The DOI matches its Crossref record; 129 of the 131 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey.
Abstract
The authors summarize 35 years of empirical research on goal-setting theory, describing the core findings of the theory, the mechanisms by which goals operate, moderators of goal effects, the relation of goals and satisfaction, and the role of goals as mediators of incentives.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“These mutual goals direct attention and effort, serve an energizing function, contribute to persistence, and spark action indirectly by leading to interests, discoveries, and use of knowledge, strategies, and skills (Locke & Latham, 2002).”
From The Principles of Strengths-Based Education (2009) · cites this paper as Locke & Latham, 2002
In the citing paper
“Unrealistic expectations surrounding weight changes can lead to discouragement [67].”
From Barriers and facilitators to diet, physical activity and lifestyle behavior intervention adherence: a qualitative systematic review of the literature (2023) · cites this paper as [67]
In the citing paper
“Locke and Latham (2002) argue that learning goals are especially important for driving self-regulated attention and motivation.”
From Summarise, elaborate, try again: exploring the effect of feedback literacy on AI-enhanced essay writing (2026) · cites this paper as Locke and Latham (2002)
In the citing paper
“goal setting is generally acknowledged as an essential treatment intervention for procrastination because insufficient or inadequate goals often impair problem solving and lower motivation (Locke & Latham, 2002).”
From Understanding and Treating Procrastination: A Review of a Common Self-Regulatory Failure (2014) · cites this paper as Locke & Latham, 2002
In the citing paper
“goal setting is generally acknowledged as an essential treatment intervention for procrastination because insufficient or inadequate goals often impair problem solving and lower motivation (Locke & Latham, 2002).”
From Understanding and Treating Procrastination: A Review of a Common Self-Regulatory Failure (2014) · cites this paper as Locke & Latham, 2002
7 more claims about this paper
Create a free account to see every claim other papers make about this one.
Citations
Cites
Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1914185 · Cited by 48,524
Self-efficacy: The exercise of control
Bandura, A., Freeman, W. H., & Lightsey, R. (1999) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.13.2.158 · Cited by 46,835
(1975) · PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation) · Cited by 36,737
Self-efficacy: the exercise of control
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-1826 · Cited by 24,281
Leadership and Performance beyond Expectations
Longshore, J. M., & Bass, B. M. (1987) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258081 · Cited by 12,412
Research in Organizational Behavior.
Grimes, A. J., Cummings, L. L., & Staw, B. M. (1986) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2392975 · Cited by 10,899
A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality.
Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.95.2.256 · Cited by 9,745
Motivational processes affecting learning.
Dweck, C. S. (1986) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.41.10.1040 · Cited by 6,971
Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-5278 · Cited by 5,483
A Theory of Goal Setting and Task Performance
Tosi, H. L., Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1991) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258875 · Cited by 4,839
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Atkinson, 1958, Towards experimental analysis of human motivation in terms of motives, expectancies and incentives., 288
- Bandura, 1986, Social foundations of thought and action: A social-cognitive theory.
- Howard, 1988, Managerial lives in transition.
- Kanfer, 1970, Self-regulation: Research, issues and speculation., 178
- Locke, 1997, The motivation to work: What we know., Vol. 10, 375
- Locke, 1997, Participation in decision-making: An information exchange perspective., Vol. 15, XXX
- Ryan, 1970, Intentional behavior.
- Vroom, 1964, The motivation to work.
