Cited by 705Eating Disorders and BehaviorsChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentNutrition, Health and Food Behavior

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Body-image and eating disturbances prospectively predict increases in depressive symptoms in adolescent girls: A growth curve analysis.

Stice, Eric, Bearman, Sarah Kate·2001·Developmental Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.37.5.597

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Abstract

Using data from a longitudinal community study (N = 231), the authors tested whether body-image and eating disturbances might partially explain the increase in depression observed in adolescent girls. Initial pressure to be thin, thin-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, dieting, and bulimic symptoms, but not body mass, predicted subsequent increases in depressive symptoms, as did increases in these risk factors over the study. There was also prospective support for each of the hypothesized mediational relations linking these risk factors to increases in depressive symptoms. Effects remained significant when other established gender-nonspecific risk factors for depression (social support and emotionality) were statistically controlled. Results provide support for the assertion that body-image and eating disturbances, operating above and beyond gender-nonspecific risk factors, contribute to the elevated depression in adolescent girls.

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Pila, E., Brunet, J., Crocker, P. R. E., Kowalski, K. C., & Sabiston, C. M. (2016) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.01.001 · Cited by 71
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Hazzard, V. M., Bauer, K. W., Mukherjee, B., Miller, A. L., & Sonneville, K. R. (2019) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104171 · Cited by 59
Beyond Body Image: A Systematic Review of Classroom-Based Interventions Targeting Body Image of Adolescents
Kusina, J. R., & Exline, J. J. (2019) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-019-00121-1 · Cited by 73
“For instance, it is predictive of depressive symptomatology in adolescent girls (Stice and Bearman 2001) and is linked to quality of life impairments in physical and psychosocial domains for adolescents (Griffiths et al.”
Background
Project Body Neutrality: Piloting a digital single‐session intervention for adolescent body image and depression
Smith, A. C., Ahuvia, I. L., Ito, S., & Schleider, J. L. (2023) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23976 · Cited by 61
Biopsychosocial and Physical Correlates of Middle School Boys’ and Girls’ Body Satisfaction
Petrie, T. A., Greenleaf, C. A., & Martin, S. B. (2010) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9872-5 · Cited by 66
“Although its effects already may have been accounted for by self-esteem (they shared a significant amount of variance), another explanation is that lower levels of depressive symptomatology is an outcome of body satisfaction rather than a risk factor for it ( Stice and Bearman 2001 ).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Weighing in on risk factors for body dissatisfaction: A one-year prospective study of middle-adolescent girls
Wojtowicz, A. E., & von Ranson, K. M. (2011) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.07.004 · Cited by 70
“For example, Stice and Bearman (2001) utilized a sample with a restricted range of body mass, which may have attenuated the relation between BMI and body dissatisfaction (Stice & Whitenton, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodResult
Unhealthy Weight‐control Behaviours, Dieting and Weight Status: A Cross‐cultural Comparison between North American and Spanish Adolescents
López‐Guimerà, G., Neumark‐Sztainer, D., Hannan, P. J., Fauquet, J., Loth, K. A., & Sánchez‐Carracedo, D. (2012) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2206 · Cited by 58
“…Gabhainn, 2010; Larson, NeumarkSztainer, & Story, 2009; Neumark-Sztainer, Hannan, Story, & Perry, 2004; NeumarkSztainer, Story, Beth, Resnick, & Blum, 1997; Rawana, Morgan, Nguyen, & Craig, 2010; Santos, Richards, & Bleckley, 2007; Stice & Bearman, 2001; Tomiyama et al., 2010; Turner et al., 2001).”
Examining the impact of acculturative stress on body image disturbance among Hispanic college students.
Menon, C. V., & Harter, S. L. (2012) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028638 · Cited by 66
The associations of sociocultural attitudes towards appearance with body dissatisfaction and eating behaviors in Hong Kong adolescents
Lai, C. M., Mak, K., Pang, J. S., Fong, S. S. M., Ho, R., & Guldan, G. S. (2013) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.05.004 · Cited by 58
“…Shaw, & Stein, 1994) proposed that long-term restriction of dietary intake might cause lower sensitivity to internal cues of hunger, leading to subsequent reliance on cognitive control over eating behaviors, and negative affect among individuals (Stice, 2001; Stice & Bearman, 2001).”
