Detrimental effects of reward: Reality or myth?

Abstract

Based on seemingly overwhelming empirical evidence of the decremental effects of reward on intrinsic task interest and creativity, the use of reward to alter human behavior has been challenged in literature reviews, textbooks, and the popular media. An analysis of a quarter century of research on intrinsic task interest and creativity revealed, however, that (a) detrimental effects of reward occur under highly restricted, easily avoidable conditions; (b) mechanisms of instrumental and classical conditioning are basic for understanding incremental and decremental effects of reward on task motivation; and (c) positive effects of reward on generalized creativity are easily attainable using procedures derived from behavior theory.

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   Deci, Edward L., Ryan, Richard M. · 2000 · Psychological Inquiry
3. A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation.
   Deci, Edward L., Koestner, Richard, Ryan, Richard M. · 1999 · Psychological Bulletin
4. Pay Enough or Don't Pay at All*
   Gneezy, Uri, Rustichini, Aldo · 2000 · Quarterly Journal of Economics
5. Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: A 40-year meta-analysis.
   Cerasoli, Christopher P., Nicklin, Jessica M., Ford, Michael T. · 2014 · Psychological Bulletin

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