- Wood, 1990, Goal setting and strategy effects on complex tasks., Vol. 12, 73
Cited by
Items 3,001–3,100 of 6,066
Motivations Underlying Power Dynamics in Hierarchically Structured Groups
van Dijke, M., & Poppe, M. (2007) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496407304339 · Cited by 9
Towards a balanced and active lifestyle
Achterkamp, R. (2019) · doi:10.3990/1.9789463236560 · Cited by 8
Aspiring to a Better Future: Can a Simple Psychological Intervention Reduce Poverty?Preprint
Orkin, K., Garlick, R. J., Mahmud, M., Sedlmayr, R., Haushofer, J., & Dercon, S. (2023) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4589697 · Cited by 19
Lauritzen, H. H., & Pedersen, M. J. (2021) · International Public Management Journal · doi:10.1080/10967494.2021.1965055 · Cited by 9
A network approach to work-family conflict
Russo, M., & Morandin, G. (2022) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2022.100943 · Cited by 8
Chen, C. C., Sheldon, O. J., Chen, M., & Reynolds, S. J. (2023) · Business Ethics Quarterly · doi:10.1017/beq.2023.14 · Cited by 8
Incentive design for reference-dependent preferences
Jimenez, V. G. (2024) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2024.03.005 · Cited by 9
Optimization of human-aware logistics and manufacturing systems: A survey on the Human-Aware Models
Prunet, T., Absi, N., Borodin, V., & Cattaruzza, D. (2024) · EURO Journal on Transportation and Logistics · doi:10.1016/j.ejtl.2024.100137 · Cited by 8
Metwally, A. H. S., Huang, R., Palomino, P. T., & Yousef, A. M. F. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-12750-8 · Cited by 12
“On the other hand, goal-set-ting theory is a well-developed motivational theory that explained the relationship between goals and performance (Locke & Latham, 2002).”
Anagnostopoulos, C., Winand, M., & Botwina, G. M. (2024) · Managing Sport and Leisure · doi:10.1080/23750472.2024.2387064 · Cited by 9
“…explicit and specific goals tend to achieve better results than those with equivocal goals, since the former focus on, exert, and act on tasks, as well as seek out requisite knowledge, skills, and experiences to maximize their performance (Latham & Locke, 2007; Locke & Latham, 1990, 2002, 2006).”
Using Mental Contrasting to Promote Flow Experiences at Work: A Just-in-Time Adaptive Intervention
Bartholomeyczik, K., Knierim, M., Weinhardt, C., & Oettingen, G. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100488 · Cited by 6
“This association between goal-setting and flow (e.g. also see Oertig et al., 2014; Schweickle et al., 2017) arises because choosing goals increases goal commitment by enhancing perceived goal importance (Locke & Latham, 2002).”
Behind the software: The impact of Unobtrusiveness, Goal Setting and persuasive features on BMI
de Oliveira, R. S. C., Nabwire, S., Merikallio, H., Savolainen, M. J., Hukkanen, J., & B, H. O.-K. A. (2025) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2025.105795 · Cited by 12
Organizational Behavior in the Gig Economy: Contributions, Challenges, and New Directions
Huang, J. L. W., Bowling, N. A., & Wu, D. (2025) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.70001 · Cited by 9
Xu, J., & Yu, L. (2025) · Journal of Career Development · doi:10.1177/08948453251379855 · Cited by 10
“According to goal-setting theory (Locke & Latham, 2002), goals aligned with personal values foster sustained effort, especially when driven by intrinsic motivation.”
