Life Events, Vulnerability and Onset of Depression: Some Refinements
Abstract
A prospective study of 400 largely working-class women with children living at home has once again demonstrated the major importance of long-term severe threatening life events in provoking caseness of depression. However, it again shows that only about one out of five women experiencing such an event go on to develop depression at a case level. This paper demonstrates that more sensitive characterisation of severe events can greatly increase the size of this association. This is done both by improving the description of the event itself and by taking into account various ways in which the event can ‘match’ characteristics of the women present at the first interview, well before the occurrence of the event or any onset of depression.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Recent psychosocial adversity (life events) often triggers the timing of depression onset, mainly in the context of earlier psychosocial or familial vulnerability.
“recent psychosocial adversity (life-events) often plays a triggering role in timing the onset of depression, but mainly in the context earlier psychosocial or familial vulnerability (Brown et al., 1987;Brown et al., 1995;Farmer et al., 2003).”
From Affective Cognition and its Disruption in Mood Disorders (2011) · cites this paper as Brown et al., 1987
Cites
Spitzer, R. L. (1978) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1978.01770300115013 · Cited by 6,946 · see citing works
Social Origins of Depression: A Study of Psychiatric Disorder in Women.
Schnitzer, P. K., Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. (1980) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2065631 · Cited by 3,053 · see citing works
Self-citationBook Review: Measurement and Classification of Psychiatric Symptoms
Priest, R. G. (1975) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/003591577506800751 · Cited by 2,268 · see citing works
Measurement and classification of psychiatric symptoms
Goldberg, D. (1975) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(75)90076-8 · Cited by 2,201 · see citing works
Social Origins of Depression: A Study of Psychiatric Disorder in Women
McDaniel, E. G. (1980) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198009000-00013 · Cited by 1,894 · see citing works
Avison, W. R., Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. (1990) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2072630 · Cited by 1,148 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial support, self-esteem and depression
Brown, G. W., Andrews, B. J., Harris, T., Adler, Z., & Bridge, L. R. (1986) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700011831 · Cited by 686 · see citing works
Self-citationTypes of stressful life event and the onset of anxiety and depressive disorders
Finlay-Jones, R., & Brown, G. W. (1981) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700041301 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial Support, Life Events and Depression
Brown, G. W., & Bifulco, A. T. (1985) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-5115-0_19 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial support: Theory, research and applications
Behar, J. E. (1986) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(86)90104-8 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
The Social Grading of Occupations. A New Approach and Scale.
Svalastoga, K., Goldthorpe, J. H., & Hope, K. (1975) · Population Studies · doi:10.2307/2173945 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Attributable risk percent in case-control studies.
Cole, P. T., & MacMahon, B. (1971) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.25.4.242 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Social factors associated with depression: a retrospective community study
Costello, C. G. (1982) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700046663 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Reliability of the PSE (ninth edition) used in a population study
Wing, J. K., Nixon, J. M., Mann, S. A., & Leff, J. (1977) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700004487 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Psychiatric disorder in a rural and an urban population: 1. Aetiology of depression
Brown, G. W., & Prudo, R. (1981) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700052880 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Self-citationComparison of Research Diagnostic Systems in an Edinburgh Community Sample
Dean, C., Surtees, P. G., & Sashidharan, S. P. (1983) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.142.3.247 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Psychiatric Disorder in Women from an Edinburgh Community: Associations with Demographic Factors
Surtees, P. G., Dean, C., Ingham, J. G., Kreitman, N., Miller, P. M., & Sashidharan, S. P. (1983) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.142.3.238 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Life stress, chronic subclinical symptoms and vulnerability to clinical depression
Brown, G. W., Bifulco, A. T., Harris, T., & Bridge, L. R. (1986) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(86)90054-6 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationDepression and anxiety in the community: replicating the diagnosis of a case
Jones-Finlay, R., Brown, G. W., Duncan‐Jones, P., Harris, T., Murphy, E., & Prudo, R. (1980) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700047334 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citationLife events and psychiatric disorders
Gyllenhammar, C., & Wistedt, B. (1987) · Stress Medicine · doi:10.1002/smi.2460030315 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Misfortune and resilience: a community study of women
Bebbington, P., Sturt, E., Tennant, C., & Hurry, J. (1984) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700003603 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Cooper, J. E., Copeland, J. R. M., Brown, G. W., Harris, T., & Gourlay, A. J. (1977) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700004499 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationDepression: Distress or Disease? Some Epidemiological Considerations
Brown, G. W., Craig, T., & Harris, T. (1985) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.147.6.612 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Social Grading of Occupations. A New Approach and Scale.
