Cited by 705Eating Disorders and BehaviorsChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentNutrition, Health and Food Behavior

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Body-image and eating disturbances prospectively predict increases in depressive symptoms in adolescent girls: A growth curve analysis.

Stice, Eric, Bearman, Sarah Kate·2001·Developmental Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.37.5.597

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Abstract

Using data from a longitudinal community study (N = 231), the authors tested whether body-image and eating disturbances might partially explain the increase in depression observed in adolescent girls. Initial pressure to be thin, thin-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, dieting, and bulimic symptoms, but not body mass, predicted subsequent increases in depressive symptoms, as did increases in these risk factors over the study. There was also prospective support for each of the hypothesized mediational relations linking these risk factors to increases in depressive symptoms. Effects remained significant when other established gender-nonspecific risk factors for depression (social support and emotionality) were statistically controlled. Results provide support for the assertion that body-image and eating disturbances, operating above and beyond gender-nonspecific risk factors, contribute to the elevated depression in adolescent girls.

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The Affective Consequences of Minimizing Women's Body Image Concerns
Bosson, J. K., Pinel, E. C., & Thompson, J. K. (2008) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00434.x · Cited by 14
“…Presnell, & Spangler, 2002), unhealthy weight control behaviors (Neumark-Sztainer, Paxton, Hannan, Haines, & Story, 2006), low self-esteem (Paxton, NeumarkSztainer, Hannan, & Eisenberg, 2006), depression (Stice & Bearman, 2001), and suicidal ideation (Brausch & Muehlenkamp, 2007), among others.”
Dietitians' perspectives on patient barriers and enablers to weight management: An application of the social‐ecological model
Aboueid, S., Pouliot, C., Nur, T. I., Bourgeault, I. L., & Giroux, I. (2019) · Nutrition & Dietetics · doi:10.1111/1747-0080.12510 · Cited by 17
The Impact of a Dissonance-Based Eating Disorders Intervention on Implicit Attitudes to Thinness in Women of Diverse Sexual Orientations
Kant, R. M. N., Wong-Chung, A., Evans, E. H., Stanton, E. C., & Boothroyd, L. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02611 · Cited by 14
“…attitudes INTRODUCTION Eating disorders are not only accompanied by a wide range of chronic symptoms functionally impairing the whole body but also increase the future risk of depression, obesity, and anxiety disorders among other psychological issues (Stice and Bearman, 2001; Stice et al., 2013).”
Background
From Weight Bias Internalization to Health-Related Quality of Life: Self-esteem and Psychopathology in Pre-bariatric Surgery Patients
Liu, X., Zhang, W., Yue, W., Sun, C., & Li, W. (2022) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-022-06261-z · Cited by 15
“Furthermore, prospective studies have found that thin-ideal internalization and body dissatisfaction predict subsequent increases in depressive symptoms [18].”
Background
The psychological factors mediating/moderating the association between body‐image disturbance and depression: A systematic review
Wang, Y., Chen, Y., Lu, C., Kwan, A. T. H., McIntyre, R. S., Yang, F., & Cao, B. (2024) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.754 · Cited by 14
“Body dissatisfaction, on the other hand, is likely to lead to stricter diets, which may contribute to depression because emotional distress may arise as a result of dietary failures or as a direct result of the negative effects of calo-rie restriction on mood (Stice & Bearman, 2001).”
Background
Improving Body Satisfaction
Martijn, C., Alleva, J. M., & Jansen, A. T. M. (2014) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000206 · Cited by 13
Mental health and psychosocial characteristics of breast augmentation patients
von Soest, T., Torgersen, L., & Kvalem, I. L. (2018) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105318754645 · Cited by 13
“If more negative body image and lower levels of self-esteem remain after surgery, patients may show more mental health problems, because negative body image and selfesteem have been consistently shown to be prospectively related to mental health problems, such as depression (Orth and Robins, 2013; Stice and Bearman, 2…”
Background