InfluentialIntegrative Symptom-Focused Dynamic Psychotherapy
Connors, M. E. (2010) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-010-0280-7 · Cited by 8
Managing team learning in a Spanish commercial bank
Døving, E., & Rubio, I. M. (2013) · Journal of Workplace Learning · doi:10.1108/jwl-sep-2011-0053 · Cited by 12
Olivares, O. J. (2012) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2012.32028 · Cited by 9
Team Assessment in Stroke Rehabilitation
Duff, J. (2009) · Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation · doi:10.1310/tsr1606-411 · Cited by 8
Chang, C., Liu, L.-W., Huang, H.-C., & Hsieh, H. (2019) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare7040159 · Cited by 10
The effect of monetary incentives on task attractiveness, effort and performance
Robinson, M. N., & Farkas, M. (2021) · Journal of Applied Accounting Research · doi:10.1108/jaar-01-2021-0018 · Cited by 12
Uebel, K., Rhodes, J. R., Wilson, K. A., & Dean, A. J. (2021) · Environmental Management · doi:10.1007/s00267-021-01487-6 · Cited by 8
Craig, A. R., Duff, J., & Middleton, J. W. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00061-3 · Cited by 12
Ferrara, P.-M. M., Zakrajsek, R. A., Eckenrod, M. R., Beaumont, C. T., & Strohacker, K. A. (2021) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2021.1996482 · Cited by 11
Goals as Emergent Autopoietic Processes
Veloz, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2021.720652 · Cited by 9
Wu, S.-H., Huang, S., & Tsai, C. (2022) · Service Business: An International Journal · doi:10.1007/s11628-021-00475-4 · Cited by 10
Effects of a multifaceted team goal-setting intervention for youth volleyball teams
Durdubaş, D., & Koruç, Z. (2022) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2021.2021564 · Cited by 13
The Impact of Gender and Culture in Consumer Behavior
Ng, S., Bharti, M., & Faust, N. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.021 · Cited by 9
Abugre, J. B., Minlah, B., & Nasere, D. (2022) · Journal of African Business · doi:10.1080/15228916.2022.2031828 · Cited by 9
Andrejkow, J., Berger, L., & Guo, L. (2018) · Accounting Organizations and Society · doi:10.1016/j.aos.2022.101376 · Cited by 12
Lawson, L. M., Foster, L. H., Hamner, K., & Wright, L. (2022) · Occupational Therapy International · doi:10.1155/2022/3540271 · Cited by 14
Goals and guesses as reference points: a field experiment on student performance
Sabater‐Grande, G., Georgantzís, N., & Herranz‐Zarzoso, N. (2022) · Theory and Decision · doi:10.1007/s11238-022-09892-x · Cited by 12
School Principals’ Self-Efficacy beliefs for Technology Integration in Moroccan Public Schools
Laouni, N.-E. (2023) · International Journal of Educational Leadership and Management · doi:10.17583/ijelm.9154 · Cited by 8
Must It Be Lonely at the Top? Developing Leader Well-Being in Organizations
Bachman, J., Henry, R., Jackson, C., Mitchell, T. D., & Crocco, O. S. (2023) · Advances in Developing Human Resources · doi:10.1177/15234223231153765 · Cited by 17
Batta, A., Batta.Ankaiah, D. B. G., & Parayitam, S. (2023) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Management Research and Innovation · doi:10.1177/2319510x231166800 · Cited by 8
“Dear Manager, now I know what you expect”: Examining availability ambiguity in two studies
Heissler, C., Ohly, S., & Kern, M. (2023) · German Journal of Human Resource Management Zeitschrift für Personalforschung · doi:10.1177/23970022231196440 · Cited by 12
Disturbing the Quiet Life? Competition and CEO Incentives
Kramer, S., & Matějka, M. (2023) · The Accounting Review · doi:10.2308/tar-2022-0393 · Cited by 12
Isoard‐Gautheur, S., Balk, Y. A., Grosriez, S. L. D., JONGE, J. D., & Sarrazin, P. G. (2023) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2023.101057 · Cited by 9
Kettunen, E., Kari, T., Critchley, W., & Frank, L. (2023) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2023.2267692 · Cited by 11
Ratner, K., Gladstone, J. R., Zhu, G., Li, Q., Estevez, M., & Burrow, A. L. (2023) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12911 · Cited by 12
Employee work habits: A definition and process model
Renn, R. W., Preston, F., Fabian, F., & Steinbauer, R. (2023) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2023.101009 · Cited by 12
The role of target difficulty and career tournaments in retaining creative R&D employees
Grabner, I., Seiter, M., Wabnegg, M., & Wirth, H. (2024) · Contemporary Accounting Research · doi:10.1111/1911-3846.12931 · Cited by 17
Amar, S. M. (2024) · Journal of global entrepreneurship research · doi:10.1007/s40497-024-00376-6 · Cited by 8
“In fact, business planning involves goal setting to launch a new company, and according to the goal-setting theory (Latham & Locke, 1991; Locke & Latham, 2002), the establishment of goals in the business plan improves entrepreneurial effort during the business gestation (Hechavarria et al., 2012),…”
InfluentialSantoso, D. R., Affandi, G. R., & Basthomi, Y. (2024) · Studies in English Language and Education · doi:10.24815/siele.v11i1.30969 · Cited by 8
“…strategies to achieve goals, and show a more positive response to negative rewards than those who have low levels of self-efficacy who in the past ultimately impact the resulting performance (Seijts & Latham, 2001 in Locke & Latham, 2002), the performance in this case is English foreign language.”
