Body-image and eating disturbances prospectively predict increases in depressive symptoms in adolescent girls: A growth curve analysis.

“Consistent with the dietary restraint model (Table 8), selfreported dieting predicted increases in negative affect (Stice & Bearman, 2001; Stice, Hayward, et al., 2000), bulimic symptoms (Field et al., 1999; Killen et al., 1994, 1996; Stice, 2001; Stice & Agras, 1998), and eating pathology (Leon et…”

“…and obesity in children, several prospective studies of adolescent girls found that obesity did not predict depression at follow-up periods (Stice & Bearman, 2001; Stice, Hayward, Cameron, Killen, & Taylor, 2000), whereas research among boys has demonstrated a modest relationship between…”

“[6] Stice E, Bearman SK.”

“In addition, heightened internalization of the current thin ideal espoused for females and the belief that achieving thinness will result in a plethora of social benefits, such as acceptance and academic success, is also thought to promote body dissatisfaction (Stice & Bearman, 2001).”

“These scales have high internal consistency (mean .88), test–retest reliability (mean r .69), and predictive validity (Furman, 1996; Stice & Bearman, 2001 ).”

“…have reported that body dissatisfaction prospectively predicts depressive mood (Holsen et al., 2001; Johnson & Wardle, 2005; Rierdan, Koff, & Stubbs, 1989; Stice & Bearman, 2001), and one study observed that body dissatisfaction predicts an increase in low self-esteem (Johnson & Wardle, 2005).”

“Indeed, a growing body of empirical work has documented that body dissatisfaction prospectively predicts girls’ and women’s depression (Rierdan, Koff, & Stubbs, 1989; Stice & Bearman, 2001).”

“Perceived sociocultural pressure to be thin from family, friends, dating partners, and the media was assessed with the Perceived Sociocultural Pressure Scale (Stice & Bearman, 2001).”

“…about being or becoming fat is related to the development of eating problems, eating disorders, and depression (e.g.,Leon, Fulkerson, Perry, & Early-Zald, 1995; McKnight Investigators, 2003; Stice, 2002; Stice & Bearman, 2001; Stice, Hayward, Cameron, Killen, & Taylor, 2000; Wichstrom, 1999).”

“For both genders, the desire to alter shape or weight is common (Ricciardelli and McCabe, 2001), and is associated with emotional distress (Johnson and Wardle, 2005), dramatic measures to alter appearance, such as cosmetic surgery or steroid use (Hoffman and Brownell, 1997; Thompson et al., 1999), as well as psychiatr…”

“Body image dissatisfaction is of growing importance owing to its implication as a risk factor in the subsequent onset of eating disorders (Stice et al. 2002), depression (McCreary and Sasse 2000), emotional distress (Johnson and Wardle 2005) and low self-esteem ( Stice and Bearman 2001 ).”

“Stice and Bearman (2001) report that perceived pressure to be thin, thin-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, dieting, and bulimic symptoms, prospectively predict increases in depressive symptoms among middle-class U.S. adolescent girls. participants in the control condition.”

“Further, body dissatisfaction has been found to prospectively predict development of depressed mood (Holsen, Kraft, & Roysamb, 2001; Stice & Bearman, 2001 ).”

“When adolescents perceive these pressures from the people who are closest to them— their family and friends—they may become more distressed, feel more negatively about themselves, diet, and engage in other negative eating behaviors such as bingeing and purging (Ricciardelli et al., 2006; Stice and Bearman, 2001).”

“There is also evidence from prospective studies that body dissatisfaction predicts negative affect [126–128].”

“…(Croghan et al., 2006), dramatic measures to alter appearance, for example, steroid use (Raevuori et al., 2006), social anxiety (Cash & Fleming, 2002), impaired sexual functioning (Wiederman, 2002), depression (Stice & Bearman, 2001), and eating disorders (Stice, Presnell, & Spangler, 2002).”

“Various studies have found a correlation between body dissatisfaction and internalizing symptoms, such as anxiety and depression, in adolescents, among whom girls appear more at risk than boys (Bucchianeri et al., 2016; Rawana & Morgan, 2014; Stice & Bearman, 2001).”

