Assessing the Massive Young Sun Hypothesis to Solve the Warm Young Earth Puzzle
Open accessAbstract
A moderately massive young Sun has been proposed to resolve the so-called faint young Sun paradox. We calculate the time evolution of the solar mass that would be required by this hypothesis using a simple parameterized energy-balance model for Earth's climate. Our calculations show that the solar mass-loss rate would need to have been 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than at present for a time on the order of ~2 Gyr. Such a mass-loss history is significantly at variance (both in the timescale and in the magnitude of the mass-loss rates) with that inferred from astronomical observations of mass loss in younger solar analogs. While suggestive, the astronomical data cannot completely rule out the possibility that the Sun had the required mass-loss history; therefore, we also examine the effects of the hypothetical historical solar mass loss on orbital dynamics in the solar system, with a view to identifying additional tests of the hypothesis. We find that ratios of planetary orbital spacings remain unchanged, relative locations of planetary mean motion and secular resonances remain unchanged, but resonance widths and the sizes of the Hill spheres of all planets increase as the Sun loses mass. The populations and dynamics of objects near resonances with the planets, as well as those of distant irregular satellites of the giant planets, may contain the signature of a more massive young Sun. Planetary and satellite orbits provide a few tests, but these are weak or non-unique.
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Observations are unsupportive: fast mass loss only happens in the first ~200 Ma after Sun-like stars form.
“However, observations are unsupportive: Fast mass loss only happens in the first ~200 Ma after Sun-like stars form (207, 208).”
From The Archean atmosphere (2020) · cites this paper as [208]
Section 3 (Stellar Winds of Sun-like Stars; page unavailable) says observations indicate that stellar-wind flux decreases on a timescale of order 10^8 years and do not support the prolonged mass loss required by the hypothesis. It does not establish a cutoff at approximately 200 million years or say that fast mass loss happens only before then; the Introduction also cautions that the observations cannot rule out a different history for the Sun. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe Sun shedding large amounts of mass early on, over 2% in the first 2 Gyr, is possible but unlikely because such high mass loss is not observed in any nearby G or K class stars.
“One possible way to avoid this outcome is if the Sun shed large amounts of its mass early on [over 2% in the first 2 Gyr; Minton & Malhotra (2007)]. While possible, this is unlikely, because such high mass loss is not observed in any nearby G or K class stars (Minton & Malhotra 2007).”
From The Climate of Early Mars (2016) · cites this paper as Minton & Malhotra 2007
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- Authors
- Minton, D. A., & Malhotra, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2007-05-10
- Volume
- 660
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1700-1706
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2076918796
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- NASA Astrobiology Institute
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astro and Planetary Science
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › History and Developments in Astronomy
- Keywords
- faint young Sun paradox, solar mass loss, orbital resonance, irregular satellites, secular resonances, solar system dynamics
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