BackgroundSatisfaction and academic performance of undergraduate economics students
Maniriho, A. (2024) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2024.2326707 · Cited by 21
“For the Goal Setting Theory, it is suggested that specific, challenging, and attainable goals can guide and motivate students (Locke & Latham, 2002).”
Miller, L. B., & Rice, R. E. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0304945 · Cited by 14
Tan, Y. Y., Tok, L., Lam, L., Lam, C., Koh, A. L. H., & Seng, E. (2024) · Entrepreneurship Education · doi:10.1007/s41959-024-00132-7 · Cited by 14
Educational Data Mining and Learning Analytics
Khine, M. S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-9350-1_1 · Cited by 14
Gyldenvang, H. H., Piil, K., Dahl, T. H., Paulsen, T. G., Finecke, C. E. C. V. B., Mathiesen, U. B., Møller, T., & Andersen, C. (2025) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2025.102807 · Cited by 8
Audit, Feedback, and Behaviour Change
Ivers, N. M., & Foy, R. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009604697 · Cited by 10
Developing useful Visualizations of Domestic Energy Usage
Suppers, J., & Apperley, M. D. (2014) · International Symposium on Visual Information Communication and Interaction (VINCI) · doi:10.1145/2636240.2636853 · Cited by 8
Regulatory fit effects on stimulus identification
Glass, B. D., Maddox, W. T., & Markman, A. B. (2010) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-010-0068-4 · Cited by 8
Blood Pressure Visit Intensification Study in Treatment: Trial design
Fiscella, K. A., Ogedegbe, G. G., He, H., Carroll, J. K., Cassells, A. N., Sanders, M., Khalida, C., D’Orazio, B. M., & Tobin, J. N. (2015) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2015.08.022 · Cited by 8
Arthur, W., Cho, I., & Muñoz, G. J. (2016) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-016-1009-6 · Cited by 8
Goal-Prioritization for Teachers, Coaches, and Students: A Developmental Model
Symonds, M. L., & Tapps, T. (2016) · Strategies · doi:10.1080/08924562.2016.1159155 · Cited by 8
SMART oder MOTTO? Von der Hemmung in die Handlungsfähigkeit durch passende Zielformulierung
Mühlberger, C., Büche, A., & Jonas, E. (2018) · Organisationsberatung Supervision Coaching · doi:10.1007/s11613-018-0546-4 · Cited by 10
The gamification of education and business: a critical analysis and future research prospects
DuVernet, A. M., Asquer, A., & Krachkovskaya, I. (2016) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781784717766.00024 · Cited by 8
Lebeau, J.-C., Gatten, H., Perry, I., Wang, Y., Sung, S., & Tenenbaum, G. (2018) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.05.005 · Cited by 10
Poczucie własnej skuteczności a zachowania zdrowotne i satysfakcja z życia studentów dietetyki
Nowak, G., Pawlas, K., Duda, S., Kulik, A., & Nowak, D. (2018) · Psychologia Rozwojowa · doi:10.4467/20843879pr.18.018.9359 · Cited by 10
Cho, H., Park, J. Y., & Sung, C. (2019) · Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity · doi:10.3390/joitmc5040083 · Cited by 10
Zhang, Y., Zhang, H., Zhang, C., & Li, D. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12104098 · Cited by 8
de Ridder, D. T. D., Gillebaart, M., & Friese, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.040 · Cited by 9
The effects of feedback valance and progress monitoring on goal striving
Borovoi, L., Schmidtke, K. A., & Vlaev, I. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00925-8 · Cited by 10
The model of evidence-based benchmarking: a more robust approach to benchmarking
Kulikowski, K. (2020) · Benchmarking An International Journal · doi:10.1108/bij-04-2020-0175 · Cited by 16
