The Solar Particle Event on 10 September 2017 as observed onboard the International Space Station (ISS)
Open accessAbstract
Abstract The nominal radiation environment in low Earth orbit, especially for the International Space Station (ISS), is dominated by two sources. The first is galactic cosmic radiation, which is modulated by the interplanetary and the Earth's magnetic fields, and the second is trapped radiation in the form of the Van Allen belts. The trapped radiation inside the ISS is mostly due to protons of the inner radiation belt. In addition to these sources sporadic solar particle events (SPEs) can produce high doses inside and outside the ISS, depending on the intensity and energy spectrum of the event. Before 2017, the last SPE observed inside the ISS with relevant radiation detectors occurred in May 2012. Even though we are currently approaching the next solar minimum, an SPE was observed in September 2017, which was (a) a ground‐level enhancement, (b) measured with various radiation detector systems onboard the ISS, and (c) observed on the surface of Mars. This paper gives an overview of the 10 September 2017 SPE measured with the DOSIS 3D‐DOSTEL and the ISS‐RAD (Radiation Assessment Detector) instruments, both located at this time in close proximity to each other in the Columbus Laboratory of the ISS. The additional dose received during the SPE was 146.2 μGy in Si as measured by ISS‐RAD and 67.8 μGy in Si as measured by the DOSIS 3D‐DOSTEL instruments. In comparison, the dose measured on the surface of Mars with the Mars Science Laboratory‐RAD instrument accounted to 418 μGy in Si.
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Claims the paper makes
4 of 16 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
The total dose from the 10 September 2017 event observed with the MSL-RAD B sub-detector was 347 μGy in Si.
“The total dose from the event observed with the MSL-RAD B sub-detector was 347 µGy in Si (Zeitlin et al., 2018;Ehresmann et al., 2018;Hassler et at., 2018).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites Zeitlin et al., 2018 source
The paper identifies B as the silicon detector (Triggering and Data Acquisition, p. 2) and reports its dose during the September 2017 event. But it does not report a total of 347 µGy in silicon: it quotes an event dose of 544 µGy for B (Deposited Energy Spectra and Radiation Quality Factors, p. 6) and says B doses were converted from silicon to water using a factor of 1.30 (p. 2). (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Ehresmann et al., 2018 source
The Introduction (p. 6) and Discussion (p. 14) describe RAD measurements of particle flux during the September 2017 event, while §2.1 (p. 7) identifies detector B as a silicon diode. Our copy does not report a total dose of 347 µGy in Si for detector B; searches for “347” and total absorbed dose found no such measurement. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Hassler et at., 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
On 10 September 2017, the dose measured by ISS-RAD B was 113.6 μGy/day.
“The dose measured on the day before the event reached the ISS was (as given in Table 4) 113.6 µGy/day for ISS-RAD B and 103.7 µGy/day in DOSTEL-2.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
On 11 September 2017, the dose measured by DOSTEL-2 increased to 163.8 μGy/day.
“On 11 September it increased to 244.3 µGy/day for ISS-RAD B and 163.8 µGy/day in DOSTEL-2.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The additional absorbed dose due to the 10 September 2017 Solar Particle Event as measured by the DOSTEL-2 instrument was 67.8 μGy in Si.
“If 10 September is taken as quiet day before the event, the additional dose due to the event was 146.2 µGy in Si as measured by the ISS-RAD B sub-detector and 67.8 µGy in Si as measured by the DOSTEL-2 instrument.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: 10 September 2017 is taken as a quiet day before the event.
- Findingown data
Four distinct populations separated by L value are visible in the count rate and absorbed dose rate data for 7-16 September 2017.
“Immediately visible in Figure 5 are four distinct populations which are clearly separated by L value.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
A Solar Particle Event (GLE 72) was measured in September 2017 inside the International Space Station.
“A Solar Particle Event -also seen as GLE 72 on Earth -was measured in September 2017 inside the International Space Station.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The additional absorbed dose due to the 10 September 2017 Solar Particle Event was in the range 67.8 to 146.2 μGy in Si.
“The additional absorbed dose due to the 10 September 2017 Solar Particle Event was in the range of 67.8 to 146.2 µGy in Si.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: 10 September 2017 is taken as a quiet day before the event.
- Findingown data
The first population is the crossing of the SAA for L values between 1 and 2.
“The first population is the crossing of the SAA for L values between 1 and 2.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
On 11 September 2017, the dose measured by ISS-RAD B increased to 244.3 μGy/day.
“On 11 September it increased to 244.3 µGy/day for ISS-RAD B and 163.8 µGy/day in DOSTEL-2.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
For September 2017, the contributions of GCR and SAA to the overall dose inside the Columbus Laboratory of the ISS were almost equal (44% GCR, 56% SAA).