Coxon, A. P. M., Goldthorpe, J. H., & Hope, K. (1975) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (General) · doi:10.2307/2345237 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Life events, psychiatric disorder and physical illness
Brown, G. W. (1981) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(81)90073-8 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationSupportive Relationships: Fact or Fancy?
O’Connor, P., & Brown, G. W. (1984) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407584012002 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationFall-off in the reporting of life events
Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. (1982) · Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/bf00583889 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationMental distress in mothers of pre-school children in Inner London
Moss, P. D., & Plewis, I. (1977) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700006292 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
The contextual threat of life events: the concept and its reliability
Tennant, C., Smith, A., Bebbington, P., & Hurry, J. (1979) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700032086 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Life events and the onset of neurotic illness: an investigation in general practice
Cooper, B. K., & Sylph, J. (1973) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700054234 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Social Support and Life Events in Working Class Women
Parry, G. D. (1986) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800040021004 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Social Factors and Affective Disorder: An Investigation of Brown and Harris's Model
Campbell, E. A., Cope, S. J., & Teasdale, J. D. (1983) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.143.6.548 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Reliability of life‐event ratings: An independent replication
Parry, G. D., Shapiro, D. A., & Davies, L. (1981) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1981.tb00507.x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
BEING UPSET AND BECOMING ILL: AN APPRAISAL OF THE RELATION BETWEEN LIFE EVENTS AND PHYSICAL ILLNESS
Andrews, G., & Tennant, C. (1978) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1978.tb107874.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
LEVIN'S ATTRIBUTABLE RISK STATISTIC FOR ANALYTIC STUDIES AND VITAL STATISTICS
Markush, R. E. (1977) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112398 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Dimensions of experience and symptomatology
Miller, P., & Ingham, J. G. (1985) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(85)90081-9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
VITAMIN B 12 : A SHORT SUMMARY
Rubbo, S. D. (1953) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1953.tb78897.x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Stress, Coping, and Social Support Processes: Where Are We? What Next?
Thoits, P. A. (1995) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2626957 · Cited by 3,496 · see citing works
Green, J. G., McLaughlin, K. A., Berglund, P. A., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.186 · Cited by 2,323 · see citing works
THE EFFECTS OF STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS ON DEPRESSION
Kessler, R. C. (1997) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.191 · Cited by 2,111 · see citing works
The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in depression and anxiety disorders
Arborelius, L., Owens, M., Plotsky, P., & Nemeroff, C. (1999) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1600001 · Cited by 1,378 · see citing works
SÁNCHEZ, M. M., LADD, C. O., & PLOTSKY, P. M. (2001) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579401003029 · Cited by 1,003 · see citing works
On Merging Identity Theory and Stress Research
Thoits, P. A. (1991) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2786929 · Cited by 918 · see citing works
Long-term behavioral and neuroendocrine adaptations to adverse early experience
Ladd, C. O., Huot, R. L., Thrivikraman, K. V., Nemeroff, C. B., Meaney, M. J., & Plotsky, P. M. (2000) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)62132-9 · Cited by 717 · see citing works
Social inequalities in health: next questions and converging evidence
Marmot, M., Ryff, C. D., Bumpass, L. L., Shipley, M., & Marks, N. F. (1997) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(96)00194-3 · Cited by 661 · see citing works
Depression and sensitization to stressors among young women as a function of childhood adversity
Hammen, C., Henry, R., & Daley, S. E. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.5.782 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Jacobson, N. C., & Newman, M. G. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000111 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Identity Structures and Psychological Well-Being: Gender and Marital Status Comparisons
Thoits, P. A. (1992) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2786794 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Stress, depression, and anhedonia: caveats concerning animal models
Anisman, H., & Matheson, K. (2005) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.03.007 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Major Depression as a Complex Dynamic System
Cramer, A. O. J., van Borkulo, C. D., Giltay, E. J., van der Maas, H. L. J., Kendler, K. S., Scheffer, M., & Borsboom, D. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167490 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
Ladd, C. O., Owens, M. J., & Nemeroff, C. B. (1996) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.137.4.8625891 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Swain, J. E., Lorberbaum, J. P., Kose, S., & Strathearn, L. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01731.x · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Brown, G. W., Harris, T. O., & Hepworth, C. (1995) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170002804x · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuroendocrine aspects of hypercortisolism in major depression
Parker, K. J., Schatzberg, A. F., & Lyons, D. M. (2003) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0018-506x(02)00016-8 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Single mothers, poverty and depression
Brown, G. W., & MORAN, P. M. (1997) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291796004060 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Self-citationGoodyer, I. M., Herbert, J., Tamplin, A., & Altham, P. M. E. (2000) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.177.6.499 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Vranceanu, A., Hobfoll, S. E., & Johnson, R. J. (2007) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.04.010 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Interpersonal foundations of psychopathology.
