Constraints on present‐day shortening rate across the central eastern Andes from GPS data
Open accessAbstract
Two years of continuous GPS data from several sites in South America indicate that Arequipa in the southern Peruvian Andes has a velocity of 13±3 mm/yr (two standard errors) to the northeast with respect to stable South America. We interpret these data as reflecting a combination of elastic strain accumulation associated with a locked Nazca‐South America subduction zone and a small amount of crustal shortening across the fold and thrust belt on the eastern margin of the Andes. Models of elastic strain accumulation for fully locked and partly locked subduction zones constrain shortening in the eastern Andes to 0–3 mm/yr (fully locked) and 0–12 mm/yr (partly locked), slower than some geologic estimates averaged over millions of years.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Two years of continuous GPS data show Arequipa, Peru, moving 13±3 mm/yr northeast relative to stable South America. Elastic models of the locked Nazca–South America subduction zone allow only 0–3 mm/yr of present-day shortening across the eastern Andes if fully locked, or up to 12 mm/yr if partly decoupled, slower than some long-term geologic estimates.
Key findings
- Arequipa’s GPS velocity relative to stable South America is 13±3 mm/yr toward 72±6°E (Table 2; abstract reports two standard errors, tables report 95% confidence).
- For a fully locked subduction zone, models with 0–3 mm/yr shortening in the eastern Andes agree with the GPS data at 95% confidence; models with >6 mm/yr shortening disagree, and 27 mm/yr is excluded at 99% confidence.
- For a partly locked/50% aseismic subduction zone, shortening up to 12 mm/yr is allowed, but 27 mm/yr is still excluded at 99% confidence; even with complete decoupling, the maximum shortening rate is Arequipa’s velocity, 13±3 mm/yr.
- The authors conclude modern shortening is slower than geologic estimates of 8–27 mm/yr averaged over 5–25 Ma; if the fully locked interpretation is correct, there is no earthquake deficit or significant aseismic deformation in the region.
Methods
- GPS: five permanent sites—Arequipa (Peru) plus Fortaleza, Brasilia, Kourou, and La Plata in stable South America—analyzed daily at the University of Miami Geodesy Lab using GIPSY, non-fiducial satellite orbits, and ITRF94; velocities from least-squares fits to daily positions, mostly from mid-1994 onward, with Brasilia and La Plata operational in 1995.
- SLR comparison: updated Robaudo and Harrison’s SLR analysis with NUVEL-1A, obtaining an Arequipa velocity of 20±6 mm/yr toward 80°E, similar to the GPS result.
- Modeling: elastic half-space/boundary-element approach using 3D-DEF and Savage [1983]; locked subduction zone modeled as three segments with dips 10° (0–15 km), 18° (15–35 km), and 26° (35 km to maximum locking depth), locking depth 50 km (range 46–54 km), back slip at 78 mm/yr plate convergence; thrust faults at 600 and 650 km from the trench, dipping 30°W, locked to 20 km, with shortening rates of 3, 12, and 27 mm/yr tested for fully locked and 50% aseismic subduction.
Limitations
- The paper states locking depth must be estimated indirectly because the study region has not ruptured in a large earthquake since modern seismic instrumentation was deployed; it uses 50 km and tests 46–54 km.
- The paper states additional site velocity data west of Arequipa would better constrain subduction-zone models, while data east of Arequipa would directly measure geologic shortening; these data were still being collected.
- Evident from the text: the GPS result rests on only five permanent sites and about two years of data, and the shortening estimate is model-dependent rather than directly measured east of Arequipa.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
0 of 17 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
Arequipa in the southern Peruvian Andes has a velocity of 13±3 mm/yr (two standard errors / 95% confidence) to the northeast, in direction 72±6°E, with respect to stable South America.
“Two years of continuous GPS data from several sites in South America indicate that Arequipa in the southern Peruvian Andes has a velocity of 13+3 mm/yr (two standard errors) to the northeast with respect to stable South America.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“Arequipa/GPS • 13_+3 0720_+6 ø”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
- Findingown data
The GPS and SLR estimates of Arequipa's velocity are equivalent at 95% confidence in rate and azimuth.
“The similarity between GPS and SLR results (equivalent at 95% confidence in rate and azimuth) suggests that the NUVEL-1A model is a reasonable predictor of current North America-South America motion [Dixon and Mao, 1997].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
An updated SLR analysis gives Arequipa a velocity of 20±6 mm/yr in direction 80°E relative to stable South America.