“For the time period of September 2017, the contributions of GCR and SAA to the overall dose inside the Columbus Laboratory of the ISS are almost equal (44% GCR, 56% SAA) , resulting in a total daily absorbed dose (in Si) of around 250 µGy as measured with the DOSIS 3D-DOSTEL instruments.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The additional absorbed dose due to the 10 September 2017 Solar Particle Event as measured by the ISS-RAD B sub-detector was 146.2 μGy in Si.
“If 10 September is taken as quiet day before the event, the additional dose due to the event was 146.2 µGy in Si as measured by the ISS-RAD B sub-detector and 67.8 µGy in Si as measured by the DOSTEL-2 instrument.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: 10 September 2017 is taken as a quiet day before the event.
- Findingown data
For September 2017, the total daily absorbed dose in Si inside the Columbus Laboratory of the ISS was around 250 μGy as measured with DOSIS 3D-DOSTEL instruments.
“For the time period of September 2017, the contributions of GCR and SAA to the overall dose inside the Columbus Laboratory of the ISS are almost equal (44% GCR, 56% SAA) , resulting in a total daily absorbed dose (in Si) of around 250 µGy as measured with the DOSIS 3D-DOSTEL instruments.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
A small population is seen (mostly in particle count rate) for L values between 2.5 and 4.
“In addition, a small population is seen (mostly in the particle count rate) for L values between 2.5 and 4 (see: peak in particle count rate in Figure 5a).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
Particles measured on the bisecting line, depositing nearly the same amount of energy in each detector, are highly energetic/relativistic particles from galactic cosmic radiation.
“Particles measured on the bisecting line (i.e. they deposited nearly the same amount of energy in each detector) are highly energetic/relativistic particles from galactic cosmic radiation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
GEANT4 calculations of the event lead to a dose value of 110 μGy in Si.
“GEANT4 calculations of the event lead to a dose value of 110 µGy in Si.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Simulations do not show any SEP contribution during the first hours of the event.
“This observation is replicated in simulations which do not show any SEP contribution during the first hours of the event.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
At the northern reversal point, the calculated dose rate underestimates the measured dose rates when they are at their maximum.
“At the northern reversal point, however, the calculated dose rate underestimates the measured dose rates when they are at their maximum.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Around 04:00 UTC on 11 September 2017, the ISS reached longitudes and high latitudes for which the minimum cut-off rigidity values were well below 1 GV.
“Around 04:00 UTC on 11 September 2017 (12 h to 14 h after the onset of the event), ISS reached longitudes and high latitudes for which the minimum values of the cut-off rigidity were well below 1 GV.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
During the initial hours of the event, measured dose rates followed the nominal pattern of GCR intensity variation along the varying cut-off rigidity.
“This is reflected in the measured dose rates following the nominal pattern of GCR intensity variation along the varying cut-off rigidity during the initial hours of the event.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The event resulted in an additional dose of 146 μGy in Si for the ISS-RAD B sub-detector.
“The event on 10 September was observed on-board the ISS starting at 04:30 UTC on 11 September and resulted in an additional dose of 146 µGy in Si for ISS-RAD B sub-detector and 68 µGy in Si for the DOSIS 3D-DOSTEL-2 instrument.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Protons start separating visibly at roughly ΔE = 2 MeV from the bisecting line.
“Protons, for example, start separating visibly at roughly ΔE = 2 MeV from the bisecting line (Figure 11 SAA).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
The event on 10 September was observed onboard the ISS starting at 04:30 UTC on 11 September.
“The event on 10 September was observed on-board the ISS starting at 04:30 UTC on 11 September and resulted in an additional dose of 146 µGy in Si for ISS-RAD B sub-detector and 68 µGy in Si for the DOSIS 3D-DOSTEL-2 instrument.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Some secondary/lower energy particles can be seen apart from the bisecting line.
“In addition, some secondary/lower energy particles can be seen as they show up, apart from this line.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
On 12 September, there was a slight increase above the nominal background of about 40% over background for all stopping energy bins.
“We still see a slight increase above the nominal background on the 12 September -40% over background for all stopping energy bins.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The asymmetry in SAA data shows that the majority of low energetic protons reach the detector from the aft side, first hitting D1 and then D2.
“This asymmetry is most clearly visible in the data taken in the region of the SAA and shows that the majority of the low energetic protons reach the detector from the aft side, i.e. first hitting D1 and then D2.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
The SPE on 10 September 2017 was measured with two silicon-based detector instruments, DOSIS 3D-DOSTEL and ISS-RAD, onboard the Columbus Module of the ISS.
