The DOI matches its Crossref record; 68 of the 68 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Life events and affective disorders
Abstract
Objective To summarize research in life events and affective disorders Method Review of the literature. Results and conclusion Many studies have shown that episodes of unipolar depression are preceded by life events at higher rates than in control samples. A variety of stressful events are involved with only limited specificity but some relationship to social exit events. Life events also affect remission and relapse of depression. Effects of life events are less when the disorder has already been recurrent, particularly where illness is severe. Effects of life events are also weaker in bipolar disorder than unipolar, but major life events may be important in first onset. Recent evidence suggests a specific role of social rhythm disruption events in manic relapses. Causative chains are multifactorial and complex, and genetic factors can influence life event exposure.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The type of stress that has received the most attention in this context is interpersonal loss”
From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as Paykel, 2003
Citations
Cites
Causal Relationship Between Stressful Life Events and the Onset of Major Depression
Kendler, K. S., Karkowski, L. M., & Prescott, C. A. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.6.837 · Cited by 2,566 · cited 1×
“About one-third of the relationship between life events and depression appeared to be due to selfselection into high-risk environments (63).”
BackgroundSocial Origins of Depression: A Study of Psychiatric Disorder in Women
McDaniel, E. G. (1980) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198009000-00013 · Cited by 1,894
Generation of stress in the course of unipolar depression.
Hammen, C. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.100.4.555 · Cited by 1,446
Stressful life events, genetic liability, and onset of an episode of major depression in women
(1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.6.833 · Cited by 1,063
Paykel, E. S. (1969) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1969.01740240113014 · Cited by 972
Self-citationSocial support, self-esteem and depression
Brown, G. W., Andrews, B. J., Harris, T., Adler, Z., & Bridge, L. R. (1986) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700011831 · Cited by 686
The Prognosis of Depression in Old Age
Murphy, E. (1983) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.142.2.111 · Cited by 621
Handbook of Affective Disorders
Nasrallah, H. A. (1993) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199311000-00026 · Cited by 442
Life events, Social support and depression
Paykel, E. S. (1994) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb05803.x · Cited by 437
Self-citationLife Events, Vulnerability and Onset of Depression: Some Refinements
Brown, G. W., Bifulco, A., & Harris, T. O. (1987) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.150.1.30 · Cited by 428
Social Origins of Depression in Old Age
Murphy, E. (1982) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.141.2.135 · Cited by 421
Methodological aspects of life events research
Paykel, E. S. (1983) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(83)90065-x · Cited by 412
Self-citationBarrett, J. E., Rose, R. M., & Klerman, G. L. (1979) · Raven Press eBooks · Cited by 394
Fava, G. A., Munari, F., Pavan, L. J., & Kellner, R. (1981) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(81)90040-9 · Cited by 330
KENDLER, K. S., & KARKOWSKI-SHUMAN, L. (1997) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291797004716 · Cited by 328
A twin study of recent life events and difficulties.
Kendler, K., Neale, M., Kessler, R. C., Heath, A., & Eaves, L. (1993) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820220041005 · Cited by 288
The interview for recent life events
PAYKEL, E. S. (1997) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291796004424 · Cited by 275
Self-citationLife events and the course of bipolar disorder
Ellicott, A., Hammen, C. L., Gitlin, M. J., Brown, G. P., & Jamison, K. R. (1990) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.147.9.1194 · Cited by 249
Social rhythm disruption and stressful life events in the onset of bipolar and unipolar episodes
MALKOFF-SCHWARTZ, S., FRANK, E., ANDERSON, B. P., HLASTALA, S. A., LUTHER, J. F., SHERRILL, J. T., HOUCK, P. R., & KUPFER, D. J. (2000) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291799002706 · Cited by 234
Life Events and Endogenous Depression: A Puzzle Reexamined
Brown, G. W. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950070017006 · Cited by 230
Genetic influence on life events during the last half of the life span.