Timar-Anton, C., Negru‐Subtirica, O., & Opre, A. N. (2021) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2021.102642 · Cited by 9
Goal Self-Concordance Model: What Have We Learned and Where are We Going
Peng, W., Wen, T., Zhang, Y., Gao, H., & Wang, J. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.32604/ijmhp.2021.015759 · Cited by 8
A dynamic process of different helping behavior: from the extended self-theory perspective
Ouyang, X., Zhou, K., Zhan, Y.-F., & Yin, W. (2021) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/jmp-10-2020-0573 · Cited by 11
Future Self-Continuity Increases Responsibility during Covid-19 Restrictions
Šimić, A., Vardo, E., & Solaković, Š. (2021) · Psihologijske teme · doi:10.31820/pt.30.2.3 · Cited by 8
When does daily job performance motivate learning behavior? The stimulation of high turnover rate
Pu, X., Zhang, G., Tse, C., Feng, J., Tang, Y., & Fan, W. (2021) · Journal of Knowledge Management · doi:10.1108/jkm-03-2021-0242 · Cited by 10
Pathfinder: The Behavioural and Motivational Effects of Collectibles in Gamified Software Training
Naglé, T., Bateman, S., & Birk, M. V. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3474691 · Cited by 11
Performance Management and Wellbeing at the Workplace
Franco‐Santos, M., Stull, D., & Bourne, M. (2021) · Handbook series in occupational health sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-24936-6_42-1 · Cited by 12
A goal-based writing program in the EFL writing context: implementation and results
Pham, Q. H. P. (2022) · Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.1080/17501229.2021.2025381 · Cited by 9
Corbett, J., & Idrissi, S. C. E. (2022) · Government Information Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.giq.2022.101757 · Cited by 9
Huy, P. Q., & Phuc, V. K. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su142013198 · Cited by 29
Target Setting And Firm Performance: A Review
Yitzhaky, L., & Bahli, B. (2021) · Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) · doi:10.19030/jabr.v37i3.10375 · Cited by 9
Hwang, Y., Lin, H. Y., & Shin, D. (2023) · International Journal of Enterprise Information Systems · doi:10.4018/ijeis.320766 · Cited by 8
Ahmed, S., Islam, R., & Asheq, A. A. (2023) · International Journal of Business and Systems Research · doi:10.1504/ijbsr.2023.130627 · Cited by 8
Organizational psychology and poverty reduction
Burt, C. D. B., & Carr, S. C. (2011) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683941111154329 · Cited by 8
Understanding Goal Setting Behavior in the Context of Energy Consumption Reduction
Scott, M., Barreto, M. L., Quintal, F., & Oakley, I. (2011) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-23774-4_13 · Cited by 8
Kundenorientierung – Warum sie oft scheitert und wie sie besser machbar ist
Benning-Rohnke, E., & Greif, S. (2010) · Gabler eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8349-8851-5_5 · Cited by 8
Effects of group goal content on group processes, collective efficacy, and satisfaction
Winton, S. L., & Kane, T. D. (2015) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12336 · Cited by 10
Bjaalid, G., Laudal, T., & Mikkelsen, A. (2015) · Journal of Change Management · doi:10.1080/14697017.2015.1067243 · Cited by 8
Schiebener, J., Wegmann, E., Pawlikowski, M., & Brand, M. (2014) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2014.903254 · Cited by 12
Modelling human boredom at work: mathematical formulations and a probabilistic framework
Azizi, N., Liang, M. X., & Zolfaghari, S. (2013) · Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management · doi:10.1108/17410381311327981 · Cited by 8
Rational Goals for the Urban Environment: A Swedish Example
Björnberg, K. E. (2009) · European Planning Studies · doi:10.1080/09654310902949570 · Cited by 8
