A cubic relationship between air‐sea CO2 exchange and wind speed
Abstract
Using recent laboratory and field results we explore the possibility of a cubic relationship between gas exchange and instantaneous (or short‐term) wind speed, and its impact on global air‐sea fluxes. The theoretical foundation for such a dependency is based on retardation of gas transfer at low to intermediate winds by surfactants, which are ubiquitous in the world's oceans, and bubble‐enhanced transfer at higher winds. The proposed cubic relationship shows a weaker dependence of gas transfer at low wind speed and a significantly stronger dependence at high wind speed than previous relationships. A long‐term relationship derived from such a dependence, combined with the monthly CO 2 climatology of Takahashi [1997], leads to an increase in the global annual oceanic CO 2 uptake from 1.4 Gigaton C yr−1 to 2.2 Gigaton C yr−1. Although a cubic relationship fits within global bomb‐14 C oceanic uptake constraints, additional checks are warranted, particularly at high wind speeds where the enhancement is most pronounced.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
If hydrocarbons originate from the sea, an exponential relationship between measured mixing ratios and wind speed can be expected due to the flux dependency on wind strength.
“If the hydrocarbons originate from the sea, then an exponential relationship between the measured mixing ratios and wind speed can be expected due to the flux dependency on wind strength27,28.”
From The Red Sea Deep Water is a potent source of atmospheric ethane and propane (2020) · cites this paper as [28]
Cites
Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean
Wanninkhof, R. (1992) · Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans · doi:10.1029/92jc00188 · Cited by 4,737 · see citing works
Self-citationAir-Sea Gas Exchange Rates: Introduction and Synthesis
Liss, P. S., & Merlivat, L. (1986) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-4738-2_5 · Cited by 1,652 · see citing works
On the parameters influencing air‐water gas exchange
Jähne, B., Münnich, K. O., Bösinger, R., Dutzi, A., Huber, W. C., & Libner, P. (1987) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/jc092ic02p01937 · Cited by 697 · see citing works
Global air-sea flux of CO 2 : An estimate based on measurements of sea–air pCO 2 difference
Takahashi, T., Feely, R. A., Weiss, R. F., Wanninkhof, R. H., Chipman, D. W., Sutherland, S. C., & Takahashi, T. T. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.16.8292 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Self-citationThe distribution of bomb radiocarbon in the ocean
Broecker, W. S., Peng, T., Östlund, G., & Stuiver, M. (1985) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/jc090ic04p06953 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Air–sea gas exchange in rough and stormy seas measured by a dual-tracer technique
Watson, A. J., Upstill-Goddard, R. C., & Liss, P. S. (1991) · Nature · doi:10.1038/349145a0 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Gas transfer to and across an air-water interface
Deacon, E. L. (1977) · Tellus A Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography · doi:10.3402/tellusa.v29i4.11368 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Bubbles and their role in gas exchange
Woolf, D. K. (1997) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511525025.007 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Gas exchange and CO2 flux in the tropical Atlantic Ocean determined from 222Rn and pCO2 measurements
Smethie, W., Takahashi, T., Chipman, D., & Ledwell, J. (1985) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/jc090ic04p07005 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
On the role of large bubbles in air-sea gas exchange and supersaturation in the ocean
Keeling, R. F. (1993) · Journal of Marine Research · doi:10.1357/0022240933223800 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
The role of organic films in air–sea gas exchange
Frew, N. M. (1997) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511525025.006 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Gas transfer to and across an air-water interface
Deacon, E. L. (1977) · Tellus · doi:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1977.tb00746.x · Cited by 166 · see citing works
The effect of bubble‐mediated gas transfer on purposeful dual‐gaseous tracer experiments
Asher, W. E., & Wanninkhof, R. H. (1998) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/98jc00245 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationA stability dependent theory for air‐sea gas exchange
