Processing time declines exponentially during childhood and adolescence
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Processing speed is sensitive to changes in development.
“Processing speed (PS), which refers to the speed with which simple cognitive operations can be performed, was included in the CB because it is very sensitive to any form of cerebral insult (see DeLuca & Kalmar, 2007; Weiler, Forbes, Kirkwood, & Waber, 2003) and to changes in development (e.g., Kail, 1991).”
From I. NIH TOOLBOX COGNITION BATTERY (CB): INTRODUCTION AND PEDIATRIC DATA (2013) · cites this paper as Kail, 1991
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Davidson, M. C., Amso, D., Anderson, L. C., & Diamond, A. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.02.006 · Cited by 2,226 · see citing works
Age-related change in executive function: Developmental trends and a latent variable analysis
Huizinga, M., Dolan, C. V., & van der Molen, M. W. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.01.010 · Cited by 1,636 · see citing works
“This finding is important, because it indicates that the developmental trends in EF task performance cannot be explained in terms of a global change in basic processing speed (e.g., Cerella & Hale, 1994; Kail, 1991; Span et al., 2004).”
InfluentialGerstadt, C. L., Hong, Y. J., & Diamond, A. (1994) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(94)90068-x · Cited by 1,598 · see citing works
Mathematical disabilities: Cognitive, neuropsychological, and genetic components.
Geary, D. C. (1993) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.114.2.345 · Cited by 1,069 · see citing works
Halford, G. S., Wilson, W. H., & Phillips, S. D. (1998) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x98001769 · Cited by 910 · see citing works
Processing speed as a mental capacity
Kail, R., & Salthouse, T. A. (1994) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(94)90003-5 · Cited by 850 · see citing works
Self-citationRelationships among processing speed, working memory, and fluid intelligence in children
Fry, A. F., & Hale, S. (2000) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(00)00051-x · Cited by 606 · see citing works
An Integrative Model of the Maturation of Cognitive Control
Luna, B., Marek, S., Larsen, B., Tervo-Clemmens, B., & Chahal, R. (2015) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-071714-034054 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
“This proposed model explains decreases in reaction time and response variability in cognitive control tasks, which is a hallmark of cognitive development (Luna et al. 2004, Kail 1991).”
MethodSpeed of Processing, Working Memory, and Language Impairment in Children
Leonard, L. B., Weismer, S. E., Miller, C., Francis, D. J., Tomblin, J. B., & Kail, R. V. (2007) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2007/029 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Self-citationSpeed of processing in children with specific language impairment.
Miller, C. A., Kail, R., Leonard, L. B., & Tomblin, J. B. (2001) · Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2001/034 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Self-citationMontgomery, J., Magimairaj, B. M., & Finney, M. C. (2010) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2009/09-0028 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Weintraub, S., Dikmen, S. S., Heaton, R. K., Tulsky, D. S., Zelazo, P. D., Slotkin, J., Carlozzi, N. E., Bauer, P. J., Wallner-Allen, K., Fox, N., et al. (2014) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617714000320 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT: Challenges and Opportunities for Research, Programs, and Policies
Lerner, R. M., & Galambos, N. L. (1998) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.413 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Cognitive components of picture naming.
Johnson, C. J., Paivio, A., & Clark, J. M. (1996) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.120.1.113 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Are parents' gender schemas related to their children's gender-related cognitions? A meta-analysis.
Tenenbaum, H. R., & Leaper, C. (2002) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.38.4.615 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
The Role of Speed of Processing, Rapid Naming, and Phonological Awareness in Reading Achievement
Catts, H. W., Gillispie, M., Leonard, L. B., Kail, R. V., & Miller, C. (2002) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/00222194020350060301 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
“Outliers were also removed, as is common practice for RT studies (e.g., J. S. Bowers, Vigliocco, Stadthagen-Gonzalez, & Vinson, 1999; Kail, 1991).”
MethodSelf-citationProcessing speed, naming speed, and reading.