“…likely to suffer from both eating and sleep disturbance than males (see Timlin et al., 2008; Vallido et al., 2009) and these—particularly eating disturbances—have been prospectively linked to risk for depression in studies of female adolescents (e.g., Stice et al., 2000; Stice & Bearman, 2001).”

“Several longitudinal studies have also provided empirical evidence that internalization of the thin ideal predicts increases in body dissatisfaction among girls (Jones, 2004; Stice & Bearman, 2001; Stice & Whitenton, 2002).”

“Body dissatisfaction has been found to consistently predict disordered and maladaptive eating behaviors as well as other psychological problems (e.g., clinical eating disorders, depression) among girls (Smolak 2004; Stice and Bearman 2001; Stice and Shaw 2002).”

“Body dissatisfaction is also linked to low self-esteem and depression, ISSN 0954–0261 print/ISSN 1369–1627 online © 2012 Institute of Psychiatry DOI: 10.3109/09540261.2012.678817 especially in overweight or obese youth (Heinberg & Thompson, 2009; Smolak & Thompson, 2009; Stice & Bearman, 2001).”

“Studies of the relationship between psychological well-being variables and perceptions of body image have not provided conclusive findings, particularly given that most such studies have been conducted with adolescents (e.g. Stice & Bearman, 2001; Stice et al., 2000).”

“10) is easier/simpler for the reader to understand: “Of the 98 studies that were retrieved for close reading, the following assessed the same longitudinal dataset: a) (34-36); b) (17, 37, 38); c) (39, 40); d) (41-43); e)(44-47); f) (48-50); g) (20, 51).”

“Research has provided evidence that this measure possesses internal consistency (M .89), test–retest reliability ( M 1-month r .69), and predictive validity (Furman, 1996; Furman & Buhrmester, 1985; Stice & Bearman, 2001 ).”

“Consistent with previous research (Stice and Bearman 2001), perceived pressure from media predicted body dissatisfaction and internalization of the media body ideal.”

“…dissatisfaction and failure to meet one’s ideal (Cattarin & Thompson, 1994; Field et al., 1999, 2001; Pyle, Mitchell, & Eckert, 1981; Stice, 2001; Stice & Bearman, 2001; Stice, Mazotti, Krebs, & Martin, 1998; Stice, Presnell, & Spangler, 2002; Striegel-Moore, Silberstein, & Rodin, 1986;…”

“Consistent with hypotheses, bulimic symptoms have been found to predict future increases in depressive symptoms ( Stice & Bearman, 2001 ) and onset of major depression (Stice et al., 2000).”

“Importantly, studies have also distinguished between the role of body satisfaction and body mass index (BMI; expressed as weight in kilograms divided by squared height in meters) in the development of mental health concerns and have found that body satisfaction mediates the association between BMI and emotional well-b…”

“Social comparison and prevention Research in the area of body image has mainly focused on evaluative comparisons as evaluation is a central dimension of body image [ 21 ].”

“…2015; Dooley et al., 2015; Ferguson et al., 2011; Kostanski and Gullone, 1998; Koronczai et al., 2013) and depression (Bélanger and Marcotte, 2013; Cruz-Sáez et al., 2015; Dooley et al., 2015; Johnson and Wardle, 2005; Murray et al., 2015; Stice and Bearman, 2001; Wichstrøm and Von Soest, 2016).”

“…with a range of adverse outcomes, including the onset of eating disorders (e.g. Stice & Shaw, 2002), low self-esteem, increased negative affect (Stice & Bearman, 2001), and significant emotional distress (Johnson & Wardle, 2005), examining factors that contribute to lower levels of body…”

“For example, some research purporting to examine emotion regulation has examined participants’ experiences of depression, anxiety, and stress over the past few weeks (Ricciardelli and McCabe, 2001), whereas other studies assessed girls’ perceptions of their tendency to become emotionally distressed ( Stice and Bearman…”

“Additionally, several studies have found that body dissatisfaction contributes to the development of depressive symptoms in females (Denniston, Roth, & Gilroy, 1992; Mori & Morey, 1991; Stice & Bearman, 2001; Stice, Hayward, Cameron, Killen, & Taylor, 2000).”

“In addition, the gender additive model of depression tested by Stice and Bearman (2001) did not find support for a significant relationship between body mass index and depressive symptoms.”

“[7] Stice E, Bearman SK.”