Erickson, D. J. (1993) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/93jc00039 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Keeling, R. F., Stephens, B. B., Najjar, R. G., Doney, S. C., Archer, D. E., & Heimann, M. (1998) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/97gb02339 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
The influence of bubble plumes on air‐seawater gas transfer velocities
Asher, W. E., Karle, L. M., Higgins, B. J., Farley, P. J., Monahan, E. C., & Leifer, I. S. (1996) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/96jc00121 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Jähne, B., Huber, W. C., Dutzi, A., Wais, T., & Ilmberger, J. (1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-1660-4_28 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The Role of Oceanic Whitecaps in Air-Sea Gas Exchange
Monahan, E. C., & Spillane, M. C. (1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-1660-4_45 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
(2000) · Time to knit · doi:10.1016/s0967-0653(97)83693-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Takahashi, T., Sutherland, S. C., Wanninkhof, R. H., Sweeney, C., Feely, R. A., Chipman, D. W., Hales, B., Friederich, G., Chavez, F., Sabine, C., et al. (2008) · Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.009 · Cited by 2,382 · see citing works
Self-citationTakahashi, T., Sutherland, S. C., Sweeney, C., Poisson, A., Metzl, N., Tilbrook, B., Bates, N. R., Wanninkhof, R. H., Feely, R. A., Sabine, C. L., et al. (2002) · Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography · doi:10.1016/s0967-0645(02)00003-6 · Cited by 1,858 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
Prentice, I. C., Farquhar, G. D., Fasham, M. J. R., GOULDEN, M. L., Heimann, M., Jaramillo, V. J., Kheshgi, H. S., Quéré, C. L., Scholes, R. J., Wallace, D. W. R., et al. (2001) · HAL · Cited by 1,128 · see citing works
Synthesis of iron fertilization experiments: From the Iron Age in the Age of Enlightenment
de Baar, H. J. W., Boyd, P. W., Coale, K. H., Landry, M. R., Tsuda, A., Assmy, P., Bakker, D. C. E., Bozec, Y., Barber, R. T., Brzezinski, M. A., et al. (2005) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2004jc002601 · Cited by 947 · see citing works
Effect of natural iron fertilization on carbon sequestration in the Southern Ocean
Blain, S., Quéguiner, B., Armand, L., Belviso, S., Bombled, B., Bopp, L., Bowie, A., Brunet, C., Brussaard, C., Carlotti, F., et al. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05700 · Cited by 795 · see citing works
Advances in Quantifying Air-Sea Gas Exchange and Environmental Forcing
Wanninkhof, R. H., Asher, W. E., Ho, D. T., Sweeney, C., & McGillis, W. R. (2008) · Annual Review of Marine Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163742 · Cited by 754 · see citing works
Self-citationBudgeting sinks and sources of CO2 in the coastal ocean: Diversity of ecosystems counts
Borges, A. V., Delille, B., & Frankignoulle, M. (2005) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2005gl023053 · Cited by 648 · see citing works
Gas Exchange in Rivers and Estuaries: Choosing a Gas Transfer Velocity
Raymond, P. A., & Cole, J. J. (2001) · Estuaries · doi:10.2307/1352954 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Oceanic sources, sinks, and transport of atmospheric CO2
Gruber, N., Gloor, M. U., Fletcher, S. E. M., Doney, S. C., Dutkiewicz, S., Follows, M. J., Gerber, M., Jacobson, A. R., Joos, F., Lindsay, K., et al. (2009) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2008gb003349 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Ho, D. T., Law, C. S., Smith, M. J., Schlosser, P. F., Harvey, M. J., & Hill, P. (2006) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2006gl026817 · Cited by 567 · see citing works
Enhanced Open Ocean Storage of CO 2 from Shelf Sea Pumping
Thomas, H., Bozec, Y., Elkalay, K., & de Baar, H. J. W. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1095491 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Decadal variations and trends of the global ocean carbon sink
Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., & Bakker, D. C. E. (2016) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1002/2015gb005359 · Cited by 545 · see citing works
The Marine Inorganic Carbon Cycle
Millero, F. J. (2007) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr0503557 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Do we have enough pieces of the jigsaw to integrate CO2 fluxes in the coastal ocean?
Borges, A. V. (2005) · Estuaries · doi:10.1007/bf02732750 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Recent variability of the global ocean carbon sink.
Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., Bakker, D. C. E., & Schuster, U. (2014) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1002/2014gb004853 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
Bates, N. R., & Mathis, J. T. (2009) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-6-2433-2009 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Air–sea exchanges of CO 2 in the world's coastal seas
Chen, C. A., Huang, T., Chen, Y.-C., Bai, Y., He, X., & Kang, Y. C. (2013) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-10-6509-2013 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Environmental turbulent mixing controls on air‐water gas exchange in marine and aquatic systems
Zappa, C. J., McGillis, W. R., Raymond, P. A., Edson, J. B., Hintsa, E. J., Zemmelink, H. J., Dacey, J. W. H., & Ho, D. T. (2007) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2006gl028790 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Self-citationCarbon Dioxide and Methane Dynamics in Estuaries
Borges, A. V., & Abril, G. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374711-2.00504-0 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Iodine in the Marine Boundary Layer
Carpenter, L. J. (2003) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr0206465 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Mass Transfer at the Ocean–Atmosphere Interface: The Role of Wave Breaking, Droplets, and Bubbles
Deike, L. (2021) · Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1146/annurev-fluid-030121-014132 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Gas transfer velocities of CO2 in three European estuaries (Randers Fjord,Scheldt, and Thames)
Borges, A. V., Delille, B., Schiettecatte, L., Gazeau, F., Abril, G., & Frankignoulle, M. (2004) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.4319/lo.2004.49.5.1630 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Carbon dioxide in European coastal waters
Borges, A. V., Schiettecatte, L., Abril, G., Delille, B., & Gazeau, F. (2006) · Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science · doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2006.05.046 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Direct covariance air‐sea CO2 fluxes
McGillis, W. R., Edson, J. B., Hare, J. E., & Fairall, C. W. (2001) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2000jc000506 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Self-citationVachon, D., Prairie, Y. T., & Cole, J. J. (2010) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.4319/lo.2010.55.4.1723 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Methane emission from Siberian arctic polygonal tundra: eddy covariance measurements and modeling
Wille, C., Kutzbach, L., Sachs, T., Wagner, D., & Pfeiffer, E. (2008) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01586.x · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Regionalized global budget of the CO 2 exchange at the air‐water interface in continental shelf seas
Laruelle, G. G., Lauerwald, R., Pfeil, B., & Regnier, P. A. G. (2014) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1002/2014gb004832 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Air‐sea flux of bromoform: Controls, rates, and implications
Quack, B., & Wallace, D. W. R. (2003) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2002gb001890 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Global ocean emission of dimethylsulfide predicted from biogeophysical data
Simó, R., & Dachs, J. (2002) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2001gb001829 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
A review of worldwide atmospheric mercury measurements
Sprovieri, F., Pirrone, N., Ebinghaus, R., Kock, H. H., & Dommergue, A. (2010) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-10-8245-2010 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Modeling Methods for Marine Science
Glover, D. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Doney, S. C. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511975721 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Ecosystem Function in Heterogeneous Landscapes
Lovett, G. M., Jones, C. G., Turner, M. G., & Weathers, K. C. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-24091-8_1 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Bates, N. R. (2007) · Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans · doi:10.1029/2006jc003759 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Vachon, D., & Prairie, Y. T. (2013) · Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences · doi:10.1139/cjfas-2013-0241 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Jacobson, A. R., Fletcher, S. E. M., Gruber, N., Sarmiento, J. L., & Gloor, M. U. (2007) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2005gb002556 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Measurements of air‐sea gas transfer during an open ocean algal bloom
Nightingale, P. D., Liss, P. S., & Schlosser, P. F. (2000) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2000gl011541 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
European continental shelf as a significant sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide
Frankignoulle, M., & Borges, A. V. (2001) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2000gb001307 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Air‐sea CO 2 exchange in the equatorial Pacific
McGillis, W. R., Edson, J. B., Zappa, C. J., Ware, J. D., McKenna, S. P., Terray, E. A., Hare, J. E., Fairall, C. W., Drennan, W. M., Donelan, M. A., et al. (2004) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2003jc002256 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of free-surface turbulence and surfactants in air–water gas transfer
McKenna, S. P., & McGillis, W. R. (2003) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2003.06.001 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Self-citationParametrization of gas transfer velocities and sea-state-dependent wave breaking
Woolf, D. K. (2005) · Tellus B · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2005.00139.x · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Effects of climate change on methane emissions from seafloor sediments in the Arctic Ocean: A review
James, R. H., Bousquet, P., Bussmann, I., Haeckel, M., Kipfer, R., Leifer, I., Niemann, H., Ostrovsky, I., Piskozub, J., Rehder, G., et al. (2016) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.1002/lno.10307 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
The Probability Distribution of Sea Surface Wind Speeds. Part I: Theory and SeaWinds Observations
Monahan, A. H. (2006) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli3640.1 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Werner Eugster, A., Kling, G. W., Jonas, T., McFadden, J. P., Wüest, A., MacIntyre, S., & Chapin, F. S. (2003) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2002jd002653 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Air‐sea gas transfer: Its dependence on wind stress, small‐scale roughness, and surface films
Frew, N. M., Bock, E. J., Schimpf, U., Hara, T., Haussecker, H. W., Edson, J. B., McGillis, W. R., Nelson, R. K., McKenna, S. P., Uz, B. M., et al. (2004) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2003jc002131 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Self-citationFay, A. R., Gregor, L., Landschützer, P., McKinley, G. A., Gruber, N., Gehlen, M., Iida, Y., Laruelle, G. G., Rödenbeck, C., Roobaert, A., et al. (2021) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-13-4693-2021 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Santana‐Casiano, J. M., González‐Dávila, M., Rueda, M., Llinás, O., & González‐Dávila, E. (2007) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2006gb002788 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Friederich, G. E., Walz, P. M., Burczynski, M. G., & Chávez, F. P. (2002) · Progress In Oceanography · doi:10.1016/s0079-6611(02)00049-6 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Zappa, C. J., Raymond, P. A., Terray, E. A., & McGillis, W. R. (2003) · Estuaries · doi:10.1007/bf02803649 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Self-citationHo, D. T., Wanninkhof, R. H., Schlosser, P. F., Ullman, D. S., Hebert, D., & Sullivan, K. F. (2011) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2010jc006854 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationGlobal sea-to-air flux climatology for bromoform, dibromomethane and methyl iodide
Ziska, F., Quack, B., Abrahamsson, K., Archer, S. D., Atlas, E., Bell, T. G., Butler, J. H., Carpenter, L. J., Jones, C. E., Harris, N., et al. (2013) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-13-8915-2013 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Carbon dioxide flux techniques performed during GasEx-98
McGillis, W. R., Edson, J. B., Ware, J. D., Dacey, J. W. H., Hare, J. E., Fairall, C. W., & Wanninkhof, R. H. (2001) · Marine Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0304-4203(01)00042-1 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationBiogeochemical regimes, net community production and carbon export in the Ross Sea, Antarctica
Sweeney, C., Hansell, D. A., Carlson, C. A., Codispoti, L. A., Gordon, L. I., Marra, J. F., Millero, F. J., Smith, W. O. J., & Takahashi, T. (2000) · Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography · doi:10.1016/s0967-0645(00)00072-2 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
The evasion and spatial/temporal distribution of mercury species in Long Island Sound, CT-NY
Rolfhus, K. R., & Fitzgerald, W. F. (2001) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(00)00519-6 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Sachs, T., Giebels, M., Boike, J., & Kutzbach, L. (2010) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02232.x · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Seasonal variations in the Amazon plume‐related atmospheric carbon sink
Cooley, S. R., Coles, V. J., Subramaniam, A., & Yager, P. L. (2007) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2006gb002831 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Air‐sea CO 2 fluxes on the U.S. South Atlantic Bight: Spatial and seasonal variability
Jiang, L., Cai, W., Wanninkhof, R. H., Wang, Y., & Lüger, H. (2008) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2007jc004366 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationHow Well Do We Understand the Land‐Ocean‐Atmosphere Carbon Cycle?