Kail, R., & Hall, L. K. (1994) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.30.6.949 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Relation of Aerobic Fitness to Stroop Task Performance in Preadolescent Children
BUCK, S. M., HILLMAN, C. H., & CASTELLI, D. M. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318159b035 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Edwards, J. R., & Lahey, M. (1998) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716400010079 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
The adaptive nature of cognitive immaturity.
Bjorklund, D. F., & Green, B. L. (1992) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.47.1.46 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Bull, R., & Johnston, R. S. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1006/jecp.1996.2358 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
“…measure processing speed are consistently found to be related to performance of other cognitive skills, and to measures of higher-order cognitive processes, for example, short-term memory (Hale, 1990; Kail, 1991; Kail & Hall, 1994; Kail & Park, 1994; Kail & Salthouse, 1994; Rabbitt & Goward, 1994).”
BackgroundMotor and cognitive control in a normative sample of 7‐year‐olds
Roebers, C. M., & Kauer, M. (2008) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00755.x · Cited by 250 · see citing works
“Of all the tasks included in our study, the Pegboard task stressed speed most strongly and therefore appeared a suitable candidate for controlling for speed, especially given that it has been used to measure information processing speed in other studies (e.g. Kail, 1991).”
MethodInfluentialI. NIH TOOLBOX COGNITION BATTERY (CB): INTRODUCTION AND PEDIATRIC DATA
Weintraub, S., Bauer, P. J., Zelazo, P. D., Wallner-Allen, K., Dikmen, S. S., Heaton, R. K., Tulsky, D. S., Slotkin, J., Blitz, D. L., Carlozzi, N. E., et al. (2013) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/mono.12031 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
“…speed (PS), which refers to the speed with which simple cognitive operations can be performed, was included in the CB because it is very sensitive to any form of cerebral insult (see DeLuca & Kalmar, 2007; Weiler, Forbes, Kirkwood, & Waber, 2003) and to changes in development (e.g., Kail, 1991).”
The role of domain-general cognitive control in language comprehension
Fedorenko, E. G. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00335 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
“…abilities are different: our cognitive control abilities are slow-developing in childhood, not reaching full maturity until early adulthood (e.g., Kail, 1991a,b,c; Kail and Salthouse, 1994; Harnishfeger and Pope, 1996; Fischer et al., 1997; Munoz et al., 1998; Diamond, 2002; Luciana and Nelson,…”
BackgroundJohnstone, S. J., Dimoska, A., Smith, J. L., Barry, R. J., Pleffer, C. B., Chiswick, D., & Clarke, A. R. (2006) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2006.07.001 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
A cognitive complexity metric applied to cognitive development
Andrews, G., & Halford, G. S. (2002) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0010-0285(02)00002-6 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Canfield, R. L., Smith, E. G., Brezsnyak, M. P., Snow, K. L., Aslin, R. Ν., Haith, M. M., Wass, T. S., & Adler, S. A. (1997) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1166196 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Developmental Features of Rapid Aiming Arm Movements Across the Lifespan
Yan, J. H., Thomas, J. R., Stelmach, G. E., & Thomas, K. T. (2000) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222890009601365 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“Those RT results are also consistent with previous findings about the effects of age on cognitive processing speed (Jacewicz & Hartley, 1987; Kail, 1991; Spirduso, 1980; Thomas, 1980).”
BackgroundResultKohnert, K. J., & Bates, E. A. (2002) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2002/027 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Why Do Children With Specific Language Impairment Name Pictures More Slowly Than Their Peers?
Lahey, M., & Edwards, J. (1996) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/jshr.3905.1081 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Emerging Themes in Cognitive Development
Howe, M. L., & Pasnak, R. (1993) · Springer: New York · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9220-0 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Development of Inhibitory Processing During the Go/NoGo Task
Johnstone, S. J., Pleffer, C. B., Barry, R. J., Clarke, A. R., & Smith, J. L. (2005) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027/0269-8803.19.1.11 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“These results are in line with the well-documented decrease in response execution timing with age (Cerella & Hale, 1994; Kail, 1991).”