“For the first time since May 2012, a SPE which happened on 10 September 2017 (16:06 UTC) was also seen on Earth´s as GLE 72, and has been measured with two siliconbased detector instruments, namely the DOSIS 3D-DOSTEL and the ISS-RAD, on-board the Columbus Module of the ISS.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The event resulted in an additional dose of 68 μGy in Si for the DOSIS 3D-DOSTEL-2 instrument.
“The event on 10 September was observed on-board the ISS starting at 04:30 UTC on 11 September and resulted in an additional dose of 146 µGy in Si for ISS-RAD B sub-detector and 68 µGy in Si for the DOSIS 3D-DOSTEL-2 instrument.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
The event was clearly seen by the CRaTER instrument orbiting the Moon.
“This was the first SPE observed inside the ISS since May 2012 and in addition it was an event which has been clearly seen by the CRaTER instrument orbiting Moon (Schwadron et al. 2018) and by the MSL-RAD instrument on the surface of Mars where it contributed around 418 µGy in Si of additional dose.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Schwadron et al. 2018 source
- Findingnone given
The SPE on 10 September 2017 (16:06 UTC) was the first SPE since May 2012 seen on Earth as GLE 72.
“For the first time since May 2012, a SPE which happened on 10 September 2017 (16:06 UTC) was also seen on Earth´s as GLE 72, and has been measured with two siliconbased detector instruments, namely the DOSIS 3D-DOSTEL and the ISS-RAD, on-board the Columbus Module of the ISS.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Using 9 and 10 September as quiet times, lower energetic proton flux (20 to 35 MeV) increased by a factor of 5.4 on the day of the event.
“If one uses the 9 and 10 September as quiet times before the event, one can see an increase of lower energetic proton flux (20 to 35 MeV) by a factor of 5.4 on the day of the event.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The SPE was only seen at high L values (L > 3).
“Data with L > 3 were selected because the SPE was only seen at these high L values (see: Figure 5 and Figure 7).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
The overestimation of dose rates is mostly restricted to the highest peaks, i.e. to those parts of the orbit that have the lowest cut-off rigidity at high southern latitudes.
“The overestimation of the dose rates is mostly restricted to the highest peaks, i.e. to those parts of the orbit that have the lowest cut-off rigidity at high southern latitudes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Predictions for the dose rate in silicon at these positions reach 5 μGy/min.
“Predictions for the dose rate in silicon at these positions reach 5µGy/min.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Proton flux in the high energy interval increased by 2.6 over the quiet time.
“Also, the middle energy proton flux (35 -72 MeV) increased by a factor of 3.2 and the proton flux in the high energy interval increased by 2.6 over the quiet time.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Middle energy proton flux (35-72 MeV) increased by a factor of 3.2 over the quiet time.
“Also, the middle energy proton flux (35 -72 MeV) increased by a factor of 3.2 and the proton flux in the high energy interval increased by 2.6 over the quiet time.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
During the September 2017 time frame, DOSIS 3D-DOSTEL and ISS-RAD were located in close proximity to each other beneath two research racks (EPM and BLP) on the aft side of the Columbus Module.
“During the September 2017 time frame, these two instruments were located in close proximity to each other beneath two research racks (EPM and BLP) on the aft side of the Columbus Module, providing a perfect time and location for data comparison.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
During the initial phase of the 10 September 2017 SPE, the ISS was in a longitude range with relatively high cut-off rigidities, with minimum values at northern and southern latitudes between 2 GV and 5 GV, corresponding to proton kinetic energies between 1.3 GeV and 4.1 GeV.
“During the initial phase of the event, the ISS was in a longitude range with relatively high cut-off rigidities and reached minimum values at northern and southern latitudes between 2 GV and 5 GV, which correspond to proton kinetic energies between 1.3 GeV and 4.1 GeV.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
The proton flux for three distinct energy channels and the respective evolution of the flux for the event has been measured by the ISS-RAD D sub-detector instrument.
“Further on the proton flux for three distinct energy channels and the respective evolution of the flux for the event has been measured by the ISS-RAD D sub-detector instrument.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
This was the first SPE observed inside the ISS since May 2012.
“This was the first SPE observed inside the ISS since May 2012 and in addition it was an event which has been clearly seen by the CRaTER instrument orbiting Moon (Schwadron et al. 2018) and by the MSL-RAD instrument on the surface of Mars where it contributed around 418 µGy in Si of additional dose.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning
Due to the tilt and shift of Earth's magnetic field, minimum cut-off rigidities are not reached during each orbit but only along orbits at eastern longitude.
“Due to the tilt and shift of the magnetic field of Earth, the minimum cut-off rigidities are not reached during each orbit but only along orbits at eastern longitude.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Dose rates in LEO can reach values of about 2/3 of interplanetary space if the trajectory reaches points of very low cut-off rigidity.