Horowitz, L. M. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10727-000 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Life events and affective disorders
Paykel, E. S. (2003) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.108.s418.13.x · Cited by 368 · see citing works
A psychobiological theory of attachment
Kraemer, G. W. (1992) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00069752 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Unfair Treatment, Neighborhood Effects, and Mental Health in the Detroit Metropolitan Area
Schulz, A. J., Williams, D. R., Israel, B. A., Becker, A., Parker, E. A., James, S. A., & Jackson, J. S. (2000) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2676323 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Self, Identity, Stress, and Mental Health
Thoits, P. A. (2012) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4276-5_18 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Stressors and Problem-Solving: The Individual as Psychological Activist
Thoits, P. A. (1994) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137362 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Outcome of Bipolar Disorder on Long-Term Treatment with Lithium
O’Connell, R. A., Mayo, J. A., Flatow, L., Cuthbertson, B. A., & O'Brien, B. E. (1991) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.159.1.123 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Affective Cognition and its Disruption in Mood Disorders
Elliott, R., Zahn, R., Deakin, J. F. W., & Anderson, I. M. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.77 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Work-Family Conflict, Work- and Family-Role Salience, and Women's Well-Being
Noor, N. M. (2004) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.3200/socp.144.4.389-406 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Cortisol and depression: three questions for psychiatry
Herbert, J. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712000955 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Markus, C. R., Olivier, B., Panhuysen, G. E., Van der Gugten, J., Alles, M. S., Tuiten, A., Westenberg, H. G., Fekkes, D., Koppeschaar, H. F., & de Haan, E. E. (2000) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.6.1536 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Ennis, N., Hobfoll, S. E., & Schröder, K. E. E. (2000) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1005183100610 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Genetic moderation of environmental risk for depression and anxiety in adolescent girls
Silberg, J., Rutter, M., Neale, M., & Eaves, L. (2001) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.179.2.116 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Hallucinations: The science of idiosyncratic perception.
Aleman, A., & Larøi, F. (2008) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11751-000 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Brown, G. W., Bifulco, A. T., Veiel, H. O. F., & Andrews, B. J. (1990) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/bf00788643 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Self-citationCutrona, C. E., Russell, D. W., Brown, P. A., Clark, L. A., Hessling, R. M., & Gardner, K. A. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.1.3 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
The Meanings Individuals Attach to Role Identities and Their Implications for Mental Health
Simon, R. W. (1997) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2955370 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Husband and Wife Differences in Response to Undesirable Life Events
Conger, R. D., Lorenz, F. O., Elder, G. H., Simons, R. L., & Ge, X. (1993) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137305 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
The origins of sex differences in depressive disorder: bridging the gap
Bebbington, P. (1996) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/09540269609051547 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
The human parental brain: In vivo neuroimaging
Swain, J. E. (2011) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.10.017 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Low Self-Esteem: A Cognitive Perspective
Fennell, M. J. V. (1997) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465800015368 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
The South London Somatisation Study
Craig, T., Boardman, A. P., Mills, K., Daly-Jones, O., & Drake, H. (1993) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.163.5.579 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Neural Correlates of Recall of Life Events in Conversion Disorder
Aybek, S., Nicholson, T. R., Zelaya, F. O., O’Daly, O., Craig, T., David, A. S., & Kanaan, R. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.2842 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Maternal brain response to own baby‐cry is affected by cesarean section delivery
Swain, J. E., Tasgin, E., Mayes, L. C., Feldman, R., Todd Constable, R., & Leckman, J. F. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01963.x · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Relação entre estressores, estresse e ansiedade
Margis, R., Picon, P., Cosner, A. F., & Silveira, R. D. O. (2003) · Revista de Psiquiatria do Rio Grande do Sul · doi:10.1590/s0101-81082003000400008 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Factors Affecting the Emotional Wellbeing of the Caregivers of Dementia Sufferers
Morris, R. G., Morris, L. W., & Britton, P. G. (1988) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.153.2.147 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Life events and bipolar disorder: Implications from biological theories.