ResultProcessing speed, speech rate, and memory.
Kail, R. (1992) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.28.5.899 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationNydén, A., Gillberg, C., Hjelmquist, E., & Heiman, M. (1999) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361399003003002 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“According to several authors (Dempster, 1985; Kail, 1991;Torgesen, 1994) longer reaction times result in poorer information-processing capacity.”
BackgroundDo preschoolers remember what to do? Incentive and external cues in prospective memory
Guajardo, N. R., & Best, D. L. (2000) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/s0885-2014(00)00016-2 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Effects of prenatal PCB exposure on cognitive processing efficiency and sustained attention.
Jacobson, J. L., Jacobson, S., Padgett, R. J., Brumitt, G. A., & Billings, R. L. (1992) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.28.2.297 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Relation of prenatal alcohol exposure to cognitive processing speed and efficiency in childhood.
Burden, M. J., Jacobson, S., & Jacobson, J. L. (2005) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1097/01.alc.0000175036.34076.a0 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
McAuley, T., & White, D. A. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2010.08.009 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
“…consistent with previous work showing that processing speed, response inhibition, and working memory have a protracted course of development (e.g., Kail, 1991; Jerger, Pearson, & Spence, 1999; Luna, Garver, Urban, Lazar, & Sweeny, 2004 ; Williams et al; 1999; Wright, Waterman, Prescott, &…”
ResultSpeed of processing, anticipation, inhibition and working memory in bilinguals
Bonifacci, P., Giombini, L., Bellocchi, S., & Contento, S. G. (2010) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.00974.x · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“These data support the literature on the development of speed of processing, inhibition and working memory which are thought to improve until late adolescence (Kail, 1991; Luna, Garver, Urban, Lazar & Sweeney, 2004).”
ResultDevelopmental changes in inhibitory processing: evidence from psychophysiological measures
van der Molen, M. W. (2000) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(00)00057-0 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
The Educational Relevance of Research in Cognitive Neuroscience
Byrnes, J. P., & Fox, N. A. (1998) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1022145812276 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“There are reliable individual and developmental differences in the speed with which subjects can make simple and complex responses (Jensen, 1987; Frearson and Eysenck, 1986; Kail, 1991).”
BackgroundInhibitory control in childhood stuttering
Eggers, K., Nil, L. F. D., & den Bergh, B. R. H. V. (2012) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2012.10.001 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Reality Compared With Its Alternatives: Age Differences in Judgments of Regret and Relief.
Guttentag, R. E., & Ferrell, J. M. (2004) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.5.764 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“…be disseminated broadly. mine the extent to which age differences in information-processing capacity or efficiency (Case, Kurland, & Goldberg, 1982; Kail, 1991; Kail & Bisanz, 1992) may help explain the shift from age 5 to age 7 found here with respect to the understanding of regret or whether…”
BackgroundDevelopmental and Cognitive Characteristics of “High-Level Potentialities” (Highly Gifted) Children
Vaivre‐Douret, L. (2011) · International Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1155/2011/420297 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Montgomery, J. W., & Windsor, J. (2007) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2007/054 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Phonological priming in children's picture naming
Brooks, P. J., & MacWhinney, B. (2000) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000900004141 · Cited by 114
Michel, E., Röthlisberger, M., Neuenschwander, R., & Roebers, C. M. (2011) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2010.525501 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“As a measure of basic information-processing time , we used a simple computerized reaction time task, adapted from Kail (1991 ).”
MethodCognitive flexibility in young children: General or task-specific capacity?
Deák, G. O., & Wiseheart, M. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2015.04.003 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“Finally, processing speed is a task-general individual difference that modulates cognitive control (Kail, 1991; Kail & Hall, 1994); here we considered it an EF parameter.”