“This effectively means that the dose rates in a LEO can reach values of about 2/3 of interplanetary space if the trajectory reaches points of very low cut-off rigidity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The difference in accumulated dose values can be explained by the relevant difference in local shielding, which strongly influences the low energy proton contributions to the dose.
“The difference in the accumulated dose values can be explained by the relevant difference in local shielding, which strongly influences the low energy proton contributions to the dose.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning
Energy losses in the two detectors due to a single particle can indicate particle species, direction and energy.
“Energy losses in the two detectors due to a single particle can indicate particle species, direction and energy.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
During the DosMap mission, data was collected for GLE 60 (15 April 2001) and GLE 61 (18 April 2001).
“During the DosMap mission, data was collected for two more GLEs, namely GLE 60 (15 April 2001) and GLE 61 (18 April 2001).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Reitz et al., 2005 source
- Premisenone given
The maximum energy a proton could deposit in a 315 μm silicon detector is around 7 MeV, occurring when a proton stops right at the edge of the detector.
“The maximum energy a proton could deposit in a 315 µm silicon detector is around 7 MeV; this occurs when a proton stops right at the edge of the detector”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The 22 June 2015 event was not observed inside the ISS due to the rather low energy of protons from this SPE.
“This event was not observed inside the ISS due to the rather low energy of protons from this SPE.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
At southern latitudes, the shielding effect is much weaker and is almost non-existent for longitudes where cut-off rigidities of about 0.3 GV are reached.
“This means, that the shielding effect at southern latitudes is much weaker and is, for a range of longitudes where cut-off rigidities of about 0.3 GV are reached, almost non-existent.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The shift and tilt of the magnetic field with respect to Earth's rotation axis cause lower cut-off rigidity values at high southern latitudes compared to the northern hemisphere.
- Interpretationown data
At the cut-off rigidities and proton kinetic energies of the initial phase, the SEP intensity was not high enough to increase dose rates inside Columbus.
“At these energies, however, the SEP intensity was not high enough to increase the dose rates inside Columbus.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 8
- May combine two claims. 22
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe ISS saw an increase of active radiation detectors applied for various research and operational purposes, increasing the data measured and available for comparison.
“The ISS saw an increase of active radiation detectors applied for various research and operational purposes (Narici et al., 2015), thereby also increasing the data measured and available for comparison (Narici et al., 2017;Rios, 2017).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe net SPE energy deposition spectrum clearly resembles nominal SAA spectra, thereby highlighting SPE protons.
“This clearly”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Berger et al. (2017) source
Section 3.1 (p. 4) says SAA energy-deposition spectra were stored separately, and Section 4.3 (p. 15) says the SAA contribution is dominated by low-energy protons. Neither passage compares a net SPE spectrum with nominal SAA spectra or identifies protons in an SPE spectrum. Searches for SPE and solar energetic particle spectra did not locate that comparison in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe major phase of the 10 September 2017 SPE for the ISS orbit started at high southern latitude crossings at 07:30 UTC on 11 September 2017 and was seen in 9 consecutive southern/northern orbits.
“For the ISS orbit, the major phase of the event started at high southern latitude crossings at 07:30 UTC on 11 September 2017 and it was seen in 9 consecutive southern/northern orbits.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Astronauts on-board the ISS are protected against high doses from Solar Energetic Protons by the geomagnetic field for much of its trajectory.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataOn 12 September 2017, the dose measured by DOSTEL-2 was 111.4 μGy/day, above nominal background.
“On 12 September we continued to observe an increased dose rate at high latitude regions in both instruments resulting in dose values above the nominal background -129.1 µGy/day in ISS-RAD B and 111.4 µGy/day in the DOSTEL-2 instrument.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataLow L-shell value electrons were present in the days before the 10 September event (mostly on 9 September), and high L-shell value populations of the SPE were present on 11 and still on 12 September 2017.
“Here, we clearly see the population of low L-shell value electrons in the days before the 10 September event (mostly on the 9 of September) and the high L-shell value populations of the SPE on the 11 but also still on the 12 September 2017.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataHigh count rates were noted on 9 September 2017 and disturbed count rates at high latitude regions up to 22 September 2017.
“In addition we note high count rates on 9 September and also disturbed count rates at high latitude regions up to 22 September 2017.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataOn 12 September 2017, the dose measured by ISS-RAD B was 129.1 μGy/day, above nominal background.
“On 12 September we continued to observe an increased dose rate at high latitude regions in both instruments resulting in dose values above the nominal background -129.1 µGy/day in ISS-RAD B and 111.4 µGy/day in the DOSTEL-2 instrument.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataOn 10 September 2017, the dose measured by DOSTEL-2 was 103.7 μGy/day.