Crisp, D., Dolman, A. J., Tanhua, T., McKinley, G. A., Hauck, J., Bastos, A., Sitch, S. A., Eggleston, S., & Aich, V. (2022) · Reviews of Geophysics · doi:10.1029/2021rg000736 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Wet Deposition of Persistent Organic Pollutants to the Global Oceans
Jurado, E., Jaward, F. M., Lohmann, R., Jones, K. C., Simó, R., & Dachs, J. (2005) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es048599g · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Determination of Henry’s law constant for elemental mercury
Andersson, M., Gårdfeldt, K., Wängberg, I., & Strömberg, D. (2008) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.05.067 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Evasion of mercury from coastal and open waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea
Gårdfeldt, K., Sommar, J. O., Ferrara, R., Ceccarini, C., Lanzillotta, E., Munthe, J., Wängberg, I., Lindqvist, O., Pirrone, N., Sprovieri, F., et al. (2003) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(03)00238-3 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Noble gas constraints on air‐sea gas exchange and bubble fluxes
Stanley, R. H. R., Jenkins, W. J., Lott, D. E., & Doney, S. C. (2009) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2009jc005396 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Australian dust storms in 2002–2003 and their impact on Southern Ocean biogeochemistry
Gabric, A. J., Cropp, R., McTainsh, G. H., Johnston, B. M., Butler, H. J., Tilbrook, B., & Keywood, M. (2010) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2009gb003541 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
A short-term sink for atmospheric CO2 in subtropical mode water of the North Atlantic Ocean
Bates, N. R., Pequignet, A. C., Johnson, R. J., & Gruber, N. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01253 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Vertical stratification and air‐sea CO2 fluxes in the Patagonian shelf
Bianchi, A. A., Bianucci, L., Piola, A. R., Ruiz-Pino, D. P., Schloss, I. R., Poisson, A., & Balestrini, C. F. (2005) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2004jc002488 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Air–sea gas exchange in the coastal zone
Upstill-Goddard, R. C. (2006) · Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science · doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2006.05.043 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
A joint atmosphere‐ocean inversion for surface fluxes of carbon dioxide: 2. Regional results
Jacobson, A. R., Fletcher, S. E. M., Gruber, N., Sarmiento, J. L., & Gloor, M. U. (2007) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2006gb002703 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Gioia, R., Nizzetto, L., Lohmann, R., Dachs, J., Temme, C., & Jones, K. C. (2008) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es071432d · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Air‐sea exchange of carbon dioxide in the Southern Ocean and Antarctic marginal ice zone
Butterworth, B., & Miller, S. D. (2016) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1002/2016gl069581 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Semiletov, I., Pipko, I. I., Repina, I., & Shakhova, N. E. (2006) · Journal of Marine Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.05.012 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Summer and winter air–sea CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean
Metzl, N., Brunet, C., Jabaud-Jan, A., Poisson, A., & Schauer, B. (2006) · Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers · doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2006.07.006 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Continuous High-Frequency Dissolved O2/Ar Measurements by Equilibrator Inlet Mass Spectrometry
Cassar, N., Barnett, B. A., Bender, M. L., Kaiser, J., Hamme, R. C., & Tilbrook, B. (2009) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac802300u · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Meire, L., Søgaard, D. H., Mortensen, J., Meysman, F. J. R., Soetaert, K., Arendt, K. E., Juul‐Pedersen, T., Blicher, M. E., & Rysgaard, S. (2015) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-12-2347-2015 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Transfer Across the Air-Sea Interface
Garbe, C. S., Rutgersson, A., Boutin, J., de Leeuw, G., Delille, B., Fairall, C. W., Gruber, N., Hare, J. E., Ho, D. T., Johnson, M. T., et al. (2013) · Springer earth system sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-25643-1_2 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Gas Transfer by Breaking Waves
Deike, L., & Melville, W. K. (2018) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2018gl078758 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Andersson, M., Gårdfeldt, K., Wängberg, I., Sprovieri, F., Pirrone, N., & Lindqvist, O. (2006) · Marine Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2006.11.003 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Interannual and decadal changes in the sea‐air CO2 flux from atmospheric CO2 inverse modeling
Patra, P. K., Maksyutov, S. S., Ishizawa, M., Nakazawa, T., Takahashi, T., & Ukita, J. (2005) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2004gb002257 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
The subtropical nutrient spiral
Jenkins, W. J., & Doney, S. C. (2003) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2003gb002085 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Gruber, N., Gloor, M. U., Fan, S., & Sarmiento, J. L. (2001) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2000gb001302 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Nutrient and carbon removal ratios and fluxes in the Ross Sea, Antarctica
Sweeney, C., Smith, W. O. J., Hales, B., Bidigare, R. R., Carlson, C. A., Codispoti, L. A., Gordon, L. I., Hansell, D. A., Millero, F. J., Park, M.-O., et al. (2000) · Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography · doi:10.1016/s0967-0645(00)00073-4 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Ocean Dynamics and the Carbon Cycle: Principles and Mechanisms
