Cited by 705Eating Disorders and BehaviorsChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentNutrition, Health and Food Behavior

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Body-image and eating disturbances prospectively predict increases in depressive symptoms in adolescent girls: A growth curve analysis.

Stice, Eric, Bearman, Sarah Kate·2001·Developmental Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.37.5.597

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Abstract

Using data from a longitudinal community study (N = 231), the authors tested whether body-image and eating disturbances might partially explain the increase in depression observed in adolescent girls. Initial pressure to be thin, thin-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, dieting, and bulimic symptoms, but not body mass, predicted subsequent increases in depressive symptoms, as did increases in these risk factors over the study. There was also prospective support for each of the hypothesized mediational relations linking these risk factors to increases in depressive symptoms. Effects remained significant when other established gender-nonspecific risk factors for depression (social support and emotionality) were statistically controlled. Results provide support for the assertion that body-image and eating disturbances, operating above and beyond gender-nonspecific risk factors, contribute to the elevated depression in adolescent girls.

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BackgroundResultInfluential
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Background
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Self-citation
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Does Yoga Help College-Aged Women with Body-Image Dissatisfaction Feel Better About Their Bodies?
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Background
Body Image in Primary Schools: A pilot evaluation of a primary school intervention program designed by teachers to improve children’s body satisfaction
Halliwell, E., Yager, Z., Paraskeva, N., Diedrichs, P. C., Smith, H., & White, P. (2016) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.09.002 · Cited by 31
“…that body dissatisfaction during late childhood and adolescence is associated with increased negative affect (Ferreiro, Seoane, & Senra, 2012; Stice & Bearman, 2001), reduced levels of physical activity (Neumark-Sztainer, Paxton, Hannan, Haines, & Story, 2006), and is a risk factor for the…”
Background
Self-esteem moderates the associations between body-related self-conscious emotions and depressive symptoms
Brunet, J., Pila, E., Solomon‐Krakus, S., Sabiston, C. M., & O’Loughlin, J. L. (2017) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105316683786 · Cited by 33
“have shown that negative body-related selfevaluations are associated with depressive symptoms (Hankin and Abramson, 2001; Paxton et al., 2006; Stice and Bearman, 2001).”
BackgroundResult
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy for Children and Adolescents
Szigethy, E., Weisz, J. R., & Findling, R. L. (2012) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615370955 · Cited by 31
Body dissatisfaction and weight-related teasing: A model of cognitive vulnerability to depression among women
Benas, J. S., Uhrlass, D. J., & Gibb, B. E. (2010) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.03.006 · Cited by 33
“Beginning in adolescence, rates of depression are approximately twice as high for women than for men (Hankin et al., 1998), and research suggests that body dissatisfaction contributes to elevated depression levels above and beyond other risk factors, such as body mass (Stice & Bearman, 2001).”
Association between higher BMI and depressive symptoms in Icelandic adolescents: the mediational function of body image
Eiðsdóttir, S. Þ., Kristjánsson, Á. L., Sigfúsdóttir, I. D., Garber, C. E., & Allegrante, J. P. (2013) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckt180 · Cited by 30
Factors associated with body image dissatisfaction in Portuguese adolescents: obesity, sports activity and TV watching
Coelho, E., Fonseca, S., Pinto, G. S. M., & Mourão, I. (2016) · Motricidade · doi:10.6063/motricidade.6277 · Cited by 29
“…and feelings about his or her own body and associated with low self-esteem, eating disorders, depression and suicide attempt (Kim & Kim, 2009; Shin & Shin, 2008; Stice & Bearman, 2001; Stice, Hayward, Cameron, Killen, & Taylor, 2000; van den Berg, Mond, Eisenberg, Ackard, & Neumark-Sztainer, 2010).”
Background
Desire to lose weight, dietary intake and psychological correlates among middle-aged and older women. The CoLaus study
Carrard, I., Kruseman, M., & Marques-Vidal, P. M. (2018) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.05.011 · Cited by 30
Body image and body change: predictive factors in an Iranian population.
Garrusi, B., Garousi, S., & Baneshi, M. R. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 29
Application of the Transdiagnostic Cognitive-Behavioral Model of Eating Disorders to the Athletic Population
Shanmugam, V., Jowett, S., & Meyer, C. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jcsp.5.2.166 · Cited by 33
The Menstrual Cycle-Response and Developmental Affective-Risk Model: A multilevel and integrative model of influence.
Kiesner, J. (2017) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000058 · Cited by 29
“…with depressive symptoms among adolescent girls (Allgood-Merten, Lewinsohn, & Hops, 1990; Bearman & Stice, 2008; Graber, Brooks-Gunn, Paikoff, & Warren, 1994; Hamlat et al., 2015; Rawana & Morgan, 2014; Rierdan, Koff, & Stubbs, 1987; Siegel, 2002; Stice & Bearman, 2001; Stice et al., 2000).”