“The dose measured on the day before the event reached the ISS was (as given in Table 4) 113.6 µGy/day for ISS-RAD B and 103.7 µGy/day in DOSTEL-2.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingnone givenThe second population is the nominal GCR variation due to the orbit of the ISS for L-shell values 1-6, with nominal minimum at L=1 and maximum at L=6.
“The second population is the nominal GCR variation due to the orbit of the ISS for Lshell values 1 -6 with the nominal minimum at L = 1 and the maximum at L = 6.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn the first and third ISS orbits on 9 September 2017, the DOSTEL-2 count rate showed a double peak structure with an increase in counts by more than a factor of 2 compared to the northbound crossing.
“An interesting feature in the first and third orbit is the double peak structure seen in the count rate of the DOSTEL-2 instrument with an increase in counts by more than a factor of 2 in comparison to the northbound crossing.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe predicted dose rate is about 25% more than the value measured by ISS-RAD B and over a factor of 2 more than measurements from DOSTEL.
“This is about 25% more than the value measured by ISS-RAD B and over a factor of 2 more than measurements from DOSTEL.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataAfter a few orbits, the calculated dose rates at southern latitudes are lower than at northern latitudes while the measurements still show the same alternating pattern of high and low dose rates.
“After a few orbits, this behavior is inverted: the calculated dose rates at southern latitudes are lower than at northern latitudes while the measurements still show the same alternating pattern of high and low dose rates.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataOn 11 September, the proton spectrum softened and generally intensified, whereas the surrounding days were fairly consistent with the nominal GCR background.
“The softening (and general intensification) of the proton spectrum is clearly seen on 11 September, whereas the surrounding days are fairly consistent with the nominal GCR background.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Findingnone givenA bump is clearly seen in the GCR spectra on the day of the event.
“A”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe total calculated dose in Si over the event was 110 μGy and in good agreement with the measurements.
“The fact that the total calculated dose in Si over the event was 110 µGy and in good agreement with the measurements”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataFigure 10a shows the GCR and GCR-like spectra for the exact 11 orbits of the event seen on 11 September 2017 in comparison to the exact same orbits seen the day before.
“Figure 10a shows the GCR and GCR-like spectra for the exact 11 orbits of the event seen on 11 September 2017 in comparison to the exact same orbits seen the day before.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingnone givenThe instruments observed the Forbush decrease and related disturbed magnetic field, visible in outer belt electrons from 9 September onwards, mostly in the southern hemisphere of ISS orbits.
“The instruments observed the Forbush decrease and related disturbed magnetic field which was visible in the observation of outer belt electrons from 9 September onwards, mostly seen in the southern hemisphere of the ISS orbits.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataThe protons of this SPE have a preferred arrival direction from the aft side of Columbus, due to lower overall shielding, and this has been verified.
“In addition, the protons of this SPE have been analyzed by looking at the relevant energy deposition spectra from the DOSIS 3D-DOSTEL instruments and their”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataDuring the SPE, lower energetic protons came more symmetrically than during the SAA region measurements, while a little asymmetry is still visible due to higher shielding of ISS in the forward direction.
“Here it can be seen that the lower energetic protons came more symmetrically than during the SAA region measurements while a little asymmetry is still visible due to the higher shielding of ISS in the forward direction.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe small population for L values between 2.5 and 4 consists of electrons from the outer radiation belt seen as bremsstrahlung in the detectors, occurring due to the disturbed magnetic field following the Forbush decrease.
“This population consists of electrons from the outer radiation belt which are seen as bremsstrahlung in the detectors and occur due to the disturbed magnetic field following the Forbush decrease.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisereasoningDose rates in LEO are reduced compared to interplanetary space due to Earth blocking about one third of the sky at 400 km altitude and due to magnetospheric shielding expressed by effective vertical cut-off rigidity RC.
“Dose rates in LEO are reduced when comparing to interplanetary space due to: 1) the shielding provided by the Earth blocking about one third of the sky at an altitude of 400 km above ground, and 2) the shielding provided by the magnetosphere which can be expressed by the effective vertical cut-off rigidity R C which varies along the trajectory.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisenone givenA higher ΔE in D2 than in D1 means the particle first penetrated D1 then D2, and vice versa.
“A higher ΔE in D2 than in D1 means the particle first penetrated D1 then D2 and vice versa.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe DOSTEL instrument measured the onset of GLE 55 on 6 November 1997 during its MIR mission.
“During this time, it measured the onset of the first GLE of the 23 rd Solar Cycle on 6 November 1997 (GLE 55) (Burmeister et al., 2000;Beaujean et al., 2002;Badhwar et al., 2002).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe space radiation environment and its impact on humans is one of the main problems for long duration human space missions.