“We updated this analysis to reflect the revised NUVEL-1A model velocities [DeMets et al., 1994], obtaining a velocity for Arequipa of 20+6 mm/yr in a direction 80øE (Table 2), similar in rate and direction to the GPS result.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites DeMets et al., 1994 source
- Findingown data
Models of elastic strain accumulation for fully locked subduction zones constrain shortening in the eastern Andes to 0-3 mm/yr.
“Models of elastic strain accumulation for fully locked and partly locked subduction zones constrain shortening in the eastern Andes to 0-3 mm/yr (fully locked) and 0-12 mm/yr (partly locked), slower than some geologic estimates averaged over millions of years.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · boosted
“The fully locked models with no to slow (0-3 mrn/yr) shortening are in good agreement (95% confidence) with the GPS data.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Introduction · boosted
- Findingown data
Locked subduction zone models incorporating moderate to fast shortening (>6 mm/yr) disagree with the GPS data at 95% confidence.
“Locked subduction zone models incorporating moderate to fast shortening (>6 mrn/yr) disagree with the GPS data at 95% confidence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingreasoning
The high shortening rate model can be excluded at 99% confidence even for completely decoupled (100% aseismic slip) models.
“The high shortening rate model can be excluded at 99% confidence even for completely decoupled (100% aseismic slip) models, i.e., with no elastic strain accumulation in the subduction zone, the maximum shortening rate in the eastern Andes is just Arequipa's velocity relative to the craton, 13+3 mrn/yr.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Models of elastic strain accumulation for partly locked subduction zones constrain shortening in the eastern Andes to 0-12 mm/yr.
“Models of elastic strain accumulation for fully locked and partly locked subduction zones constrain shortening in the eastern Andes to 0-3 mm/yr (fully locked) and 0-12 mm/yr (partly locked), slower than some geologic estimates averaged over millions of years.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“Models with 50% aseismic subduction allow faster (up to 12 mrn/yr) shortening, but exclude the high (27 mrn/yr) shortening rate.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
- Findingnone given
The azimuths of the NUVEL-1A velocity for Nazca-South America and Arequipa's velocity (GPS or SLR) are very similar.
“The azimuths of the NUVEL-1A velocity for Nazca-South America and Arequipa's velocity (GPS or SLR) are also very similar.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The high shortening rate model (27 mm/yr) can be excluded at 99% confidence.
“The high shortening rate model (27 mm/yr) can be excluded at 99% confidence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The fully locked models with no to slow (0-3 mm/yr) shortening are in good agreement (95% confidence) with the GPS data.
“The fully locked models with no to slow (0-3 mrn/yr) shortening are in good agreement (95% confidence) with the GPS data.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The NUVEL-1A model is a reasonable predictor of current North America-South America motion.
“The similarity between GPS and SLR results (equivalent at 95% confidence in rate and azimuth) suggests that the NUVEL-1A model is a reasonable predictor of current North America-South America motion [Dixon and Mao, 1997].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Dixon and Mao, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
Assuming all shortening happened in the last 25 million years, the 210 km and 320 km estimates translate to average shortening rates of 8.4-12.8 mm/yr.
“Assuming all shortening happened in the last 25 million years, these estimates translate to average shortening rates of 8.4-12.8mm/yr.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: All shortening happened in the last 25 million years.
- Interpretationreasoning
Assuming a locked plate interface, about 7 meters of slip has accumulated since the last large earthquake in the area.
“Assuming a locked plate interface, about 7 meters of slip has accumulated.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The plate interface is locked.
- Rests on an assumption: The last large earthquake in the area was in 1913.
- Interpretationreasoning
With no elastic strain accumulation in the subduction zone, the maximum shortening rate in the eastern Andes is just Arequipa's velocity relative to the craton, 13±3 mm/yr.
“The high shortening rate model can be excluded at 99% confidence even for completely decoupled (100% aseismic slip) models, i.e., with no elastic strain accumulation in the subduction zone, the maximum shortening rate in the eastern Andes is just Arequipa's velocity relative to the craton, 13+3 mrn/yr.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Seismic and 50% aseismic models should be distinguishable after a few years of observations.
“Seismic vs 50% aseismic models should be distinguishable after a few years of observations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
If similar rupture areas characterize the study area, release of half the accumulated slip in a single future event would produce a seismic moment of 10^28 dyne-cm, equivalent to an Mw~8 event.