“…control behaviours as well as eating pathologies (Crow, Eisenberg, Story, & Neumark-Sztainer, 2008; Neumark-Sztainer, Paxton, Hannan, Haines, & Story, 2006b; Paxton, Neumark-Sztainer, Hannan, & Eisenberg, 2006b; Stice, 2002; Stice & Bearman, 2001; Stice, Marti, & Durant, 2011; Tiggemann, 2005).”

“This finding is encouraging given the evidence that body dissatisfaction in young adolescents can lead to poor self-esteem and future health problems when they are older (Neumark-Sztainer et al., 2006b; Stice & Bearman, 2001).”

“Recently, Stice and Bearman [72] replicated these findings in a sample of girls attending a private high school.”

“In adolescent girls, body dissatisfaction prospectively predicts depressive symptoms ( Stice & Bearman, 2001; Paxton, Neumark-Sztainer, Hannan, & Eisenberg, 2006), low self-esteem (Paxton, Neumark-Sztainer et al., 2006), unhealthy weight loss behaviors (Neumark-Sztainer, Paxton, Hannan, Haines, & Story, 2006; Stice, 2…”

“Self-objectification increases body shame and body dissatisfaction, each of which undermines mental health (e.g., resulting in increased depression: Grabe, Hyde, & Lindberg, 2007; Stice & Bearman, 2001).”

“To our knowledge, no longitudinal study has investigated this relationship, but prospective research has found that adolescent girls who internalize “thin ideal” body standards and experience body dissatisfaction exhibit increased depressive symptoms over time (17).”

“For instance, whereas the European/North American culture emphasizes lean “prepubertal” looks for girls, African-American/Black, Hispanic/Latin or Arabic/ Maghreb cultures put less emphasis on leanness and more on the fuller forms emerging with puberty (Siegel et al., 1999; Stice & Bearman, 2001).”

“The EDE-Q sub-scales have shown good internal consistency, Cronbach’s a = .84, and a test—retest reliability of .86 (Stice and Bearman, 2001).”

“Disordered eating behaviors and attitudes appear to be quite common in childhood and adolescence [5–9], and are associated with a host of negative health consequences [10–16] as”

“A negative body image is, for instance, related to psychosocial problems (8), eating disorders and dieting (9) and depression among adolescent girls (10).”

“…eating and fewer health-promoting behaviors such as physical activity and consumption of fruits and vegetables (Holsen, et al., 2001; Stice, 2001; Stice and Bearman, 2001; Neumark-Sztainer et al., 2006). ter Bogt et al. (2006) report that body image is a better predictor of internalizing…”

“…is an important health issue; it is reported by 50-70% of adolescent girls (Wertheim & Paxton, 2011) and has numerous negative consequences including increased negative affect (Stice & Bearman, 2001) and reduced levels of physical activity (NeumarkSztainer, Paxton, Hannan, Haines, & Story, 2006).”

“…et al., 2015; Dooley et al., 2015; Ferguson et al., 2011; Koronczai et al., 2013), depression (Cruz-Sáez et al., 2015; Dooley et al., 2015; Murray et al., 2015; Stice and Bearman, 2001), and low self-esteem (Delfabbro et al., 2011; Van den Berg et al., 2010; Wichstrøm and Von Soest, 2016).”

“Stice and Bearman (2001) found that self-reports of height and weight correlate strongly with measurements taken by research assistants, with correlations ranging from .94 to .99, therefore we used self-reports.”

“On the other hand, two previous epidemiological studies found that initial BMI was not related to risk for future onset of depression (Stice & Bearman, 2001; Stice, Hayward, Cameron, Killen, & Taylor, 2000).”

“…depressive symptoms, both directly, given that appearance is one facet of broader self-concept, and indirectly, when attempts to manipulate one’s appearance through self-control (e.g., dieting behaviors) fails to bring the body in line with unattainable appearance ideas (Stice & Bearman, 2001).”

“…(e.g., body changes, hormonal changes, changes in the ways others perceive them) are more strongly associated with depressive symptoms in girls than in boys (Allgood-Merten, Lewinsohn,&Hops, 1990; Brooks-Gunn, 1988; Petersen, Sarigiani,& Kennedy, 1991; Stice & Bearman, 2001; Wichstrom, 1999).”