“The space radiation environment and its impact on humans has been seen as one of the main problems for long duration human space missions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Durante & Cucinotta, 2011 source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe 1989 SPEs (GLE 42-45) are the highest SPE doses ever measured in LEO onboard a space station, with 27 mGy measured by R-16 for GLE 43 on 19 October 1989.
“These are the highest SPE doses ever measured in LEO onboard a space station (see: Table 2) resulting in doses of 27 mGy measured by the R-16 ionization chamber (Shurshakov et al., 1999) for GLE 43 on 19 October 1989.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Shurshakov et al., 1999 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe March 2012 event inside the MATROSHKA-R phantom increased dose equivalent by 0.480 mSv, while MSL-RAD measured 19.5 mSv in free space.
“While the increase in dose equivalent due to the event in March 2012 inside the MATROSHKA-R phantom was 0.480 mSv (Semkova et al., 2013), MSL-RAD measured 19.5 mSv in free space (Zeitlin et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Semkova et al., 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Zeitlin et al., 2013 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationLower energetic particles penetrating one of the two detectors lose some of their energy in that detector and, if they pass the other detector, lose even more energy in the second one, as explained by the Bethe-Bloch equation.
“Lower energetic particles penetrating one of the two detectors lose some of their energy already in this detector and then if they pass the other detector lose even more energy in the second one as explained by the Bethe-Bloch-equation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Astronauts on-board the ISS are protected against high doses from Solar Energetic Protons by the geomagnetic field for much of its trajectory.
“Astronauts on-board the International Space Station (ISS) are protected against high doses from Solar Energetic Protons (SEP) as a result of being shielded by the geomagnetic field for much of its trajectory.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
10 September 2017 is taken as a quiet day before the event.
“If 10 September is taken as quiet day before the event, the additional dose due to the event was 146.2 µGy in Si as measured by the ISS-RAD B sub-detector and 67.8 µGy in Si as measured by the DOSTEL-2 instrument.”
The paper relies on this without support.
For trajectories in free space or on the surface of planetary bodies without a magnetic field, astronauts will not be protected from Solar Energetic Protons by geomagnetic shielding.
“This will not be the case for trajectories in free space or on the surface of planetary bodies without a magnetic field or with an insignificant localized magnetic field, such as Mars.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The shift and tilt of the magnetic field with respect to Earth's rotation axis cause lower cut-off rigidity values at high southern latitudes compared to the northern hemisphere.
“Due to the shift and tilt of the magnetic field with respect to the rotation axis of Earth, lower values of the cut-off rigidity are reached at high southern latitudes compared to the northern hemisphere.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Conflicting Mars event-dose values
MinorThe paper gives the additional silicon dose measured on Mars for the same September 2017 event as both 347 μGy and approximately 418 μGy.
“The total dose from the event observed with the MSL-RAD B sub-detector was 347 µGy in Si”
“by the MSL-RAD instrument on the surface of Mars where it contributed around 418 µGy in Si of additional dose.”
GLE date range excludes the listed final event
MinorThe stated range for GLEs 42-45 ends on 24 October 1989, but Table 2 dates GLE 45 to 25 October 1989.
“a total of four Ground Level Enhancements (GLE) from 29 September to 24 October 1989, namely GLE 42 to GLE 45.”
“| 25.10.1989 | 45 | 1.4 |”
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Complex Space Weather Events of 2017 September
Hajra, R., Tsurutani, B. T., & Lakhina, G. S. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aba2c5 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Extreme solar flares that occurred in 2017 September and their relationships with CMEs have been previously well reported (Attie et al. 2018; Berger et al. 2018; Chamberlin et al. 2018; Chertok et al. 2018; Matthiä et al. 2018; O’Brien et al. 2018; Redmon et al. 2018; Schillings et al. 2018; Yan et…”
BackgroundIn Situ Data and Effect Correlation During September 2017 Solar Particle Event
Jiggens, P. T. A., Clavie, C., Evans, H. D. R., O'Brien, T. P., Witasse, O. G., Mishev, A., Nieminen, P. J., Daly, E. J., Kalegaev, V. V., Vlasova, N. A., et al. (2018) · Space Weather · doi:10.1029/2018sw001936 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“This is in agreement with GEANT4 calculations performed by Matthiä et al. (2018) for the event (Berger et al., 2018).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationBerger, T., Matthiä, D., Burmeister, S., Zeitlin, C. J., Rios, R., Stoffle, N., Schwadron, N. A., Spence, H. E., Hassler, D. M., Ehresmann, B., et al. (2020) · Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate · doi:10.1051/swsc/2020028 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“A more detailed description of the geometry is given in Berger et al. (2018).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationBadruddin, B., Aslam, O. P. M., Derouich, M., et al. (2019) · Space Weather · doi:10.1029/2018sw001941 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Mavromichalaki, H., Gerontidou, M., Paschalis, P., et al. (2018) · Space Weather · doi:10.1029/2018sw001992 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“, 2007) to the increase of radiation dose received by space crews and air crews (Berger et al., 2018; Lovelace et al., 2018; Paschalis et al., 2016; Sato et al., 2018; Tobiska et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMillar‐Wilson, A., Ward, Ó., Duffy, E., & Hardiman, G. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105421 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Space Weather on the Surface of Mars: Impact of the September 2017 Events
Hassler, D. M., Zeitlin, C., Ehresmann, B., Wimmer‐Schweingruber, R. F., Guo, J., Matthiä, D., Rafkin, S., Berger, T., & Reitz, G. (2018) · Space Weather · doi:10.1029/2018sw001959 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationMatthiä, D., Meier, M. M., & Berger, T. (2018) · Space Weather · doi:10.1029/2018sw001921 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“This behavior was clearly observed for the 10 September event (Berger et al., 2018).”
