycling through the Proterozoic and Phanerozoic
Large, R. R., Mukherjee, I., Gregory, D., Steadman, J., Corkrey, R., & Danyushevsky, L. V. (2019) · Mineralium Deposita · doi:10.1007/s00126-019-00873-9 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Reconciling proxy records and models of Earth's oxygenation during the Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic
Tostevin, R., & Mills, B. J. W. (2020) · Interface Focus · doi:10.1098/rsfs.2019.0137 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
On the Three Major Recycling Pathways in Terrestrial Ecosystems
Pausas, J. G., & Bond, W. J. (2020) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2020.04.004 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“Oxygen concentration could have dropped later thanks to a peak of wildfires in an oxygen-rich environment [28,29], and to the evolution of enzymes to break down the lignin in decomposers [69].”
BackgroundGaia as a complex adaptive system
Lenton, T. M., & Oijen, M. A. V. (2002) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.1014 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationSelection for Gaia across Multiple Scales.
Lenton, T., Daines, S., Dyke, J., Nicholson, A., Wilkinson, D. M., & Williams, H. T. P. (2018) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2018.05.006 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationBaptism by fire: the pivotal role of ancient conflagrations in evolution of the Earth's flora
He, T., & Lamont, B. B. (2017) · National Science Review · doi:10.1093/nsr/nwx041 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Initially, the development of fireprone systems was not controlled by a drying climate, but rather by changing levels of atmospheric O2 [76], as highO2 allows even soddenvegetation to burn [77].”
BackgroundBodin, S., Godet, A., Föllmi, K. B., et al. (2006) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.09.030 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“During the late Hauterivian sea-level rise, the phosphorus–oxygen negative feedback loop described by Holland (1994) and Lenton and Watson (2000) may have been overwhelmed by the coupled positive feedback mechanism leading to higher nutrient concentrations, and may have been too weak to balance the…”
BackgroundProterozoic oxygen rise linked to shifting balance between seafloor and terrestrial weathering
Mills, B. J. W., Lenton, T. M., & Watson, A. J. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1321679111 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationSpatial continuous integration of Phanerozoic global biogeochemistry and climate
Mills, B. J. W., Yannick Donnadieu, A., & Goddéris, Y. (2021) · Gondwana Research · doi:10.1016/j.gr.2021.02.011 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“…tobere-sponsible for regulating atmospheric CO 2 , O 2 and marine sulfate concentrations over long timescales (Walker et al., 1981; Lenton and Watson, 2004; Bolton et al., 2006; Wortmann and Paytan, 2012), and also for driving complex effects on the carbon isotope record (Daines et al.,…”
BackgroundModeling phosphorus cycling and carbon burial during Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Events
Tsandev, I., & Slomp, C. P. (2009) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.016 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“atmospheric oxygen, as described in (Lenton and Watson, 2000).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Evolutionary Physiology of Animal Flight: Paleobiological and Present Perspectives
Dudley, R. (2000) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.62.1.135 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Early Palaeozoic ocean anoxia and global warming driven by the evolution of shallow burrowing
de Velde, S. J. V., Mills, B. J. W., Meysman, F. J. R., Lenton, T. M., & Poulton, S. W. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04973-4 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationCharcoal evidence that rising atmospheric oxygen terminated Early Jurassic ocean anoxia
Baker, S. J., Hesselbo, S. P., Lenton, T. M., Duarte, L. V., & Belcher, C. M. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms15018 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationNew insights into the burial history of organic carbon on the early Earth
Bjerrum, C. J., & Canfield, D. E. (2004) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1029/2004gc000713 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Low f ratios mean less organic carbon burial, and imply relatively lower rates of oxygen release to the surface environment [Holland, 1984; Lenton and Watson, 2000 ].”
BackgroundFire and the Angiosperm Revolutions
Bond, W. J., & Midgley, J. J. (2012) · International Journal of Plant Sciences · doi:10.1086/665819 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Fire behavior in the Cretaceous is difficult to reconstruct from modern analogues, however, because ignition of fuel (Lenton and Watson 2000; Wildman et al. 2004; Belcher and McElwain 2008) and subsequent fire spread (Belcher et al. 2010) are very sensitive to changes in atmospheric oxygen.”
BackgroundYuan, W., Liu, G., Stebbins, A. G., Xu, L., Niu, X., Luo, W., & Li, C. (2016) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.12.020 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Testing Gaia: The Effect of Life on Earth's Habitability and Regulation
Lenton, T. M. (2002) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1023/a:1014201801949 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationThe land plant δ13C record and plant evolution in the Late Palaeozoic
Peters‐Kottig, W., Strauß, H., & Kerp, H. (2006) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.03.051 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Although there is considerable disagreement on the upper threshold value of pO2 with respect to regulatory feedback mechanisms that limits pO2 (e.g., forest fires; Lenton and Watson, 2000; Wildman et al., 2004), independent evidence from the Palaeozoic faunal record (Graham et al.”