Background
One size does not fit all: Trajectories of body image development and their predictors in early adolescence
Lacroix, E., Atkinson, M. J., Garbett, K. M., & Diedrichs, P. C. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420000917 · Cited by 82
“…predicts negative outcomes including eating disorders (Beato-Fernandez, Rodriguez-Cano, Belmonte-Llario, & Martinez-Delgado, 2004), depression (Stice & Bearman, 2001), suicide attempts (Rodriguez-Cano, Beato-Fernandez, & Llario, 2006), and risky health behaviors (Bornioli, Lewis-Smith, Smith,…”
Background
An examination of dieting behaviors among adults: links with depression
Gillen, M. M., Markey, C. N., & Markey, P. M. (2012) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.11.014 · Cited by 57
“Thus, an extension of the gender additive model (Stice & Bearman, 2001) may be that depression tends to lead to increasingly maladaptive dieting behaviors as women become both more desperate to lose weight and more psychologically unfit to make healthy choices.”
BackgroundMethod
Body Perceptions, Weight Control Behavior, and Changes in Adolescents’ Psychological Well-Being Over Time: A Longitudinal Examination of Gender
Yuan, A. S. V. (2009) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9428-6 · Cited by 57
“Previous research has not been able to adequately address these issues because it has been predominated by cross-sectional research (e.g., Davison and McCabe 2006; Kostanski and Gullone 1998; Pesa et al. 2000; Rierdan and Koff 1997; Siegel et al. 1999; Yuan 2007; exceptions include Ge et al. 2001 and Stice and Bearman…”
BackgroundInfluential
Body dissatisfaction in adolescents with eating disorders
Herrero, I. L., Jáuregui‐Lobera, I., Barajas-Iglesias, B., & Germán, M. Á. S. (2016) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-016-0353-x · Cited by 73
Body weight perception, disordered weight control behaviors, and depressive symptoms among Korean adults: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014
Kim, Y., Austin, S. B., Subramanian, S. V., & Kawachi, I. I. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198841 · Cited by 59
“, extreme food restraint, selfinduced vomiting, and inappropriate use of laxatives/diuretics/diet medications), has been linked with an increased risk of depression among adolescents [55, 56].”
BackgroundResult
Body appreciation predicts better mental health and wellbeing. A short-term prospective study
Linardon, J., Anderson, C., & McClure, Z. (2023) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.02.001 · Cited by 56
A structural equation model relating adiposity, psychosocial indicators of body image and depressive symptoms among adolescents
Chaiton, M., Sabiston, C. M., O’Loughlin, J. L., McGrath, J. J., Maximova, K., & Lambert, M. A. (2009) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.43 · Cited by 56
Adult Body Mass Index Trajectories and Sexual Orientation
Jun, H., Corliss, H. L., Nichols, L. P., Pazaris, M. J., Spiegelman, D. L., & Austin, S. B. (2012) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.11.011 · Cited by 54
On being victimized by peers in the advent of adolescence: Prospective relationships to objectified body consciousness
Lunde, C., & Frisén, A. (2011) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.04.010 · Cited by 62
“Stice and Bearman (2001), among others, argue that true prospective effects can only be observed when exerting baseline control of the outcome.”
Background
Obese youths are not more likely to become depressed, but depressed youths are more likely to become obese
Roberts, R. E., & Duong, H. T. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712002991 · Cited by 54
“…et al. 2006) whereas others have reported that poor body image is associated with more disordered eating and fewer health-promoting behaviors such as physical activity and consumption of fruits and vegetables (Holsen et al. 2001; Stice, 2001 ; Stice & Bearman, 2001 ; Neumark-Sztainer et al. 2006).”
Background
Body-related embarrassment: The overlooked self-conscious emotion.
Vani, M., Pila, E., Willson, E., & Sabiston, C. (2019) · Body image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.10.007 · Cited by 45
Elevated BMI and Male Sex Are Associated with Greater Underreporting of Caloric Intake as Assessed by Doubly Labeled Water ,
Stice, E. M., Palmrose, C. A., & Burger, K. S. (2015) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.115.216366 · Cited by 52
“7 Assessed with the use of the Perceived Sociocultural Pressure Scale (27).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Depressive symptoms and observed eating in youth
Mooreville, M., Shomaker, L. B., Reina, S. A., Hannallah, L. M., Cohen, L. A., Courville, A. B., Kozlosky, M., Brady, S. M., Condarco, T. A., Yanovski, S. Z., et al. (2014) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.12.024 · Cited by 52