The dark side of compulsive eating and food addiction
Zorrilla, E. P., & Koob, G. F. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816207-1.00006-8 · Cited by 14
Parental and media influence on body image and depression: the mediational role of self-concept clarity
Seo, J., Lee, J., & Wesbecher, K. D. (2020) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1799802 · Cited by 16
“are more influential in fostering depression than one’s actual height-to-weight ratio.(14) This finding is in line with past”
BackgroundResult
Emotion regulation and social support as related to depressive symptoms: A study of healthy and hospitalized adolescents
Sobol, M., Woźny, M., & Czubak-Paluch, K. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110665 · Cited by 10
Depression and Associated Factors Among in-School Adolescents in Nigeria
Alinnor, E. A., & Okeafor, C. U. (2023) · Asian Journal of Social Health and Behavior · doi:10.4103/shb.shb_237_22 · Cited by 12
Daily weight monitoring as a method of weight gain prevention in healthy weight and overweight young adult women
Katterman, S. N., Butryn, M. L., Hood, M. M., & Lowe, M. R. (2015) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105315589446 · Cited by 12
“The scale has shown adequate internal consistency and predictive validity (e.g. Stice and Bearman, 2001; Stice et al., 2002).”
Background
State body dissatisfaction predicts momentary positive and negative affect but not weight control behaviors: an ecological momentary assessment study
Sala, M., Linde, J. A., Crosby, R. D., & Pacanowski, C. R. (2020) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-020-01048-6 · Cited by 12
Can realistic dolls protect body satisfaction in young girls?
Boothroyd, L. G., Tovée, M. J., & Evans, E. H. (2021) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.02.004 · Cited by 14
“Effective childhood interventions against body dissatisfaction must target and disrupt its primary causal mechanisms including thin-ideal internalisation: the tendency to adopt and pursue an unhealthily thin, unrealistically-proportioned ideal body (Thompson & Stice, 2001).”
Background
Early Adolescent Adjustment and Critical Evaluations by Self and Other: The Prospective Impact of Body Image Dissatisfaction and Peer Appearance Teasing on Global Self-Esteem
Jones, D. C., & Newman, J. B. (2009) · International Journal of Developmental Science · doi:10.3233/dev-2009-3104 · Cited by 12
“Body image satisfaction during adolescence has received attention because of its signiﬁcant role as a risk factor in predicting depression and eating disorders (Stice & Bearman, 2001; Wertheim, Koerner, & Paxton, 2001).”
Family Communication and Body Dissatisfaction among Young Adult Females: Mediating Effects of Social Competence
Taniguchi, E., & Thompson, C. M. (2015) · Journal of Family Communication · doi:10.1080/15267431.2015.1076823 · Cited by 16
“Literature shows that individuals experiencing these negative psychological symptoms often report body dissatisfaction and eating problems (Johnson & Wardle, 2005; Stice & Bearman, 2001).”
Background
The Role of Media Exposure, Peers, and Family on Body Dissatisfaction amongst Boys and Girls in Singapore
Lwin, M. O., & Malik, S. (2011) · Journal of Children and Media · doi:10.1080/17482798.2011.633406 · Cited by 18
“Various negative consequences have been associated with body dissatisfaction, such as depression (Stice & Bearman, 2001), poor self esteem (Ricciardelli & McCabe, 2003), and eating disorders (Stice, Presnell, & Spangler, 2002).”
Background
A prospective study on the reciprocal influence between personality and attitudes, behaviors, and psychological characteristics salient in eating disorders in a sample of non-clinical adolescents
De, E. F., & Blas, L. D. (2016) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640266.2016.1207454 · Cited by 12
“We hypothesize that depression should increase when adolescents report higher levels of body dissatisfaction initially (Stice & Bearman, 2001).”
BackgroundInfluential
Experiential avoidance and dysfunctional beliefs in the prediction of body image disturbance in a nonclinical sample of women
Blakey, S. M., Reuman, L., Buchholz, J. L., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2017) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.06.003 · Cited by 13
The psychological effects of fast food consumption on body image emotions
Aydın, H., Eser, Z., & Korkmaz, S. (2018) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-11-2017-0634 · Cited by 12
Objective versus subjective comparisons of body size against thin media models, media pressures, internalization, and body satisfaction