“If similar rupture areas characterize our study area, release of half the accumulated slip in a single future event would produce a seismic moment of 1028 dyne-cm, equivalent to an Mw-8 event [Kanamori, 1983].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kanamori, 1983 source
- The authors state this as an assumption: The plate interface is locked.
- Rests on an assumption: The last large earthquake in the area was in 1913.
- Interpretationreasoning
If Roeder's high shortening rate estimate is correct, the GPS data and the locked model imply a more dramatic and more recent (post-5 Ma) slowdown.
“If Roeder's [1988] high shortening rate estimate is correct, our data and the locked model imply a more dramatic and more recent (post-5Ma) slowdown.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Roeder, 1988 source
- Interpretationown data
The rate of strain accumulation near the trench implied by the data, and the pattern of rupture in previous events, allow estimates of the size of future events.
“The rate of strain accumulation near the trench implied by our data, and the pattern of rupture in previous events, allow estimates of the size of future events.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Post-Oligocene (<26 Ma) crustal shortening is probably the dominant process for thickening central Andes crust.
“Post-Oligocene (<26 Ma) crustal shortening is probably the dominant process for thickening central Andes crust [Isacks, 1988;Sempere et al., 1990].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Isacks, 1988 source
- cites Sempere et al., 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationown data
Faster geological estimates averaged over 5-25 million years (8-27 mm/yr) are not indicative of the modern shortening rate.
“Assuming a fully locked subduction zone, our data are consistent with slow rates of eastern Andes shortening suggested by seismic data, implying that faster geological estimates averaged over 5-25 million years (8-27 mm/yr) are not indicative of the modern rate.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Tichelaar and Ruff [1991] found locking depths in the range 36-53 km for the central and southern Andes.
“Tichelaar and Ruff [1991] studied earthquakes along the subduction interface for the central and southern Andes and found locking depths in the range 36-53 km.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Tichelaar and Ruff, 1991 source
- Interpretationown data
The model-constrained shortening rates (0-3 mm/yr fully locked, 0-12 mm/yr partly locked) are slower than some geologic estimates averaged over millions of years.
“Models of elastic strain accumulation for fully locked and partly locked subduction zones constrain shortening in the eastern Andes to 0-3 mm/yr (fully locked) and 0-12 mm/yr (partly locked), slower than some geologic estimates averaged over millions of years.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
The GPS result is based on direct measurement.
“Our GPS result is based on direct measurement.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Assuming a fully locked subduction zone, the GPS data are consistent with slow rates of eastern Andes shortening suggested by seismic data.
“Assuming a fully locked subduction zone, our data are consistent with slow rates of eastern Andes shortening suggested by seismic data, implying that faster geological estimates averaged over 5-25 million years (8-27 mm/yr) are not indicative of the modern rate.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The subduction zone is fully locked.
- Study design and conductown data
Unlike the SLR result, the GPS result employs no assumptions concerning relative motion of North and South America or equivalence between velocities on geodetic and geologic time scales.
“Unlike the SLR result, it employs no assumptions concerning relative motion of North and South America or equivalence between velocities on geodetic and geologic time scales.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 12
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 11
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataModels with 50% aseismic subduction allow faster (up to 12 mm/yr) shortening, but exclude the high (27 mm/yr) shortening rate.
“Models with 50% aseismic subduction allow faster (up to 12 mrn/yr) shortening, but exclude the high (27 mrn/yr) shortening rate.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataPreliminary data from 25 sites observed in 1994 and 1996 confirm the results presented here and are consistent with partly aseismic subduction.
“Preliminary data from 25 sites observed in 1994 and 1996 confirm results presented here and are consistent with partly aseismic subduction.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningAccumulated slip is reduced by half for a 50% aseismic subduction model, reducing the corresponding estimate of earthquake magnitude.
“Accumulated slip is reduced by half for a 50% aseismic subduction model, reducing the corresponding estimate of earthquake magnitude.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationcitationThe northern Bolivia cross sections imply an average shortening rate of 27 mm/yr.
“Cross sections in northern Bolivia suggest 135 km shortening in the last 5 Ma [Roeder, 1988], i.e., 27 mm/yr average rate.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationCross sections in northern Bolivia suggest 135 km shortening in the last 5 Ma.