BackgroundIntelligence as a planetary scale process
Frank, A., Grinspoon, D. H., & Walker, S. I. (2022) · International Journal of Astrobiology · doi:10.1017/s147355042100029x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“…enhanced rock weathering (Zeebe and Caldeira, 2008); the maintenance of O2 partial pressures below 30% through methaneproducing microbes (Lenton and Watson, 2000; Berner et al., 2003); climate regulation through cloud-albedo control linked to algal gas emissions (Charlson et al., 1987);…”
BackgroundWatson, A., Lenton, T., & Mills, B. J. W. (2017) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2016.0318 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“The model we describe here is inspired by earlier published studies [25,48,49].”
ResultSelf-citationA Review of Exoplanetary Biosignatures
Grenfell, J. (2017) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2017.08.003 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
What controls the duration and intensity of ocean anoxic events in the Paleozoic and the Mesozoic?
Reershemius, T., & Planavsky, N. J. (2021) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103787 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Protracted oxygenation of the Proterozoic biosphere
Kah, L. C., & Bartley, J. K. (2011) · International Geology Review · doi:10.1080/00206814.2010.527651 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“These negative feedbacks include assumptions regarding the role of atmospheric oxygen in nutrient availability (Lenton and Watson 2000), weathering (Berner and Petsch 1998; Chang and Berner 1999), and sedimentary recycling (Berner and Canfield”
BackgroundInfluentialChanging tectonic controls on the long‐term carbon cycle from M esozoic to present
Mills, B. J. W., Daines, S. J., & Lenton, T. M. (2014) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1002/2014gc005530 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“COPSE is an extension of the GEOCARB [Berner, 1991, 2006a] models that employs a processbased representation of the marine and terrestrial biosphere [Lenton and Watson, 2000] to calculate organic fluxes of carbon and sulphur over Phanerozoic time.”
MethodSelf-citationBaker, S. J. (2021) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103871 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Yan, Z., Shao, L., Glasspool, I. J., Wang, J., Wang, X., & Wang, H. (2019) · International Journal of Coal Geology · doi:10.1016/j.coal.2019.03.016 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Young, S. A., Gill, B. C., Edwards, C., Saltzman, M., & Leslie, S. (2016) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.09.040 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Lenton, T. M., Dutreuil, S., & Latour, B. (2020) · The Anthropocene Review · doi:10.1177/2053019620918939 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationRimmer, S. M., Hawkins, S. J., Scott, A. C., & Cressler, W. L. (2015) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/08.2015.01 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Increasing the flux of P into the ocean has a dramatic effect upon marine productivity and carbon burial, which acts as a significant feedback for oxygen levels in the atmosphere (Kump, 1988; Lenton and Watson, 2000).”
BackgroundDodd, M. S., Zhang, Z., Li, C., Algeo, T. J., Lyons, T. W., Hardisty, D. S., Loyd, S. J., Meyer, D. L., Gill, B. C., Shi, W., et al. (2021) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2021.02.038 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Developing the Gaia Theory. A Response to the Criticisms of Kirchner and Volk
Lenton, T. M., & Wilkinson, D. M. (2003) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1023/a:1023498212441 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationInteractions of Earth's atmospheric oxygen and fuel moisture in smouldering wildfires
Huang, X., & Rein, G. (2016) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.201 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Dale, A. W., Boyle, R. A., Lenton, T. M., Ingall, E. D., & Wallmann, K. (2016) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2016.05.046 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“…control on sedimentary P burial 116 in global models of ancient oceans is traditionally assumed to be the O2 availability rather than 117 bioturbation per se, with any mechanistic linkage with bioturbation being merely implicit (Van 118 Cappellen and Ingall, 1994; 1996; Lenton and Watson, 2000).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBiogeochemical changes across the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition in South China
Shields, G., & Zhu, M. (2012) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2012.10.011 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Fundamental Processes in Ecology
Wilkinson, D. M. (2006) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.001.0001 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Taillardat, P., Ziegler, A. D., Friess, D. A., et al. (2019) · Marine Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2019.103662 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Marine organic carbon burial increased forest fire frequency during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2
Boudinot, F. G., & Sepúlveda, J. (2020) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/s41561-020-0633-y · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Limited Carbon Cycle Response to Increased Sulfide Weathering Due to Oxygen Feedback
Maffre, P., Swanson‐Hysell, N. L., & Goddéris, Y. (2021) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2021gl094589 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Zhao, C., Zhang, K., Xiao, L., Uhl, D., Shi, Z., Zhao, W., Zhao, Q., Sun, Y., & Liu, B. (2023) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2023.121677 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Petsch, S. T. (2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-08-043751-6/08159-7 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Fire Feedbacks on Atmospheric Oxygen
Lenton, T. M. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118529539.ch15 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of atmospheric oxygen on horizontal peat smoldering fires: Experimental and numerical study
Yang, J., Liu, N., Chen, H., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the Combustion Institute · doi:10.1016/j.proci.2018.06.218 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Belcher, C. M., Mills, B. J. W., Vitali, R., Baker, S. J., Lenton, T. M., & Watson, A. J. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20772-2 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationBiogeochemical Controls on the Redox Evolution of Earth’s Oceans and Atmosphere
Reinhard, C. T., & Planavsky, N. J. (2020) · Elements · doi:10.2138/gselements.16.3.191 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“In reality, the throughput of bioavailable phosphorus fundamentally controls the ocean–atmosphere O2 abundance at steady state (Lenton and Watson 2000), while ocean redox state controls the recycling and bioavailability of phosphorus in marine systems (Van Cappellen and Ingall 1994; Reinhard et al.…”
BackgroundThe coupled evolution of life and atmospheric oxygen
Lenton, T. M. (2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012598655-7/50030-6 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Stabilizing mechanisms ( Lenton and Watson, 2000 ) that could have regulated oxygen close to 21% of the atmosphere throughout the past 350Myr are discussed further in section 3.6.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe deep history of Earth's biomass
McMahon, S., & Parnell, J. (2018) · Journal of the Geological Society · doi:10.1144/jgs2018-061 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Somewhat higher values may have obtained in Earth’s history (e.g. during the Carboniferous), but the negative feedback effect of increased forest fires under higher atmospheric oxygen concentrations would not allow global plant biomass to rise much further (Lenton & Watson 2000).”