Williams, R. G., & Follows, M. J. (2011) · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Magnitude, Trends, and Variability of the Global Ocean Carbon Sink From 1985 to 2018
DeVries, T., Yamamoto, K., Wanninkhof, R. H., Gruber, N., Hauck, J., Müller, J. D., Bopp, L., Carroll, D., Carter, B. R., Chau, T. T. T., et al. (2023) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2023gb007780 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationGazeau, F., Duarte, C. M., Gattuso, J., Barrón, C., Navarro, N., Ruíz, S., Prairie, Y. T., Calleja, M. L., Delille, B., Frankignoulle, M., et al. (2005) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-2-43-2005 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Microbreaking and the enhancement of air‐water transfer velocity
Zappa, C. J., Asher, W. E., Jessup, A. T., Klinke, J., & Long, S. R. (2004) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2003jc001897 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Surface divergence models for scalar exchange between turbulent streams
Banerjee, S., Lakehal, D., & Fulgosi, M. (2004) · International Journal of Multiphase Flow · doi:10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2004.05.004 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Modeling estimates of the global emission of dimethylsulfide under enhanced greenhouse conditions
Gabric, A. J., Simó, R., Cropp, R., Hirst, A. C., & Dachs, J. (2004) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2003gb002183 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
The continental shelf pump for CO2 in the North Sea—evidence from summer observation
Bozec, Y., Thomas, H., Elkalay, K., & de Baar, H. J. W. (2004) · Marine Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2004.07.006 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Green, R. E., Bianchi, T. S., Dagg, M. J., Walker, N. D., & Breed, G. A. (2006) · Estuaries and Coasts · doi:10.1007/bf02784284 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Air–sea CO2 fluxes on the US Middle Atlantic Bight
DeGrandpre, M. D., Olbu, G. J., Beatty, C. M., & Hammar, T. R. (2002) · Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography · doi:10.1016/s0967-0645(02)00122-4 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Salter, M. E., Upstill-Goddard, R. C., Nightingale, P. D., Archer, S. D., Blomquist, B. W., Ho, D. T., Huebert, B. J., Schlosser, P. F., & Yang, M. (2011) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2011jc007023 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Cossa, D., Knœry, J., Bănaru, D., Harmelin‐Vivien, M., Sonke, J. E., Hedgecock, I. M., Bravo, A. G., Rosati, G., Canu, D. M., Horvat, M., et al. (2022) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c03044 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Gigliotti, C. L., Brunciak, P. A., Dachs, J., Glenn, T. R., Nelson, E. D., Totten, L. A., & Eisenreich, S. J. (2002) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.5620210203 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Excess radiocarbon constraints on air‐sea gas exchange and the uptake of CO2 by the oceans
Naegler, T., Ciais, P., Rodgers, K. B., & Levin, I. (2006) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2005gl025408 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Bell, T. G., Bruyn, W. J. D., Miller, S. D., Ward, B., Christensen, K. H., & SALTZMAN, E. S. (2013) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-13-11073-2013 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Vagle, S., McNeil, C., & Steiner, N. S. (2010) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2009jc005990 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Impact of global change on coastal oxygen dynamics and risk of hypoxia
Meire, L., Soetaert, K., & Meysman, F. J. R. (2013) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-10-2633-2013 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Distribution and air-water exchange of carbon dioxide in the Scheldt plume off the Belgian coast
Borges, A. V., & Frankignoulle, M. (2002) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1023/a:1015517428985 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Satellite ocean color assessment of air‐sea fluxes of CO2 in a river‐dominated coastal margin
Lohrenz, S. E., & Cai, W. (2006) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2005gl023942 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Bianchi, A. A., Ruiz-Pino, D. P., Perlender, H. G. I., Osiroff, A. P., Segura, V., Lutz, V. A., Clara, M. L., Balestrini, C. F., & Piola, A. R. (2009) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2008jc004854 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Monthly variability in surface pCO2 and net air‐sea CO2 flux in the Arabian Sea
Sarma, V. V. S. S. (2003) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2001jc001062 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Modelling of bubble-mediated gas transfer: Fundamental principles and a laboratory test
Woolf, D. K., Leifer, I., Nightingale, P. D., Rhee, T. S., Bowyer, P. A., Caulliez, G., de Leeuw, G., Larsen, S. E., Liddicoat, M. I., Baker, J., et al. (2006) · Journal of Marine Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.02.011 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
- Authors
- Wanninkhof, R., & McGillis, W. R.
- Affiliations
- NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories (US)
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (US)
- Venue
- Geophysical Research Letters
- Publisher
- American Geophysical Union (AGU)
- Published
- 1999-07
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 1889-1892
- ISSN
- 0094-8276 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-8007
- OpenAlex
- W2091945915
- Cited by
- 674
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 15.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Geophysical Research Letters (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal ecosystems
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
- Keywords
- air-sea CO2 flux, gas transfer velocity, wind speed dependence, surfactants, global carbon fluxes, ocean surface fluxes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
