The Faint Young Sun Paradox: an observational test of an alternative solar model
Open accessAbstract
We report the results of deep observations at radio (3.6 cm) wavelengths of the nearby solar-type star pi 01 Ursa Majoris with the Very Large Array (VLA) intended to test an alternative theory of solar luminosity evolution. The standard model predicts a solar luminosity only 75% of the present value and surface temperatures below freezing on Earth and Mars at 4 Ga, seemingly in conflict with geologic evidence for liquid water on these planets. An alternative model invokes a compensatory mass loss through a declining solar wind that results in a more consistent early luminosity. The free-free emission from an enhanced wind around nearby young Sun-like stars should be detectable at microwave frequencies. Our observations of pi 01 UMa, a 300 million year-old solar-mass star, place an upper limit on the mass loss rate of 4-5 x 10(-11) M(solar) yr-1. Total mass loss from such a star over 4 Gyr would be less than 6%. If this star is indeed an analog of the early Sun, it casts doubt on the alternative model as a solution to the faint young Sun paradox, particularly for Mars.
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Upper limits on mass loss rates of young Sun-like stars from radio observations and rotation-rate considerations rule out the early Sun being more massive and luminous enough to solve the faint young Sun problem.
“However, upper limits on the mass loss rates of young Sun-like stars from radio observations and considerations of how rapidly the rotation rates of Sun-like stars decrease with age rule out this solution (Gaidos et al. 2000; Johnstone et al. 2015; Fichtinger et al. 2017).”
From The young Sun's XUV-activity as a constraint for lower CO2-limits in the Earth's Archean atmosphere (2021) · cites this paper as Gaidos et al. 2000
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- Authors
- Gaidos, E. J., Güdel, M., & Blake, G. A.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Paul Scherrer Institute (CH)
- Venue
- Geophysical Research Letters
- Publisher
- American Geophysical Union (AGU)
- Published
- 2000-02-15
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 501-503
- ISSN
- 0094-8276 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-8007
- OpenAlex
- W2135171925
- Cited by
- 81
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.dora.lib4ri.ch
- Licence
- Locations
- Geophysical Research Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DORA PSI (Paul Scherrer Institute) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astro and Planetary Science
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › History and Developments in Astronomy
- Keywords
- faint young Sun paradox, free-free emission, solar-type stars, Mars habitability, liquid water on Mars, stellar mass loss rates
- MeSH terms
- Astronomy, Extraterrestrial Environment, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Physics, Radio Waves, Solar System, Exobiology, Solar Activity, Physical Phenomena
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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