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Self-citationCramer, A. G., Withers, P. G., Elrod, M. K., Benna, M., & Mahaffy, P. R. (2020) · Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics · doi:10.1029/2020ja028518 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…to enter the magnetosphere, likewise increased the likelihood of failures in spacecraft electronics (O'Brien et al., 2018), and on the International Space Station, the Moon, and Mars, increased radiation doses were observed (Berger et al., 2018; Hassler et al., 2018; Schwadron et al., 2018).”
BackgroundOnset Time of the GLE 72 Observed at Neutron Monitors and its Relation to Electromagnetic Emissions
Kurt, V. G., Belov, A. V., Kudela, K., et al. (2019) · Solar Physics · doi:10.1007/s11207-019-1407-9 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Radiation Exposure and Shielding Effects on the Lunar Surface
Matthiä, D., & Berger, T. (2024) · Space Weather · doi:10.1029/2024sw004095 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Astronauts on‐board the International Space Station (ISS) are protected against high doses from these SPEs as a result of being shielded by the geomagnetic field along much of the spacecraft trajectory (Berger et al., 2018).”
Self-citationZeitlin, C. J., Castro, A. J., Beard, K. B., Abdelmelek, M., Hayes, B., Johnson, A. S., Stoffle, N., & Rios, R. R. (2023) · Life Sciences in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.lssr.2023.01.003 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationSeptember 2017 Space-Weather Events: A Study on Magnetic Reconnection and Geoeffectiveness
Hajra, R. (2021) · Solar Physics · doi:10.1007/s11207-021-01803-7 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…well reported (e.g. Attie et al., 2018; Berger et al., 2018; Chamberlin et al., 2018; Chertok, Belov, and Abunin, 2018; Matthiä, Meier, and Berger, 2018; O’Brien, Mazur, and Looper, 2018; Redmon et al., 2018; Schillings et al., 2018; Yan et al., 2018; Bruno et al., 2019; Jiggens et al.,…”
BackgroundThe ESA Active Dosimeter (EAD) system onboard the International Space Station (ISS)
Straube, U., Berger, T., & Dieckmann, M. (2024) · Zeitschrift für Medizinische Physik · doi:10.1016/j.zemedi.2023.03.001 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Actually, this position corresponded to the ISS-Radiation Assessment Detector (ISS-RAD) instrument in late 2017, which enabled a comparison of DOSIS 3D-DOSTEL and ISS-RAD data during the SPE in September 2017 [18].”
MethodSelf-citationCatalog of Solar Proton Events in the 24th Cycle of Solar Activity (2009–2019)
Logachev, Y. I., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Vlasova, N., et al. (2022) · doi:10.2205/esdb-sad-008 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
An Integrated Innovative 3D Radiation Protection Fabric for Advanced Spacesuits and Systems
Paige, C. A., Newman, D. J., & Lombardo, S. (2020) · IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO) · doi:10.1109/aero47225.2020.9172794 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Sato, T., Kataoka, R., Shiota, D., Kubo, Y., Ishii, M., Yasuda, H., Miyake, S., Miyoshi, Y., Ueno, H., & Nagamatsu, A. (2019) · Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate · doi:10.1051/swsc/2019006 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“For RD,i(Ei), we prepared the response functions of two silicon-based active detectors—Liulin-5 in the MATROSHKAR phantom and DOSTEL (DOSimetry TELescope)—to reproduce the experimental data presented by Reitz et al. (2005), Semkova et al. (2014), and Berger et al. (2018).”