Torok, H. M., Torre, D. M., & Elnicki, D. M. (2009) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e3181b38c71 · Cited by 9
Setting Quality and Safety Priorities in a Target-Rich Environment
Mort, E. A., Demehin, A. A., Marple, K. B., McCullough, K. Y., & Meyer, G. S. (2013) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e31829a3ee8 · Cited by 8
Holtzheuser, S., & McNamara, J. K. (2014) · Exceptionality Education International · doi:10.5206/eei.v24i1.7707 · Cited by 11
Miedema, B. B., Reading, S. A., Hamilton, R. A., Morrison, K. S., & Thompson, A. E. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006650 · Cited by 11
The symbiotic relation between organizations and society
Stone, D. L., Canedo, J. C., & Tzafrir, S. S. (2013) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/jmp-12-2012-0396 · Cited by 8
Hall, K. S. M., Crowley, G. M., McConnell, E. S., Bosworth, H. B., Sloane, R. J., Ekelund, C. C., & Morey, M. C. (2010) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9177-5 · Cited by 8
The Impact of Organizational Goal Setting on the Industrial Munificence-Goal Attainment Relationship
Tang, Z., Powell, B. C., Marino, L., Tang, J., & Dickson, P. H. (2009) · International Journal of Business and Management · doi:10.5539/ijbm.v3n3p107 · Cited by 11
Kolehmainen, N., Duncan, E., & Francis, J. (2012) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2012.694960 · Cited by 8
iDetective: A Location Based Game to Persuade Users Unconsciously
Yoshii, A., Funabashi, Y., Kimura, H., et al. (2011) · IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications (RTCSA) · doi:10.1109/rtcsa.2011.40 · Cited by 8
Goal Setting: Basic Findings and New Developments at the Team Level
Wegge, J., Schmidt, K., & Hoch, J. E. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01293-8_19 · Cited by 8
When Group Goal Setting Fails: The Impact of Task Difficulty and Supervisor Fairness
Wegge, J., & Haslam, S. A. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-4021-93-7_12 · Cited by 8
Tri-Reference Point Theory of Decision Making: From Principles to Applications
Wang, X. T., & Wang, P. (2013) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2013.01331 · Cited by 10
Belciug, C., Franklin, C., Bolton, K. W., Jordan, C., & Lehmann, P. S. (2016) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854815626753 · Cited by 8
Shoenfelt, E. L. (2016) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1017/iop.2016.36 · Cited by 8
The relation between teacher-set performance goals and students’ mathematical achievement
Ritzema, E. S., Deunk, M., Bosker, R., & van Kuijk, M. F. (2016) · Studies In Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.stueduc.2016.08.003 · Cited by 9
Gómez, R. P., Morejón, A. R., & Palenzuela, D. L. (2016) · Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.rpto.2016.06.001 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 2002-09
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 705-717
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W4237356565
- Cited by
- 7,766
- References
- 131
- Citations by year
- 2026: 527 · 2025: 509 · 2024: 464 · 2023: 511 · 2022: 428 · 2021: 456 · 2020: 540 · 2019: 467 · 2018: 460 · 2017: 421 · 2016: 395 · 2015: 408 · 2014: 370 · 2013: 313 · 2012: 333
- FWCI
- 59.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Human Behavior and Motivation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Keywords
- goal setting, task motivation, motivation theories, goal difficulty, goal specificity, feedback, task difficulty
- MeSH terms
- Goals, Humans, Motivation, Psychological Theory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