BackgroundBoyle, R. A., Dahl, T. W., Bjerrum, C. J., & Canfield, D. E. (2018) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12277 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“In order to produce meaningful estimates of limiting nutrient concentrations, we use a box model of the coupled oxygen and phosphorus cycles (Lenton & Watson, 2000, also see Van Capellen & Ingall, 1994).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBiogeochemistry of Primary Production in the Sea
Falkowski, P. G. (2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-08-043751-6/08129-9 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Wang, S., Shao, L., Li, J., Li, J., Jones, T. P., Zhu, M., & Zhou, J. (2021) · Cretaceous Research · doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104815 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Han, Q., Liu, J., Hower, J. C., Moore, T. A., Shang, N., Zhao, S., Jia, R., & Dai, S. (2023) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111972 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Nutrient acquisition by symbiotic fungi governs Palaeozoic climate transition
Mills, B. J. W., Batterman, S. A., & Field, K. J. (2017) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0503 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Wang, D., Yin, L., Shao, L., Lyu, D.-W., Liu, H., Wang, S., & Dong, G. (2021) · Journal of Palaeogeography · doi:10.1186/s42501-021-00090-4 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Lenton and Watson (2000) determined that an inertinite abundance of 44.4% was related to a pO2 of 30%.”
BackgroundInfluentialVitali, R., Belcher, C. M., Kaplan, J. O., & Watson, A. J. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-35081-z · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Dependence of Flame Spread and Probability of Ignition on Atmospheric Oxygen
Watson, A. J., & Lovelock, J. E. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118529539.ch14 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationInertinite in coal and its geoenvironmental significance: Insights from AI and big data analysis
Shao, L., Zhou, J., Jones, T. P., Hua, F., Xu, X., Yan, Z., Hou, H., Wang, D., & Lu, J. (2024) · Science China Earth Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11430-023-1325-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“So, regional marine environmental changes may be related to frequent and strong wildfires (Lenton and Watson, 2000).”
Kim, J. Y., Bhatta, K. S., Rastogi, G., et al. (2016) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.01.053 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The search for habitable planets with biosignature gases framed by a ‘Biosignature Drake Equation’
Seager, S. (2017) · International Journal of Astrobiology · doi:10.1017/s1473550417000052 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Lenton & Watson (2000) give the expected range of O2 to be between 18 and 25%.”
BackgroundPossible Atmospheric Diversity of Low Mass Exoplanets – Some Central Aspects
Grenfell, J. L., Leconte, J., Forget, F., Godolt, M., Carrión-González, Ó., Noack, L., Tian, F., Rauer, H., Gaillard, F., Bolmont, É., et al. (2020) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-020-00716-4 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Earlier, mainly box model studies have investigated O2 evolution over geological timescales on Earth (see Lenton and Watson 2000; Berner 2001).”
BackgroundShields, G. (2016) · Special Publications · doi:10.1144/sp448.17 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Biodiversity and Global Change
Lenton, T. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108668675.005 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Lenton, T. M., & Watson, A. J.
- Affiliations
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- Venue
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles
- Publisher
- American Geophysical Union (AGU)
- Published
- 2000-03
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 249-268
- ISSN
- 0886-6236 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-9224
- OpenAlex
- W2103585008
- Semantic Scholar
- aad3de7f8e842bc1997d2ec2c1b20fda6c4135f3
- Cited by
- 192
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 8.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles (publishedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Earth Systems and Cosmic Evolution
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Keywords
- Redfield ratio, oxygenation of Earth, phosphorus cycling, denitrification, organic carbon burial, anoxia, iron phosphate, rock weathering, fire frequency, nutrient limitation, paleo-oxygenation, feedback mechanisms
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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