MethodMatthiä, D., Burmeister, S., Przybyla, B., & Berger, T. (2023) · Life Sciences in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.lssr.2023.04.002 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationZeitlin, C. J., Castro, A. J., Beard, K. B., Abdelmelek, M., Hayes, B., Johnson, A. S., Stoffle, N., Rios, R. R., Leitgab, M. A., & Hassler, D. M. (2023) · Life Sciences in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.lssr.2023.03.005 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationFino, L. D., Romoli, G., Amantini, G. S., Boretti, V., Lunati, L., Berucci, C., Messi, R., Rizzo, A., Albicocco, P., Donato, C. D., et al. (2023) · Life Sciences in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.lssr.2023.03.007 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Solar Eruption of 2017 September 10: Wavy with a Chance of Protons
de Koning, C. A., Pizzo, V. J., & Seaton, D. B. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac374d · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Long‐Term Monitoring of Energetic Protons at the Bottom of Earth’s Radiation Belt
Yoshioka, K., Miyoshi, Y., Kurita, S., et al. (2020) · Space Weather · doi:10.1029/2020sw002611 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“In this context, observations by radiation monitors on board the ISS (H∼400 km) have been used in many studies (Berger et al., 2018; Kataoka et al., 2016).”
MethodEmploying the Coupled EUHFORIA‐OpenGGCM Model to Predict CME Geoeffectiveness
Maharana, A., Cramer, W. D., Samara, E., et al. (2024) · Space Weather · doi:10.1029/2023sw003715 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“It significantly impacted Earth by disrupting telecommunication during hurricane mitigation (Redmon et al., 2018), enhancing radiation dosages (Berger et al., 2018; Kataoka et al., 2018) and ground‐level currents (Cohen & Mewaldt, 2018), and impacting the ionosphere, GNSS, and radio wave…”
BackgroundRadLab: An open science resource for radiation studies relevant to human spaceflight
Grigorev, K. A., Miller, J. M., Narici, L., & Costes, S. V. (2024) · Life Sciences in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.lssr.2024.10.001 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Fault Detection Mechanisms for COTS FPGA Systems Used in Low Earth Orbit
Oberschulte, T., Marten, J., & Blume, H. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-46077-7_2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Quantitative Evaluation of Fault Detection Strategies in FPGAs for Space Applications
Oberschulte, T., Marten, J., & Blume, H. (2026) · International Journal of Parallel Programming · doi:10.1007/s10766-026-00827-5
“Radiation effects on the ISS mostly originate from galactic cosmic rays, trapped radiation from Van Allen belts, and solar particle events [ 4 , 5 ].”
Blunier, S., Jiggens, P. T. A., Valdivia, J. A., & Cowley, A. (2026) · Space Weather · doi:10.1029/2025sw004662 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The 10 September 2017 SEP was also measured inside the Columbus module showing an increase above background ranging be-tween 67.8 and 146.2 μGy depending on the location in the module and detector used (Berger et al., 2018).”
Influential(2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822537-0.00025-9
Caprotti, A. S., Brüdern, M., Burmeister, S., Heber, B., & Herbst, K. (2021) · Space Weather · doi:10.1029/2020sw002510
“During Ground Level Enhancements (GLEs) SEPs are measured by instruments aboard the ISS (Berger et al., 2018, and references therein).”
MethodSelf-citationFall 2018 AGU Editors' Highlights: Living Within the Sun's Stormy Atmosphere
Knipp, D. J. (2019) · Space Weather · doi:10.1029/2019sw002154
“…have been further described in a group of papers in the Space Weather Special Collection Space Weather Events of 4‐10 September 2017 (see Berger et al., 2018; Cohen & Mewaldt, 2018; Copeland et al., 2018; Jiggens et al., 2019; Kataoka et al., 2018; Luhmann et al., 2018; Matthiä et al.,…”
Background
- Authors
- Berger, T., Matthiä, D., Burmeister, S., Rios, R., Lee, K., Semones, E., Hassler, D. M., Stoffle, N., & Zeitlin, C.
- Affiliations
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR) (DE)
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
- Leidos (United States) (US)
- Johnson Space Center (US)
- Southwest Research Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Berger, T.
- Venue
- Space Weather
- Publisher
- American Geophysical Union (AGU)
- Published
- 2018-09
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1173-1189
- ISSN
- 1542-7390 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2810668307
- Semantic Scholar
- 8f2d868417f3d491c6bf25fee8eeb28865de602f
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 2.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Space Weather (publishedVersion)
- elib (German Aerospace Center) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (50WB1533, 50WB1232, 50WB1026, 50WB0826)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNJ15HK11B)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics
- Keywords
- solar energetic particle events, International Space Station, ground level enhancement, radiation dose, Mars Science Laboratory, low Earth orbit radiation environment, trapped radiation, galactic cosmic rays
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-11.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-11.
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Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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