“Cross sections in northern Bolivia suggest 135 km shortening in the last 5 Ma [Roeder, 1988], i.e., 27 mm/yr average rate.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Roeder, 1988 source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataArequipa's motion likely reflects a combination of elastic strain accumulation associated with a locked Nazca-South America subduction zone and a small amount of crustal shortening across the fold and thrust belt on the eastern margin of the Andes.
“We interpret these data as reflecting a combination of elastic strain accumulation associated with a locked Nazca-South America subduction zone and a small amount of crustal shortening across the fold and thrust belt on the eastern margin of the Andes.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · hedged
“Arequipa's motion likely reflects both elastic (recoverable) strain accumulation associated with the seismic cycle at the locked subduction zone, and permanent shortening in the sub-Andean fold and thrust belt several hundred kilometers east.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Introduction · hedged
May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningSouth of the study area (18°-24°), overall geometry gives a slab dip of about 18°, implying a dip at the deepest portion of about 26°.
“South of our study area (18ø-24 ø) overall geometry gives a slab dip of about 18 ø, implying a dip at the deepest portion of about 26 ø.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationTichelaar and Ruff [1991] suggest that interplate thrust events south of the study area have rupture areas of about 10^4 km^2.
“Tichelaar and Ruff [1991] suggest that interplate thrust events south of our area have rupture areas -104 km 2.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Tichelaar and Ruff, 1991 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationTichelaar and Ruff [1991] suggested that for 18°S to 24°S, south of the study area, the coupled zone extends at least to 43-48 km.
“Tichelaar and Ruff [1991 ] suggested that for 18øS to 24øS, south of our study area, the coupled zone extends at least to 43-48 km.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Tichelaar and Ruff, 1991 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationSchmitz [1994] estimated 320 km post-Cretaceous shortening for the entire south central Andes (trench to foreland).
“Schmitz [1994] estimated 320 km post-Cretaceous shortening for the entire south central Andes (trench to foreland).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Schmitz, 1994 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe result implies a recent slowdown in the rate of crustal shortening, for which there is no firm evidence.
“It also implies a recent slowdown in the rate of crustal shortening, for which there is no firm evidence.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThe modeling results are not sensitive to the actual location of the thrust faults, their geometry, or the partitioning of motion between them.
“To model the sub-Andean fold and thrust belt, we used faults 600 and 650 km from the trench, each accommodating half the geologic shortening (results are not sensitive to the actual location of the faults, their geometry or the partitioning of motion between them).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAlthough the average convergence rate for the last 10 Ma may have been less than the previous 10 Ma, the timing of the slowdown is poorly constrained.
“Although the average convergence rate for the last 10Ma may have been less than the previous 10Ma, the timing of the slowdown is poorly constrained [Pardo-Casas and Molnar, 1987].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Pardo-Casas and Molnar, 1987 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe locus of shortening has migrated east with time, from the Altiplano in the Miocene to its present position in the Sub-Andean zone.
“The locus of shortening has migrated east with time, from the Altiplano in the Miocene to its present position in the Sub-Andean zone [e.g., Suarez et al., 1983;Isacks, 1988].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningIf the fully locked interpretation is correct, there is no earthquake deficit in this region, nor any significant aseismic deformation.
“If correct, there is no earthquake deficit in this region, nor any significant aseismic deformation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe plate convergence rate is 78 mm/yr.
“Surface strain for a subduction zone is modeled by imposing back slip at the plate convergence rate [78 mrn/yr; DeMets et al., 1994] to simulate the locked segment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites DeMets et al., 1994 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationSuarez et al. [1983] used rates of seismic energy release to suggest present-day shortening across the eastern Andes and sub-Andean belt at 1-2 mm/yr.
“Suarez et al. [1983] used rates of seismic energy release to suggest present-day shortening across the eastern Andes and sub-Andean belt at 1-2 mm/yr.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Suarez et al., 1983 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationBalanced cross sections across the central Bolivian fold and thrust belt suggest 210 km minimum shortening, all post-Oligocene.
“Balanced cross sections across the central Bolivian fold and thrust belt suggest 210 km minimum shortening [Sheffels, 1990], all post-Copyright 1997 by the American Geophysical Union.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sheffels, 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataAssuming a partly decoupled subduction zone, the GPS data allow higher shortening rates (up to 12 mm/yr), allow for aseismic deformation in the eastern Andes, and do not require a recent slowdown in shortening.