Plomin, R. J., Lichtenstein, P., Pedersen, N. L., McClearn, G. E., & al, E. (1990) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.5.1.25 · Cited by 229
Goodyer, I. M., HERBERT, J., & ALTHAM, P. M. E. (1998) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291797006314 · Cited by 189
The evolution of life events research in psychiatry
Paykel, E. S. (2001) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00174-9 · Cited by 153
Self-citationLife Events and Chronic Depression
Brown, G. W., Adler, Z., & Bifulco, A. T. (1988) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.152.4.487 · Cited by 144
Early risk factors and adult person–environment relationships in affective disorder
van Os, J., & Jones, P. B. (1999) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291799001026 · Cited by 141
Antiglucocorticoid therapies in major depression: A review
Murphy, B. E. P. (1997) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(97)00021-8 · Cited by 137
Life Events and the Research Diagnostic Criteria Endogenous Subtype
Frank, E. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950070011005 · Cited by 135
Psychologically Stressful Events in the Precipitation of Manic Episodes
Ambelas, A. (1979) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.135.1.15 · Cited by 133
Champion, L., Goodall, G., & Rutter, M. L. (1995) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170003614x · Cited by 128
Ambelas, A. (1987) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.150.2.235 · Cited by 128
Recent Undesirable Life Events and Psychiatric Disorder in Childhood and Adolescence
Goodyer, I. M., Kolvin, I., & Gatzanis, S. (1985) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.147.5.517 · Cited by 122
Stress and affective disorders in humans
Paykel, E. S. (2001) · Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1053/scnp.2001.19411 · Cited by 119
Self-citationThe Friendships and Recent Life Events of Anxious and Depressed School-Age Children
Goodyer, I. M., Wright, C., & ALTHAM, P. M. E. (1990) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.156.5.689 · Cited by 118
Life Events Precipitating Mania
Kennedy, S. H., Thompson, R., Stancer, H. C., Roy, A., & Persad, E. (1983) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.142.4.398 · Cited by 111
Life events, social support and marital relationships in the outcome of severe depression
Paykel, E. S., Cooper, Z., Ramana, R., & Hayhurst, H. (1996) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700033766 · Cited by 110
Self-citationThe generation of life events in recurrent and non-recurrent depression
Harkness, K. L., Monroe, S. M., Simons, A. D., & Thase, M. E. (1999) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291798007752 · Cited by 108
Depression in Chronic Schizophrenia
Roy, A., Thompson, R., & Kennedy, S. H. (1983) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.142.5.465 · Cited by 103
Tennant, C., Bebbington, P., & Hurry, J. (1981) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.139.3.213 · Cited by 93
Depression in Chronic Schizophrenia
AGER, H., & MILSTEIN, L. N. (1978) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.135.7.870-c · Cited by 92
The assessment of dependence in the study of stressful life events: validation using a twin design
Kendler, K. S., Karkowski, L. M., & Prescott, C. A. (1999) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291798008198 · Cited by 92
Life events and relapse in bipolar affective disorder
Hunt, N., Bruce-Jones, W., & Silverstone, T. (1992) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(92)90088-n · Cited by 90
Slater, J. F., & Depue, R. A. (1981) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.90.4.275 · Cited by 89
Bipolar illness: A prospective study of life events
Hall, K. S., Dünner, D. L., Zeller, G., & Fieve, R. R. (1977) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(77)90050-5 · Cited by 88
Psychotic and neurotic depression
Brown, G. W., NÍBhrolcháin, M., & Harris, T. (1979) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(79)90005-3 · Cited by 87
The Impact of Recent Undesirable Life Events on Psychiatric Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence
Goodyer, I. M., Kolvin, I., & Gatzanis, S. (1987) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.151.2.179 · Cited by 84
Life Events and Response to Antidepressants
Lloyd, C., Zisook, S., Click, M. A., & Jaffe, K. (1981) · Journal of Human Stress · doi:10.1080/0097840x.1981.9934538 · Cited by 72
Do Psychosocial Factors Influence Outcome in Severely Depressed Female Psychiatric In-patients?