Johnson, S. L., & Roberts, J. E. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.434 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Stress-Related Negative Affectivity and Genetically Altered Serotonin Transporter Function
Jacobs, N., Kenis, G., Peeters, F. P. M. L., Derom, C. A., VLIETINCK, R. F., & van Os, J. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.9.989 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2003) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890310001594487 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Vulnerability to Depression: From Brain Neuroplasticity to Identification of Biomarkers
Blugeot, A., Rivat, C., Bouvier, E., Molet, J., Mouchard, A., Zeau, B., Bernard, C., Benoliel, J., & Becker, C. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1309-11.2011 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Klose, M., & Jacobi, F. (2004) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-004-0047-7 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Hammen, C. L. (1992) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400005630 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder in Southeast Asian refugees
Kroll, J., HABENICHT, M., Mackenzie, T. B., Yang, M. S., Chan, S., Vang, T. F., Nguyen, T., Ly, M., Phommasouvanh, B., & Nguyen, H. V. (1989) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.146.12.1592 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Identity-Relevant Events and Psychological Symptoms: A Cautionary Tale
Thoits, P. A. (1995) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137288 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Predictors of the generation of episodic stress: A longitudinal study of late adolescent women.
Daley, S. E., Hammen, C. L., Burge, D., Davila, J., Paley, B., Lindberg, N., & Herzberg, D. S. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.106.2.251 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Update on stress and depression: the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
Mello, A. F., Mello, M. F., Carpenter, L. L., & Price, L. H. (2003) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462003000400010 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Primary parental preoccupation: circuits, genes, and the crucial role of the environment
Leckman, J. F., Feldman, R., Swain, J. E., Eicher, V. W., Thompson, N., & Mayes, L. C. (2004) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-003-0067-x · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Cramer, A. O. J., Borsboom, D., Aggen, S. H., & Kendler, K. S. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171100211x · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Brown, G. W., Bifulco, A. T., & Andrews, B. J. (1990) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/bf00788644 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citationLife stress, chronic subclinical symptoms and vulnerability to clinical depression
Brown, G. W., Bifulco, A. T., Harris, T., & Bridge, L. R. (1986) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(86)90054-6 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationAdaptation of female rats to stress: shift to male pattern by inhibition of corticosterone synthesis
Haleem, D. J., Kennett, G. A., & Curzon, G. (1988) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)90476-3 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
The Stressful Life Events Schedule for children and adolescents: development and validation
Williamson, D. E., Birmaher, B. B., Ryan, N. D., Shiffrin, T. P., Lusky, J. A., Protopapa, J., Dahl, R. E., & Brent, D. A. (2003) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(03)00134-3 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Social Roles, Context and Evolution in the Origins of Depression
Brown, G. W. (2002) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/3090203 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citationHerbert, J., & Lucassen, P. J. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.12.001 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Segal, Z. V., Shaw, B. F., Vella, D. D., & Katz, R. (1992) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.101.1.26 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Martire, L. M., Stephens, M. A. P., & Townsend, A. L. (2000) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.15.1.148 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Convergences among psychoanalytic and cognitive-behavioral theories of depression.
Blatt, S. J., & Maroudas, C. (1992) · Psychoanalytic Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0079351 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Social Support, Depression, and Activities of Daily Living in Older Heart Surgery Patients
Oxman, T. E., & Hull, J. G. (1997) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/52b.1.p1 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Ladd, C. O., Thrivikraman, K. V., Huot, R. L., & Plotsky, P. M. (2005) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.12.004 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Expanding the horizons of depression: beyond the monoamine hypothesis
Hindmarch, I. (2001) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.288 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Michaud, K., Matheson, K., Kelly, O., & Anisman, H. (2008) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890701727874 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Factors that mediate between child sexual abuse and adult psychological outcome
Romans, S. E., Martin, J. L., Anderson, J. C., O'Shea, M. L., & Mullen, P. E. (1995) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700028154 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Depressive Symptoms Among Women Receiving Welfare
Coiro, M. J. (2001) · Women & Health · doi:10.1300/j013v32n01_01 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Severity of psychosocial stress and outcome of alcoholism treatment.