Lee, M., & Lee, H. (2019) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1016/j.soscij.2019.01.004 · Cited by 12
BMI, Body Perception, and Approach to Eating and Diet in Adolescent Girls
Sadowska, J., Dziaduch, I., Bruszkowska, M., & Ziółkowska, K. (2020) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244020962816 · Cited by 16
“As a consequence, they over-control their physical appearance, often incorrectly estimating their body dimensions, which promotes negative feelings and emotions toward their body (Stice & Bearman, 2001).”
Background
The role of motivation to eat in the prediction of weight control behaviors in female and male adolescents.
Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., Ntoumanis, N., Barkoukis, V., & Spray, C. (2009) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2009.03.001 · Cited by 13
“…including engagement in unhealthy weight control behaviors (Crocker, Sabiston, Kowalski, McDonough, & Kowalski, 2006; Neumark-Sztainer, Wall, Story, & Perry, 2003; Thompson & Chad, 2002) the onset of eating pathology (Keel, Fulkerson, & Leon, 1997), and depression (Stice & Bearman, 2001).”
Race/ethnic differences in desired body mass index and dieting practices among young women attending college in Hawai'i.
Schembre, S. M., Nigg, C. R., & Albright, C. L. (2011) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.48350/193123 · Cited by 12
Predicting persistence of eating disorder compensatory weight control behaviors
Rohde, P., Stice, E. M., & Gau, J. M. (2016) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22639 · Cited by 12
Self-citation
Unattainable Beauty: An Analysis of the Role of Body Shame and Self-Objectification in Hopelessness Depression among College-Age Women
Evans, M. A. (2010) · ProQuest Demo Repository · Cited by 12
Influencias socioculturales sobre la imagen corporal en pacientes mujeres con trastornos alimentarios: un modelo explicativo
Bustinzar, A. R. P., Valdez, M., Moreno, L. R., Vázquez, C. C. R., & Meléndez, J. A. B. (2023) · Psychology Society & Education · doi:10.21071/pse.v15i2.15608 · Cited by 18
Enhancing empowerment in eating disorder prevention: Another examination of the REbeL peer education model
Breithaupt, L. E., Eickman, L., Byrne, C. E., & Fischer, S. F. (2016) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.05.003 · Cited by 11
Bulimia Nervosa and Body Dissatisfaction in Terms of Self-Perception of Body Image
Anitha, L., Alhussaini, A. A., Alsuwedan, H. I., Alnefaie, H. F., Almubrek, R. A., & Aldaweesh, S. A. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.84948 · Cited by 11
Predicting eating disturbances in Turkish adult females: Examining the role of intimate partner violence and perfectionism
Muyan, M., Chang, E. C., Jilani, Z., & Yu, T. (2015) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.07.004 · Cited by 11
Casting weight goal as a function of weight status among a representative population-based sample of adolescents
Roy, M., & Gauvin, L. I. (2009) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.05.003 · Cited by 11
Emotion Regulation Abilities and Perceived Stress as Predictors of Negative Body Image and Problematic Eating Behaviors in Emerging Adults
Asberg, K. K., & Wagaman, A. (2010) · Cited by 11

Authors: Stice, E., & Bearman, S. K.
Affiliations: The University of Texas at Austin (US)
ORCID: Stice, Eric
Bearman, Sarah Kate
Venue: Developmental Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2001
Volume: 37
Issue: 5
Pages: 597-607
ISSN: 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
1939-0599
DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.37.5.597
OpenAlex: W2084237622
Cited by: 704
References: 68
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 57
FWCI: 12.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH-19908, MH 01708, MH12834, F31MH012834, K01MH001708, T32MH019908)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Keywords: body image, disordered eating, depressive symptoms, adolescent girls, thin-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, dieting, bulimic symptoms, risk factors for depression, mediation, social support, emotionality
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Body Image, Depression, Female, Humans, Predictive Value of Tests, Prospective Studies, Social Support, Somatoform Disorders, Temperament

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Body-image and eating disturbances prospectively predict increases in depressive symptoms in adolescent girls: A growth curve analysis.

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