Andrew, B., Hawton, K., Fagg, J., & Westbrook, D. (1993) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.163.6.747 · Cited by 72
Life Events and the Onset of Mania
Sclare, P. D., & Creed, F. H. (1990) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.156.4.508 · Cited by 67
Life events and early and late onset of bipolar disorder
Glassner, B., & Haldipur, C. V. (1983) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.140.2.215 · Cited by 64
Psychosocial factors and episode number in depression
Ezquiaga, E., Gutiérrez, J. L., & López, A. G. (1987) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(87)90005-x · Cited by 61
Life Events, Depression and Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis Function
Dolan, R. J., Galloway, S., Fonagy, P., Souza, F. V. A. D., & Wakeling, A. (1985) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.147.4.429 · Cited by 61
Positive Life Change and Recovery from Depression and Anxiety
Leenstra, A. S., Ormel, J., & Giel, R. (1995) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.166.3.333 · Cited by 55
Life Events, Life Difficulties and Confiding Relationships in the Depressed Elderly
Emmerson, J. P., Burvill, P. W., Finlay‐Jones, R., & Hall, W. (1989) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.155.6.787 · Cited by 54
The relationship between life stress and depression in an endogenous sample
Reno, R. M., & Halaris, A. E. (1990) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(90)90051-s · Cited by 53
Alcoholism, depression, and life events
Fowler, R. C., Liskow, B. I., & Tanna, V. L. (1980) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(80)90012-9 · Cited by 48
Life Events and the Recurrence of Depression
Ghaziuddin, M., Ghaziuddin, N., & Stein, G. S. (1990) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674379003500307 · Cited by 47
Life stress and symptom pattern in out-patient depression
Paykel, E. S., Rao, B., & Taylor, C. N. (1984) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700015166 · Cited by 47
Self-citationLife events and relapse in bipolar disorder: The impact of a catastrophic event
Aronson, T. A., & Shukla, S. (1987) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1987.tb02837.x · Cited by 45
Stressful life events preceding the onset of neurotic depression
Benjaminsen, S. (1981) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700052181 · Cited by 42
Sensation-seeking, life events and depression
FARMER, A. E., Redman, K., Harris, T., Mahmood, A., Sadler, S., & McGuffin, P. (2001) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.178.6.549 · Cited by 37
Neurotic Depression: Delineation of Symptom Profiles and Their Relation to Outcome
Parker, G. B., Blignault, I., & Manicavasagar, V. L. (1988) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.152.1.15 · Cited by 35
The impact of an uncaring partner on improvement in non-melancholic depression
Hickie, I. B., & Parker, G. B. (1992) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(92)90077-j · Cited by 35
Live events and mania: A case-controlled study
Joffe, R. T., MacDonald, C., & Kutcher, S. (1989) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(89)90162-5 · Cited by 32
Monroe, S. M., Thase, M. E., Hersen, M., Himmelhoch, J. M., & Bellack, A. S. (1985) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(85)90038-0 · Cited by 31
Adversity and the Symptoms of Depression
Bebbington, P., Hurry, J., & Tennant, C. (1988) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/002076408803400301 · Cited by 22
Prevention of Relapse in Residual Depression by Cognitive Therapy: A Controlled Trial
Paykel, E. S., Scott, J., Teasdale, J. D., Johnson, A. L., Garland, A., Moore, R., Jenaway, A., Cornwall, P. L., Hayhurst, H., Abbott, R., et al. (1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.9.829 · Cited by 20
Self-citationPSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS AND DEPRESSION AMONG FORMER HEROIN-DEPENDENT PATIENTS MAINTAINED ON METHADONE
Prusoff, B. A., Thompson, W. D., Sholomskas, D. E., & Riordan, C. E. (1977) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-197707000-00004 · Cited by 17
Malkoff-Schwartz, S., Frank, E., Anderson, B., Sherrill, J. T., Siegel, L., Patterson, D., & Kupfer, D. J. (1998) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.8.702 · Cited by 8 · cited 1×
“(54, 55) have reported a particular excess of events involving disruption of social rhythm prior to the onset of mania.”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- 10.1037/0021-843X.90.4.275 · DOI
- Paykel ES, 1974, eds. Life stress and illness, 134
- Katschnig H, 1984, Proceedings of the International Conference on Diagnosis and Classification of Mental Disorder and Alcohol and Drug Related Problems, Copenhagen, April 1982
- 10.1037/0021-843X.100.4.555 · DOI · Paper page
- McGuffin P, 1988, The Camberwell Collaborative Depression Study III, Depression and adversity in the relatives of depressed probands., 152, 775
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hammen, C. (2005) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143938 · Cited by 2,979
Slavich, G. M., & Irwin, M. R. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0035302 · Cited by 2,206
Henry, C., Raust, A., Isabelle, R., Germain, A., Bellivier, F., & Wiley, J. (2006) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/(issn)1573-6598 · Cited by 1,209
Liu, R. T., & Alloy, L. B. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.010 · Cited by 728
Jacobson, N. C., & Newman, M. G. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000111 · Cited by 576
Metadata
- Authors
- Paykel, E. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Paykel, E. S.
- Venue
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2003-09-04
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- s418
- Pages
- 61-66
- ISSN
- 0001-690X (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0447
- OpenAlex
- W2106207403
- Cited by
- 368
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 1.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- life events, mood disorders, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, depression remission, depression relapse, recurrent depression, manic relapse, genetic factors
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Life Change Events, Recurrence, Severity of Illness Index, Stress, Psychological, Mood Disorders, Genetic Predisposition to Disease
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review