“Assuming a partly decoupled subduction zone, our data allow higher shortening rates (up to 12 mm/yr), allow for aseismic deformation in the eastern Andes, and do not require a recent slowdown in shortening.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The subduction zone is partly decoupled, with 50% aseismic slip.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe focal-mechanism dips are about 10° steeper than the trench-to-deepest-thrust dips, due to steepening of the subduction zone with depth.
“The latter are about 10 ø steeper than the former, due to steepening of the subduction zone with depth.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The authors state this as an assumption.
All shortening happened in the last 25 million years.
“Assuming all shortening happened in the last 25 million years, these estimates translate to average shortening rates of 8.4-12.8mm/yr.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The subduction zone is fully locked.
“Assuming a fully locked subduction zone, our data are consistent with slow rates of eastern Andes shortening suggested by seismic data, implying that faster geological estimates averaged over 5-25 million years (8-27 mm/yr) are not indicative of the modern rate.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The subduction zone is partly decoupled, with 50% aseismic slip.
“Assuming a partly decoupled subduction zone, our data allow higher shortening rates (up to 12 mm/yr), allow for aseismic deformation in the eastern Andes, and do not require a recent slowdown in shortening.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The plate interface is locked.
“Assuming a locked plate interface, about 7 meters of slip has accumulated.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The last large earthquake in the area was in 1913.
“It has been 82 years since the last large earthquake in the area (1913).”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
James citation year differs from reference list
MinorThe introduction cites James as a 1972 publication, but the matching reference-list entry gives 1971.
“[James, 1972;Fukao et al., 1989]”
“10. James, D.E., Andean crustal and upper mantle structure, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 3246-3271, 1971.”
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Kendrick, E. C., Bevis, M. G., Smalley, R., et al. (1999) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/1999gl900040 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
GPS-derived Deformation of the Central Andes Including the 1995 Antofagasta M w = 8.0 Earthquake
Klotz, J., Angermann, D., Michel, G. W., Porth, R., Reigber, C., Reinking, J., Viramonte, J. M., Perdomo, R., Ríos, V. H., Barrientos, S. E., et al. (1999) · Birkhäuser Basel eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-8679-6_14 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Crustal shortening in the Andes: Why do GPS rates differ from geological rates?
Liu, M., Yang, Y., Stein, S., Zhu, Y., & Engeln, J. (2000) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2000gl008532 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationNormal faulting along the southern margin of the Puna Plateau, northwest Argentina
Schoenbohm, L. M., & Strecker, M. R. (2009) · Tectonics · doi:10.1029/2008tc002341 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“GPS measurements record only shortening across the central Andes [Leffler et al., 1997; Norabuena et al., 1998, 1999; Kendrick et al., 2003], but this is expected, given the small percentage of N-S extension in the overall compressional regime [Liu et al., 2002].”
BackgroundStress balance above subduction: application to the Andes
Husson, L., & Ricard, Y. (2004) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.03.041 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Geodetic measurements over the Andes [19–21] and the Himalayas [22,23] as well as the global intraplate stress map [1] indicate a compression rather than extensional stress regime behind mountain belts associated with subduction zones, supporting the notion that interplate tractions play a more important role than cou…”
BackgroundKeefer, D. K., & Moseley, M. E. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0404320101 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Is the Shanxi rift of northern China extending?
He, J., Liu, M., & Li, Y. (2003) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2003gl018764 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“This explains the smooth GPS velocities over the Shanxi rift and many other regions of known active crustal deformation, such as the Central Andes [Kendrick et al., 2001; Leffler et al., 1997] and the Himalayan-Tibetan plateau [Wang et al., 2001a].”
BackgroundFlesch, L. M., & Kreemer, C. (2009) · Tectonophysics · doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2009.07.014 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“…deformation field is dominated by elastic strain accumulation from coupling on the adjacent subduction mega-thrust (e.g., Bevis et al., 2001; Leffler et al., 1997; Norabuena et al., 1998), but is appropriate for the Colorado Plateau, which is located far from the main plate boundary in an…”
BackgroundBevis, M. G., Kendrick, E. C., Smalley, R., HERRING, T. A., Godoy, J. A. Q., & Galbán, F. M. (1999) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1029/1999gc000011 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Ruegg, J., Olcay, M., & Lazo, D. (2001) · Seismological Research Letters · doi:10.1785/gssrl.72.6.673 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Zhou, R., Schoenbohm, L. M., & Cosca, M. A. (2012) · Tectonics · doi:10.1029/2012tc003189 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“These clearly document shortening within the modern cordillera mountain front [e.g., Leffler et al., 1997; Norabuena et al., 1998; Kendrick et al. 2001].”