Brown, S. A., Vik, P. W., McQuaid, J. R., Patterson, T. L., Irwin, M. R., & Grant, I. (1990) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.99.4.344 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Personality: Another 'Hidden Factor' is Stress Research
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1990) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0101_5 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Dietary Amino Acids and Brain Serotonin Function; Implications for Stress-Related Affective Changes
Markus, C. R. (2008) · NeuroMolecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12017-008-8039-9 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Conversion disorder: a problematic diagnosis
Nicholson, T. R., Stone, J., & Kanaan, R. (2010) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2008.171306 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Markus, R. (2000) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(00)00265-1 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Adolescent Same-Sex Attraction and Mental Health: The Role of Stress and Support
Teasdale, B., & Bradley-Engen, M. S. (2010) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918360903489127 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Interpersonal factors and post‐treatment drinking and subjective wellbeing
BEATTIE, M. C., & LONGABAUGH, R. (1997) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02871.x · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Bifulco, A. T., Bernazzani, O., Moran, P. M., & Ball, C. (2000) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s001270050238 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationLife Events and Social Support in Suicide
Heikkinen, M. E., Aro, H. M., & Lönnqvist, J. K. (1993) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.1993.tb00204.x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Stress control and human nutrition
Takeda, E., Terao, J., Nakaya, Y., Miyamoto, K., Baba, Y., Chuman, H., Kaji, R., Ohmori, T., & Rokutan, K. (2004) · The Journal of Medical Investigation · doi:10.2152/jmi.51.139 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Morris, P., Robinson, R. G., Raphael, B., & Bishop, D. S. (1991) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.1991.11024559 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Home foreclosure and risk of psychiatric morbidity during the recent financial crisis
McLaughlin, K. A., Nandi, A., Keyes, K. M., Uddin, M., Aiello, A. E., Galea, S., & Koenen, K. C. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711002613 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The generation of life events in recurrent and non-recurrent depression
Harkness, K. L., Monroe, S. M., Simons, A. D., & Thase, M. E. (1999) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291798007752 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Life events, entrapments and arrested anger in depression
Gilbert, P., Gilbert, J., & Irons, C. (2003) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00405-6 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Malisch, J. L., Breuner, C. W., Kolb, E. M., Wada, H., Hannon, R. M., Chappell, M. A., Middleton, K. M., & Garland, T. (2008) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-008-9246-8 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Life events and changes in the course of depression in young adults
Friis, R. H., Wïttchen, H., Pfister, H., & Lieb, R. (2002) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(02)00682-x · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Life Events as Correlates of Burden in Spouse Caregivers of Persons with Alzheimer's Disease
Russo, J. E., & VITALIANO, P. P. (1995) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/03610739508253985 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
protecting one's self from a stigmatized disease… once one has it
Lee, J. D., & Craft, E. A. (2002) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/016396202753561248 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Cytokines as a stressor: implications for depressive illness
Anisman, H., Hayley, S. P., Turrin, N. P., & Merali, Z. (2002) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145702003097 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Review: Serotonin by stress interaction: a susceptibility factor for the development of depression?
Firk, C., & Markus, C. R. (2007) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881106075588 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Assessment of Life Stress in Adolescents: Self-Report Versus Interview Methods
Duggal, S., Malkoff-Schwartz, S., Birmaher, B. B., Anderson, B. P., MATTY, M. K., Houck, P. R., BAILEY-ORR, M., Williamson, D. E., & Frank, E. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200004000-00013 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
A bio‐social model for common mental disorders
Goldberg, D. P. (1994) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb05916.x · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Life events and early onset depression: cause or consequence?
Patton, G. C., Coffey, C., Posterino, M., Carlin, J. B., & Bowes, G. (2003) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291703008626 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Caron, J., & Liu, A. (2010) · Chronic diseases and injuries in Canada · doi:10.24095/hpcdp.30.3.03 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Fragile States of Mind: Neuroticism, Vulnerability and the Long-Term Outcome of Depression
Surtees, P. G., & Wainwright, N. W. J. (1996) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.169.3.338 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Mika Kivimaki, B., Vahtera, J., Elovainio, M. J., Lillrank, B., & Kevin, M. V. (2002) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000031576.42041.b1 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Coping with moral commitment to long-distance dating relationships.
Lydon, J. E., Pierce, T., & O'Regan, S. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.104 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
- Authors
- Brown, G. W., Bifulco, A., & Harris, T. O.
- Affiliations
- University of London (GB)
- ORCID
- Bifulco, A.
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 1987-01
- Volume
- 150
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 30-42
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2034534819
- Cited by
- 428
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 25.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- depression onset, life events, depression vulnerability, working-class women, women with children, prospective study
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Depressive Disorder, Female, Health, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Life Change Events, Mothers, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review