The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Developmental and social influences on young girls' early problem behavior.
Abstract
A developing body of research suggests that there are few sex differences in the rate and severity of problem behavior in early childhood, but clear sex differences emerge at about 4 years of age. The authors explore 2 hypotheses to further the understanding of emerging sex differences in problem behavior across the first 5 years of life. The first posits that the change in girls' problem behavior from infancy to school entry represents a channeling of early problem behavior into predominantly internalizing problems as a result of socialization. The second hypothesis is that the change in girls' early problem behavior during the preschool period results from the more rapid biological, cognitive, and social-emotional development of girls relative to boys. The authors review research on the influence of parents, teachers, and peers on girls' behavior from infancy to preschool regarding the first hypothesis, whereas they review studies of sex differences in developmental processes to test the second. They find moderate support for both hypotheses and present a comprehensive theory of girls' developmental psychopathology that integrates social and developmental influences.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Boys’ greater rates of externalizing emotion expressions such as anger in the toddler/preschool years may be one contributing factor to the higher rates of behavior problems in boys, a gender difference that notably appears around the toddler/preschool age (Keenan & Shaw, 1997).”
From Gender differences in emotion expression in children: A meta-analytic review. (2013) · cites this paper as Keenan & Shaw, 1997
Citations
Cites
Kessler, R. C. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002 · Cited by 12,370
Development of concern for others.
Zahn-Waxler, C., Radke-Yarrow, M., Wagner, E., & Chapman, M. (1992) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.28.1.126 · Cited by 1,314
Petersen, A. C., Compas, B. E., Brooks-Gunn, J., Stemmler, M., Ey, S., & Grant, K. E. (1993) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.48.2.155 · Cited by 788
Adolescent depression: Why more girls?
Petersen, A. C., Sarigiani, P. A., & Kennedy, R. E. (1991) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf01537611 · Cited by 691
Guilt and empathy: Sex differences and implications for the development of depression
Zahn-Waxler, C., Cole, P. M., & Barrett, K. C. (1991) · The Development of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511663963.012 · Cited by 231
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Rose, A. J., & Rudolph, K. D. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.98 · Cited by 2,517
Gender differences in emotion expression in children: A meta-analytic review.
Chaplin, T. M., & Aldao, A. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0030737 · Cited by 1,247
“Within this socialization, caregivers may socialize gender-role-consistent display rules for emotion (e.g., Chaplin, Casey, Sinha, & Mayes, 2010), which may lead to gender differences in emotion expressions and other behaviors emerging at this time (e.g., Keenan & Shaw, 1997).”
BackgroundOppositional Defiant and Conduct Disorder: A Review of the Past 10 Years, Part I
LOEBER, R., BURKE, J. D., LAHEY, B. B., WINTERS, A., & ZERA, M. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200012000-00007 · Cited by 1,192
Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence: Gender and Psychopathology
Zahn-Waxler, C., Shirtcliff, E. A., & Marceau, K. (2008) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091358 · Cited by 1,072
Lee, S. S., Humphreys, K. L., Flory, K., Liu, R., & Glass, K. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.006 · Cited by 875
Metadata
- Authors
- Keenan, K., & Shaw, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1997
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 95-113
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2040659979
- Cited by
- 756
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 23.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r29mh046925-04)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH46925)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- sex differences, young girls, internalizing problems, developmental psychopathology, socialization, parental influence, teacher influence, peer influence, preschool children, social-emotional development, biological development, cognitive development
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Child, Preschool, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Infant, Internal-External Control, Male, Personality Assessment, Personality Development, Socialization
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Developmental and social influences on young girls' early problem behavior. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.95
- The paper
- Keenan, K., & Shaw, D. (1997). Developmental and social influences on young girls' early problem behavior. Psychological Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.95