BackgroundNIH Toolbox Cognitive Battery (NIHTB-CB): The NIHTB Pattern Comparison Processing Speed Test
Carlozzi, N. E., Tulsky, D. S., Chiaravalloti, N. D., Beaumont, J. L., Weintraub, S., Conway, K., & Gershon, R. C. (2014) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617714000319 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“Thus, processing speed is shortened systematically through childhood and adolescence (Hale, 1990; Kail, 1991), peaks in young adulthood and slows modestly during middle age (Cerella & Hale, 1994; Chaytor & Schmitter-Edgecombe, 2004), and more substantially in adults over age 65 (Finkel et al.”
BackgroundAuditory lexical decisions of children with specific language impairment.
Edwards, J. R., & Lahey, M. (1996) · Journal of Speech and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/jshr.3906.1263 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Role of Working Memory in Typically Developing Children’s Complex Sentence Comprehension
Montgomery, J. W., Magimairaj, B. M., & O'Malley, M. H. (2008) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-008-9077-z · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Bonifacci, P., & Snowling, M. J. (2008) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2007.12.006 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Lexical and phonological organization in children: evidence from repetition tasks.
Munson, B., Swenson, C., & Manthei, S. C. (2005) · Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2005/009 · Cited by 101
Beyond naïve cue combination: salience and social cues in early word learning
Yurovsky, D., & Frank, M. C. (2015) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12349 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“Early childhood is a time of substantial development in attention and inhibition (Smith, Thelen, Titzer, & McLin, 1999; Diamond & Doar, 1989), memory (Cowan, 1997), and speed of processing (Kail, 1991; Dougherty & Haith, 1997).”
BackgroundThe Ability to Activate and Inhibit Speeded Responses: Separate Developmental Trends
Band, G. P. H., van der Molen, M. W., Overtoom, C. C. E., & Verbaten, M. N. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1006/jecp.1999.2538 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Trends in adolescent research for the new millennium
Galambos, N., & Leadbeater, B. (2000) · doi:10.1080/01650250050118268 · Cited by 82
“These studies have demonstrated that by 14 years of age, adolescents are nearly as ef cient as adults in speed of cognitive processing (Kail, 1991) and engage in effective time-monitoring strategies (Ceci & Bronfenbrenner, 1985).”
BackgroundResponse Time in 14-Year-Olds With Language Impairment
Miller, C., Leonard, L. B., Kail, R. V., Zhang, X., Tomblin, J. B., & Francis, D. J. (2006) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2006/052 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationRöthlisberger, M., Neuenschwander, R., Michel, E., & Roebers, C. M. (2010) · Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie · doi:10.1026/0049-8637/a000010 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Capacity, strategies, and metamemory: tests of a three-factor model of memory development.
DeMarie, D., & Ferron, J. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-0965(03)00004-3 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Three- and four-year-olds’ perceptual confusions for spoken words
Gerken, L., Murphy, W. D., & Aslin, R. (1995) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03213073 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
VI. NIH toolbox cognition battery (CB): measuring processing speed
Carlozzi, N. E., Tulsky, D. S., Kail, R. V., & Beaumont, J. L. (2013) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/mono.12036 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“In fact, processing speeds in different domains increase at a common rate (Kail, 1986, 1988, 1991), supporting the notion of a global mechanism.”
InfluentialSelf-citationThe Pervasive Role of Pragmatics in Early Language
Bohn, M., & Frank, M. C. (2019) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.31234/osf.io/v8e56 · Cited by 70
Online measures of basic language skills in children with early focal brain lesions.
MacWhinney, B., Feldman, H., Sacco, K. A., & Valdés-Pérez, R. (2000) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1006/brln.1999.2273 · Cited by 66
“Kail (1988; 1991; 1992) has shown that reaction-time speed increases throughout childhood.”
BackgroundResultPicture Naming in Early Sequential Bilinguals
Kohnert, K. J. (2002) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2002/061 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Droit‐Volet, S. (2009) · The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541440902738900 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“There is now ample evidence that the time taken to generate a motor action, assessed by means of a simple reaction time (RT), is longer and more variable in younger children (e.g., Cowan et al., 2005; Kail, 1991; Pickering, 2001; Riggs, McTaggart, Simpson, & Freeman, 2006).”