Parental disorders, childhood abuse, and binge eating in a large community sample
Sachs‐Ericsson, N., Keel, P. K., Holland, L. A., Selby, E. A., Verona, E., Cougle, J. R., & Palmer, E. (2011) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20938 · Cited by 28
Relations Among Teasing, Body Satisfaction, Self-Esteem, and Depression in Treatment-Seeking Obese African American Adolescents
Porter, J. S., Stern, M., Mazzeo, S. E., Evans, R. K., & Laver, J. H. (2012) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798412454680 · Cited by 29
“It is associated with both self-esteem and depression (Phares, Steinberg, & Thompson, 2004; Stice & Bearman, 2001; P. A. van den Berg, Mond, Eisenberg, Ackard, & NeumarkSztainer, 2010).”
Attachment to God moderates the relation between sociocultural pressure and eating disorder symptoms as mediated by emotional eating
Strenger, A. M., Schnitker, S. A., & Felke, T. J. (2015) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2015.1086324 · Cited by 28
“Perceived sociocultural pressure to be thin was evaluated using the 10-item Perceived Sociocultural Pressure Scale (Stice & Bearman, 2001).”
Method
Eating- and weight-related factors associated with depressive symptoms in emerging adulthood
Rawana, J. S., McPhie, M. L., & Hassibi, B. (2016) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.04.002 · Cited by 28
Appearance-related teasing and substance use during early adolescence.
Klinck, M., Vannucci, A., Fagle, T. R., & Ohannessian, C. M. (2020) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000563 · Cited by 28
“This measure has been used widely for eating and weight behavior studies in adolescents and demonstrates good psychometric properties (Stice & Bearman, 2001).”
Method
Converging vulnerability factors for compulsive food and drug use
Serafine, K. M., O’Dell, L. E., & Zorrilla, E. P. (2021) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108556 · Cited by 29
“…which often involves reduced intake of palatable food, predicts increases in self-reported ‘stress’ (Rosen et al., 1990) and depressive symptoms (Stice and Bearman, 2001) in both overweight and non-overweight individuals (Crow et al., 2006; Goldschmidt et al., 2016; Hinchliff et al., 2016;…”
Background
Body satisfaction, thin-ideal internalization, and perceived pressure to be thin among Canadian women: The role of acculturation and religiosity
Chaker, Z., Chang, F. M., & Hakim-Larson, J. A. (2015) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.04.003 · Cited by 28
Disordered Eating Attitudes in Relation to Anxiety Levels, Self-esteem and Body Image in Female Basketball Players
Michou, M., & Costarelli, V. (2011) · Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness · doi:10.1016/s1728-869x(12)60006-9 · Cited by 28
Primera adaptación del CDI-S a población española [First adaptation of the CDI-S for Spanish population]
del Barrio, V., Capilla, M. L. R., Olmedo, M., & Colodrón, F. (2002) · Acción Psicológica · doi:10.5944/ap.1.3.558 · Cited by 28
Weight and BMI over 6 years in Korean Children: Relationships to Body Image and Weight Loss Efforts
Lee, K., Sohn, H., Lee, S. Y., & Lee, J. (2004) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2004.246 · Cited by 28
Cross-cultural validation of the short form of the Physical Self Inventory (PSI-S).
Morin, A. J. S., Maïano, C., Scalas, L. F., Aşçı, F. H., Boughattas, W., Abid, S., Mascret, N., Kara, F. M., Fadda, D., & Probst, M. (2017) · Sport Exercise and Performance Psychology · doi:10.1037/spy0000096 · Cited by 27
Longitudinal associations of trauma exposure with disordered eating: Lessons from the Great Smoky Mountains Study
Zelkowitz, R. L., Zerubavel, N., Zucker, N. L., & Copeland, W. (2021) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640266.2021.1921326 · Cited by 29
“DE has been linked to impairments in physical and psychological functioning (Lipson & Sonneville, 2020; Solmi et al., 2015; Stice & Bearman, 2001).”
Background
Children's family drawings, body perceptions, and eating attitudes: The moderating role of gender
Goldner, L., & Levi, M. (2013) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2013.11.004 · Cited by 27
The construct validity of the Restraint Scale among mainland Chinese women
Kong, F., Zhang, Y., & Chen, H. (2013) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.06.009 · Cited by 26
“Numerous studies suggest that dietary restraint may play a causal role in the onset of eating disorders (e.g., Polivy & Herman, 1985; Stice & Bearman, 2001) and frequent overeating (Polivy, Herman, & McFarlane, 1994; Polivy, Zeitlin, Hermanm, & Beal, 1994).”
BackgroundResult
Sociocultural Risk Factors for Compulsive Exercise: A Prospective Study of Adolescents
Goodwin, H., Haycraft, E., & Meyer, C. (2014) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2309 · Cited by 26
“Perceived Sociocultural Pressure Scale (PSPS; Stice & Bearman, 2001).”
Background
Body size dissatisfaction among young Chinese children in Hong Kong: a cross-sectional study
Knowles, G., Ling, F. C. M., Thomas, G. N., Adab, P., & McManus, A. M. (2014) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980014000810 · Cited by 26
The role of gender, affectivity and parenting in the course of disordered eating: A 4-year prospective case-control study among adolescents
Hautala, L., Helenius, H. Y. M., Karukivi, M., Maunula, A.-M., Nieminen, J., Aromaa, M. E., Liuksila, P., Räihä, H., Valimaki, M. A., & Saarijãrvi, S. (2011) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.01.014 · Cited by 26
