The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 63 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales
Abstract
J. A. Gray (1981, 1982) holds that 2 general motivational systems underlie behavior and affect: a behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and a behavioral activation system (BAS). Self-report scales to assess dispositional BIS and BAS sensitivities were created. Scale development (Study 1) and convergent and discriminant validity in the form of correlations with alternative measures are reported (Study 2). In Study 3, a situation in which Ss anticipated a punishment was created. Controlling for initial nervousness, Ss high in BIS sensitivity (assessed earlier) were more nervous than those low in BIS sensitivity. In Study 4, a situation in which Ss anticipated a reward was created. Controlling for initial happiness, Ss high in BAS sensitivity (Reward Responsiveness and Drive scales) were happier than those low in BAS sensitivity. In each case the new scales predicted better than an alternative measure. Discussion is focused on conceptual implications.
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In the citing paper
“Risk-taking behavior was assessed in two separate ways by using a well validated laboratory risk-taking task (Lejuez et al., 2002(Lejuez et al., , 2003(Lejuez et al., , 2007; the BART) and using a self-report risk-taking tendency questionnaire (BIS/BAS; Carver and White, 1994).”
From Longitudinal Changes in Adolescent Risk-Taking: A Comprehensive Study of Neural Responses to Rewards, Pubertal Development, and Risk-Taking Behavior (2015) · cites this paper as Carver and White, 1994
In the citing paper
“It is likely, then, that Fun Seeking and Drive, with their reference to pursuit of desired goals (Carver & White, 1994), represent a more prototypical or faithful operationalization of approach motivation than Reward Responsiveness.”
From The mnemonic mover: Nostalgia regulates avoidance and approach motivation (2014) · cites this paper as Carver & White, 1994
In the citing paper
“Notably, previous research has shown that, whereas Fun Seeking and Drive are negatively correlated with BIS, Reward Responsiveness is positively correlated with BIS (Carver & White, 1994).”
From The mnemonic mover: Nostalgia regulates avoidance and approach motivation (2014) · cites this paper as Carver & White, 1994
In the citing paper
“We also replicated two gender differences documented by Carver and White (1994).”
From The mnemonic mover: Nostalgia regulates avoidance and approach motivation (2014) · cites this paper as Carver and White (1994)
In the citing paper
“While speculative, this account of gender differences is consistent with the finding that women score higher than men on both the behavioral inhibition scale and the reward sensitivity subscale of the behavioral activation scale (Carver & White, 1994; Gard & Kring, 2007).”
From Gender Differences in Emotion Regulation: An fMRI Study of Cognitive Reappraisal (2008) · cites this paper as Carver & White, 1994
In the citing paper
“Although self-report [743-745] and behavioral [209,746] measures of reward capacity have been developed, their association to neurobiological function has proven to be limited.”
From Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings (2012) · cites this paper as [743]
In the citing paper
“It is worth noting that many theories posit that beliefs about the self (including self-concept and self-esteem and mindset/implicit theory of self attributes) are important causes of human behavior and learning (Bandura, 1997;Carver & White, 1994;Deci & Ryan, 2000;Molden & Dweck, 2006).”
From Motivation-Achievement Cycles in Learning: a Literature Review and Research Agenda (2022) · cites this paper as Carver & White, 1994
In the citing paper
“Measures were standardized and averaged to form a N composite, with a Cronbach's alpha of .85 (Griffith et al., 2007; Zinbarg et al., 2009).”
From Prospective prediction of major depressive disorder from cortisol awakening responses in adolescence (2010) · cites this paper as Carver and White, 1994
In the citing paper
“Two core features of depression are elevations in negative valence system (NVS) functioning and reductions in positive valence system (PVS) functioning.”
From Bringing light into darkness: A multiple baseline mixed methods case series evaluation of Augmented Depression Therapy (ADepT) (2019) · cites this paper as Carver & White, 1994
Citations
Cites
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
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Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies.
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.4.3.219 · Cited by 6,690
Self-citationTests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix
Steiger, J. H. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.87.2.245 · Cited by 4,621 · cited 2×
“45) than to the BIS (T = 5.38, p< .01; Steiger, 1980).”
InfluentialGray, J. A. (1982) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00013066 · Cited by 4,477
A Systematic Method for Clinical Description and Classification of Personality Variants: A Proposal
Cloninger, C. R. (1987) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800180093014 · Cited by 3,678
The psychology of fear and stress
(1988) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.26-2399 · Cited by 3,133
A personality scale of manifest anxiety
Taylor, J. A. (1953) · The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0056264 · Cited by 3,131
The Biological Basis of Personality
Eysenck, H. J. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781351305280 · Cited by 2,988
Handbook of Psychopharmacology
Iversen, L. L., Iversen, S. D., & Snyder, S. H. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0933-8 · Cited by 2,756
Origins and functions of positive and negative affect: A control-process view.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1990) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.97.1.19 · Cited by 2,726
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Power, approach, and inhibition.
Keltner, D., Gruenfeld, D. H., & Anderson, C. (2003) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.110.2.265 · Cited by 3,427
The international personality item pool and the future of public-domain personality measures
Goldberg, L. R., Johnson, J. A., Eber, H. W., Hogan, R., Ashton, M. C., Cloninger, C. R., & Gough, H. G. (2006) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.007 · Cited by 3,185
The Mini-IPIP Scales: Tiny-yet-effective measures of the Big Five Factors of Personality.
Donnellan, M. B., Oswald, F. L., Baird, B. M., & Lucas, R. E. (2006) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.18.2.192 · Cited by 2,442
Uncertainty and anticipation in anxiety: an integrated neurobiological and psychological perspective
Grupe, D. W., & Nitschke, J. B. (2013) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3524 · Cited by 2,007
Depue, R. A., & Collins, P. F. (1999) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x99002046 · Cited by 2,046
Metadata
- Authors
- Carver, C. S., & White, T. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Miami (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- ORCID
- Carver, Charles S.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1994-08
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 319-333
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2119314959
- Cited by
- 7,306
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 292 · 2025: 335 · 2024: 385 · 2023: 328 · 2022: 395 · 2021: 393 · 2020: 405 · 2019: 368 · 2018: 378 · 2017: 423 · 2016: 382 · 2015: 403 · 2014: 380 · 2013: 332 · 2012: 300
- FWCI
- 30.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- behavioral inhibition system, behavioral activation system, BIS/BAS scales, reward anticipation, emotional responses, anxiety, happiness, scale development, convergent and discriminant validity
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