BackgroundThe Development of Memory and Processing Capacity
Halford, G. S., Maybery, M. T., O'Hare, A. W., & Grant, P. (1994) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00820.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Montgomery, J. W. (2005) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1080/13682820400011069 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Yan, J. H., & Thomas, J. R. (2002) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2002.10608987 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Developmental change in the cross-modal Stroop effect
Hanauer, J. B., & Brooks, P. J. (2003) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03194567 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“However, because of developmentaldifferences in processing speed ( Kail, 1991, 1992 ), for the 2500-msec condition, we lengthened the interval between presentation of the distractor and the color patch to provide children with sufficient time to fully process the word prior to seeing the patch.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMeaning resolution processes for words: A parallel independent model
Twilley, L. C., & Dixon, P. (2000) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03210725 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Montgomery, J. W. (2008) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1080/13682820701736638 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Daum, M. M., & Gredebäck, G. (2010) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-010-2479-9 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Das Arbeitsgedächtnis von 4- bis 5-jährigen Kindern
Schmid, C. W., Zoelch, C., & Roebers, C. M. (2008) · Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie · doi:10.1026/0049-8637.40.1.2 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Vaivre-Douret, L. (2004) · Neuropsychiatrie de l Enfance et de l Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.neurenf.2004.01.006 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Role of working memory in children's understanding spoken narrative: A preliminary investigation
Montgomery, J. W., POLUNENKO, A., & Marinellie, S. A. (2009) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716409090249 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Performance on nonlinguistic visual tasks by children with language impairment
Windsor, J., Kohnert, K. J., LOXTERCAMP, A. L., & Kan, P. F. (2008) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716407080113 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Nonlinguistic RT appears to decrease at an exponential rate during childhood and adolescence for typically developing monolingual children (Kail, 1991b, 1993).”
BackgroundClark, C. A. C., Nelson, J. M., Garza, J. P., Sheffield, T. D., Wiebe, S. A., & Espy, K. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00107 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“More specific to EC, measures of processing speed have been shown to fully mediate the relation of age to inhibitory control task performance (Kail, 2002; McAuley and White, 2011) and to partially mediate the relation of age to working memory in middle childhood (Fry and Hale, 2000; McAuley and…”
BackgroundReal‐time language processing in school‐age children with specific language impairment
Montgomery, J. W. (2006) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1080/13682820500227987 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Picture Naming and Verbal Fluency in Children With Cochlear Implants
Wechsler-Kashi, D., Schwartz, R. G., & Cleary, M. (2014) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2014_jslhr-l-13-0321 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Bauer, P. J., & Zelazo, P. D. (2014) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12080 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Memory Development in Childhood
Schneider, W. (2002) · doi:10.1002/9780470996652.ch11 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The Effect of Presentation Rate on Serial Memory in Young Children With Specific Language Impairment
Fazio, B. B. (1998) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/jslhr.4106.1375 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Stewart, C. R., Sanchez, S. S., Grenesko, E. L., Brown, C. M., Chen, C. P., Keehn, B., Velasquez, F., Lincoln, A. J., & Müller, R.-A. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2367-z · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“The results for the TD group are consistent with findings of age-dependent decreases in RTs for simple tasks in childhood and adolescence (Kail 1991).”
ResultElementary Reading Instruction
Pressley, M. G., Wharton‐McDonald, R., Rankin, J. L., El‐Dinary, P. B., BROWN, R. M. A., Afflerbach, P. P., Mistretta, J., & Yokoi, L. (1997) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012554255-5/50007-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Global processing speed as a mediator of developmental changes in children’s auditory memory span
Ferguson, A. N., & Bowey, J. A. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2004.12.006 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Research on memory development: Historical trends and current themes
Schneider, W. (2000) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1080/016502500750037955 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Age differences in speed of processing in uence a wide range of tasks and may represent a cognitive primitive (see Kail, 1991, 1993; Kail & Salthouse, 1994).”