“Taking into account that body dissatisfaction places adolescents at risk for depression (Stice and Bearman, 2001), which in our study was found to increase the likelihood for recurring EDS, these results suggest that one of the most important risk factors for developing EDS may be the negative evaluation of one’s own…”
Result
Longitudinal bidirectional relations between body dissatisfaction and depressive symptoms among Black adolescents: A cross-lagged panel analysis
Wang, Y., Lynne‐Landsman, S. D., Witherspoon, D. O., & Black, M. M. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228585 · Cited by 26
“The positive relation between antecedent body dissatisfaction and later depressive symptoms supports the “thinness ideal theory” that overweight/obesity increases body dissatisfaction, and the weight-related concern or pressure [21, 58] in turn leads to depressive symptoms[25, 27].”
Background
Chapter 3. Culturally Diverse Children and Adolescents
Ford‐Paz, R. E., & Iwamasa, G. Y. (2012) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615370955.es03 · Cited by 26
Family Interactions and Disordered Eating Attitudes: The Mediating Roles of Social Competence and Psychological Distress
Arroyo, A., & Segrin, C. G. (2013) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637751.2013.828158 · Cited by 32
“Sociocultural theories suggest that Western societies emphasize a narrow definition of women’s physical attractiveness (Stice & Bearman, 2001; Thompson et al., 1999), resulting in women’s experience of normative discontent with their bodies (Rodin, Silberstein, & Striegel-Moore, 1984) and, in…”
Background
Body esteem, perceived competence and depression in Icelandic adolescents
Jónsdóttir, S. R., Arnarson, E. Ö., & Smári, J. (2008) · Nordic Psychology · doi:10.1027/1901-2276.60.1.58 · Cited by 25
Body dissatisfaction, self-esteem, and depression in girls with obesity
Contreras-Valdez, J. A., Hernández‐Guzmán, L., & Freyre, M.-Á. (2016) · Revista Mexicana de Trastornos Alimentarios/Mexican Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rmta.2016.04.001 · Cited by 25
The role of high-quality friendships in female adolescents’ eating pathology and body dissatisfaction
Sharpe, H., Schober, I., Treasure, J. L., & Schmidt, U. H. (2014) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-014-0113-8 · Cited by 27
“dominant temporal association between depression and eating pathology/body dissatisfaction with evidence existing in support of both directions [40, 41].”
Background
The Buffering Role of Social Support Perceptions in Relation to Eating Disturbances among Women in Abusive Dating Relationships
Skomorovsky, A., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2006) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9030-2 · Cited by 25
“Of course, social support and depressionmaybereciprocallyrelated, inthatdeficits ofsupport may be a risk factor for depression ( Stice & Bearman, 2001 ), and conversely, depressive mood may reduce perceptions of support (Stice, Ragan, & Randall, 2004 )o r diminish the extent to which individuals, in fact, seek or rece…”
Background
My Body is a Temple: Eating Disturbances, Religious Involvement, and Mental Health Among Young Adult Women
Henderson, A. K., & Ellison, C. G. (2014) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-014-9838-y · Cited by 24
The relation of weight change to depressive symptoms in adolescence
Felton, J. W., Cole, D. A., Tilghman-Osborne, C., & Maxwell, M. A. (2010) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579409990356 · Cited by 24
“Such body dissatisfaction is substantially related to depression (Paxton, Eisenberg, & Neumark-Sztainer, 2006; Paxton, Neumark-Sztainer, Hannan & Eisenberg, 2006; Stice & Bearman, 2001).”
Background
Self-Disclosure in Friendships as the Moderator of the Association Between Peer Victimization and Depressive Symptoms in Overweight Adolescents
Adams, R. E., & Cantin, S. (2012) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431612441068 · Cited by 25
“For instance, body image has been linked to depressive symptoms in short-term longitudinal studies (Stice & Bearman, 2001; Thompson, Coovert, Richards, & Johnson, 1995).”
Background

Authors: Stice, E., & Bearman, S. K.
Affiliations: The University of Texas at Austin (US)
ORCID: Stice, Eric
Bearman, Sarah Kate
Venue: Developmental Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2001
Volume: 37
Issue: 5
Pages: 597-607
ISSN: 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
1939-0599
DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.37.5.597
OpenAlex: W2084237622
Cited by: 704
References: 68
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 57
FWCI: 12.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH-19908, MH 01708, MH12834, F31MH012834, K01MH001708, T32MH019908)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Keywords: body image, disordered eating, depressive symptoms, adolescent girls, thin-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, dieting, bulimic symptoms, risk factors for depression, mediation, social support, emotionality
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Body Image, Depression, Female, Humans, Predictive Value of Tests, Prospective Studies, Social Support, Somatoform Disorders, Temperament

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Body-image and eating disturbances prospectively predict increases in depressive symptoms in adolescent girls: A growth curve analysis.

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