BackgroundBreak-up spots: Could the Pacific open as a consequence of plate kinematics?
Clouard, V., & Gerbault, M. (2007) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.10.013 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“…systematic discrepancies between GPS site velocities and those predicted by Nuvel-1A across the Andes, the Himalayan-Tibetan plateau, or Taiwan, indicate diffuse plateboundary deformation and significant intraplate deformation (Khazaradze and Klotz, 2003; Leffler et al., 1997; Yang and Liu, 2002).”
BackgroundMcFarland, P. K., Bennett, R. A., Alvarado, P., & DeCelles, P. G. (2017) · Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth · doi:10.1002/2017jb014739 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Past studies have provided many useful insights as to where and by what mechanisms the orogenic crust is shortening over geodetic time scales (Kendrick et al., 1999; Leffler et al., 1997; Norabuena et al., 1998).”
BackgroundLuo, G., & Liu, M. (2009) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2008jb005861 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“[19] As suggested by previous studies [Leffler et al., 1997; Liu et al., 2000; Norabuena et al., 1998] and indicated by frequent large earthquakes in the Peru-Chile trench [Comte and Pardo, 1991; Nishenko, 1991], much of the GPS-measured crustal shortening in the Andes is transient that will be…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialYang, Y., & Liu, M. (2002) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2001gl013391 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“The present-day plate convergence and the Andean crustal shortening are revealed by recent GPS measurements [Angermann et al., 1999; Leffler et al., 1997; Norabuena et al., 1999] (Figure 1a).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe significance of high planation surface in the Andes of Ecuador
Coltorti, M., & Ollier, C. D. (1999) · Geological Society London Special Publications · doi:10.1144/gsl.sp.1999.162.01.19 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Crustal Shortening and Extension in the Central Andes: Insights from a Viscoelastic Model
Liu, M., Yang, Y., Stein, S. A., & Klosko, E. R. (2011) · Geodynamics series/Geodynamic series · doi:10.1029/gd030p0325 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“This velocity boundary condition, based on the GPS data [Leffler et al., 1997; Norabuena et al., 1998], reflects the fact that only about half of the plate convergence appears to be locked at the interface and hence cause both elastic and permanent deformation of the overriding plate.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationPlate Boundary Zones: Concepts and Approaches
Stein, S. A., & Sella, G. F. (2011) · Geodynamics series/Geodynamic series · doi:10.1029/gd030p0001 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationDisplacements, Strains and Rotations in the Central Andean Plate Boundary Zone
Hindle, D., & Kley, J. (2011) · Geodynamics series/Geodynamic series · doi:10.1029/gd030p0135 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
VLBI measurements of Caribbean and South American Motion
MacMillan, D. S., & Ma, C. (1999) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/1999gl900139 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Late Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of the central segment of the Andean subduction zone
Romanyuk, T. V. (2009) · Geotectonics · doi:10.1134/s0016852109040050 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Kalicki, T., & Kukulak, J. (2008) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Monitoring the Continental Reference Frame in South America
Drewes, H., Kaniuth, K., Seemüller, W., et al. (2000) · International Association of Geodesy symposia · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59745-9_24 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kukulak, J., & Kalicki, T. (2010) · Landform Analysis · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Leffler, L., Stein, S., Mao, A., Dixon, T., Ellis, M. A., Ocola, L., & Sacks, I. S.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- University of Miami (US)
- University of Memphis (US)
- Instituto Geofísico del Perú (PE)
- Carnegie Institution for Science (US)
- Venue
- Geophysical Research Letters
- Publisher
- American Geophysical Union (AGU)
- Published
- 1997-05
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1031-1034
- ISSN
- 0094-8276 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-8007
- OpenAlex
- W2158099274
- Semantic Scholar
- 00a2902eeeea90ba45a79863a63dfba2516062a0
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2017: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 3.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Geophysical Research Letters (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › earthquake and tectonic studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geological and Tectonic Studies in Latin America
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geological and Geophysical Studies Worldwide
- Keywords
- Arequipa, GPS velocities, elastic strain accumulation, fold and thrust belt, crustal deformation, plate motion
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