BackgroundMontgomery, J., & Leonard, L. (2006) · Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2006/089 · Cited by 44
Relational complexity metric is effective when assessments are based on actual cognitive processes
Halford, G., Wilson, W., & Phillips, S. (1998) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x98401766 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Cassidy, A. R., White, M. T., DeMaso, D. R., Newburger, J. W., & Bellinger, D. C. (2016) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000289 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“…br oa dl y. speed of processing over infancy, childhood, and adolescence (Rose et al., 2012b) with a peak in young adulthood and subsequent decline with aging (Kail, 1991), in accordance with patterns of white matter development and organization (Ferrer et al., 2013; Soria-Pastor et al., 2008).”
Understanding Developmental Systems in Adolescence
Lerner, R. M., Lerner, J. V., Stefanis, I. D., & Apfel, A. (2001) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/0743558401161003 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Rather, cognitive abilities are enhanced in early adolescence as individuals become faster and more efficient at processing information—at least in settings in which they feel comfortable in performing cognitive tasks (Ceci & Bronfenbrenner, 1985; Kail, 1991).”
BackgroundCausey, K., & Bjorklund, D. F. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2014.01.020 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The Adolescent Perspective on Participation in Treatment Decision Making: A Pilot Study
Stegenga, K., & Ward-Smith, P. (2008) · Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1177/1043454208314515 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“This finding is further supported by research conducted by Kail (1991), who focused on the development of cognitive ability and concluded that adolescents develop cognitive processing abilities similar to those of adults by 14 years of age.”
ResultThe effect of fine motor skills, handwriting, and typing on reading development
Suggate, S. P., Karle, V. L., Kipfelsberger, T., & Stoeger, H. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105674 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Probabilistic cue combination: less is more
Yurovsky, D., Boyer, T. W., Smith, L. B., & Yu, C. (2012) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12011 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Although development is generally accompanied by increased efficiency (Kail, 1991), sometimes this efficiency comes at a cost.”
BackgroundMeristo, M., & Hjelmquist, E. (2009) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248370902966552 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Reaction time has by some authors been said to be one of the purest measures of attention since it is confounded only by motor speed (Kail, 1991 ; Nyden, Gillberg, Hjelmquist, & Heiman, 1999 ).”
BackgroundThe Role of a Global Mechanism in Developmental Change in Speed of Processing
Kail, R. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9220-0_4 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationDoyle, C., Smeaton, A. F., Roche, R. A. P., & Boran, L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00795 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Similar to executive function, processing speed efficiency increases from childhood into adulthood and reduced efficiency is observed in later adulthood (Kail, 1991; Salthouse, 1996).”
BackgroundEffect of response context and masker type on word recognition in school-age children and adults.
Buss, E., Leibold, L., & Hall, J. (2016) · Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.4960587 · Cited by 33
“…memory or working memory (Hulme et al., 1984; Keller and Cowan, 1994), slower word retrieval of pictorial response alternatives (Winters and Brzoska, 1975; Kail, 1991; Cook and Meyer, 2008), and limited cognitive resources to support the comparison between stimulus memory and response alternatives.”
BackgroundHanauer, J. B., & Brooks, P. J. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2004.08.002 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Because children process information more slowly than do adults (Kail, 1991, 1992), Hanauer and Brooks (2003) adjusted the timing of the 500-ms condition so that the color patch occurred 500 ms after the offset of the auditory distractor.”
BackgroundDigit Span Changes From Puberty to Old Age Under Different Levels of Education
Karakaş, S., Yalin, A., Irak, M., & Erzengin, Ö. U. (2002) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2202_1 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“However, this relationship has been ascribed to the role of a general speed factor that influences rehearsal; the speed factor is responsible for the variations in both intelligence and span (Kail, 1991).”
Background
- Authors
- Kail, R.
- Affiliations
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kail, Robert
- Venue
- Developmental Psychology
- Published
- 1991-03
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 259-266
- ISSN
- 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0599
- OpenAlex
- W2040324172
- Cited by
- 168
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 2.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- processing speed, cognitive development, childhood, adolescence, exponential decline, cognitive aging, reaction time
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