“…in depressive symptoms (Anderson, Cohen, Naumova, Jacques, & Must, 2007; Boutelle, Hannan, Fulkerson, Crow, & Stice, 2010) and other studies finding that initial BMI was not related to future depression (Roberts & Duong, 2013; Stice & Bearman, 2001; Stice, Hayward, Cameron, Killen, & Taylor, 2000).”
Influential
Psychosocial Correlates of Disordered Eating Among Male Collegiate Athletes
Petrie, T. A., Greenleaf, C. A., Carter, J. E., & Reel, J. J. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jcsp.1.4.340 · Cited by 52
“Instead, it may result from the eating disorder (e.g., Stice & Bearman, 2001), or may be so attenuated through the physical activity associated with college level sport as to be neutralized or even a protective factor (i.e., positive mood).”
Background
Psychological distress as a mediator of the relation between perceived maternal parenting and normative maladaptive eating among adolescent girls.
Salafia, E. H. B., Gondoli, D. M., Corning, A. F., McEnery, A. M., & Grundy, A. M. (2007) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.54.4.434 · Cited by 52
“…possible but expand tests to identify other potential pathways of risk, including variables such as internalization of the thin ideal (Stice, 2002; Stice & Bearman, 2001; Tylka & Subich, 2004), ruminative coping (Nolen-Hoeksema & Girgus, 1994; Polivy & Herman, 2002), sociocultural pressure to be…”
Background
The relationship between body mass index and unhealthy weight control behaviors among adolescents: The role of family and peer social support
Wal, J. S. V. (2012) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2012.04.011 · Cited by 51
Sequential Comorbidity of Anxiety and Depression in Youth: Present Knowledge and Future Directions
Schleider, J. L., Krause, E., & Gillham, J. E. (2014) · Current Psychiatry Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573400509666131217010652 · Cited by 55
Body image predictors of depressive symptoms in adolescence
Murray, K., Rieger, E., & Byrne, D. G. (2018) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.10.002 · Cited by 51
A 4-Year Longitudinal Investigation of the Processes by Which Parents and Peers Influence the Development of Early Adolescent Girls’ Bulimic Symptoms
Salafia, E. H. B., & Gondoli, D. M. (2010) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431610366248 · Cited by 55
“In their work examining the dual pathway model, Stice and colleagues (Stice & Bearman, 2001; Stice et al., 1996; Stice, Killen, et al., 1998; Stice, Shaw, et al., 1998) have focused on broadly defined sociocultural pressure to be thin.”
Background
Eating Disorders and Their Associated Risk Factors among Iranian Population – A Community Based Study
Garrusi, B., & Baneshi, M. R. (2012) · Global Journal of Health Science · doi:10.5539/gjhs.v5n1p193 · Cited by 50
Oral health-related quality of life in youth receiving cleft-related surgery: self-report and proxy ratings
Broder, H. L., Wilson-Genderson, M., & Sischo, L. (2016) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-016-1420-5 · Cited by 50
Adolescents, Media, and the Law
Levesque, R. J. R. (2007) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195320442.001.0001 · Cited by 51
A Body Image Resilience Model for First-Year College Women
Snapp, S. D., Choate, L. H., & Ryu, E. (2012) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0163-1 · Cited by 57
“thin ideal are more likely to experience body dissatisfaction (Stice and Bearman 2001; Stice and Whitenton 2002).”
Background
Eating disorder symptom trajectories in adolescence: effects of time, participant sex, and early adolescent depressive symptoms
Allen, K. L., Crosby, R. D., Oddy, W. H., & Byrne, S. M. (2013) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/2050-2974-1-32 · Cited by 51
“Most of this research has been conducted with females [17-20], but Sonneville and colleagues found significant associations between binge eating behaviour and later onset of depressive symptoms in male (n = 7843) and female (n = 9039) participants followed from adolescence to young adulthood in the Growing Up Today St…”
Background
Sociocultural factors and the development of disordered eating: A longitudinal analysis of competing hypotheses.
Bradford, J. W., & Petrie, T. A. (2008) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.55.2.246 · Cited by 56

Authors: Stice, E., & Bearman, S. K.
Affiliations: The University of Texas at Austin (US)
ORCID: Stice, Eric
Bearman, Sarah Kate
Venue: Developmental Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2001
Volume: 37
Issue: 5
Pages: 597-607
ISSN: 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
1939-0599
DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.37.5.597
OpenAlex: W2084237622
Cited by: 704
References: 68
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 57
FWCI: 12.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH-19908, MH 01708, MH12834, F31MH012834, K01MH001708, T32MH019908)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Keywords: body image, disordered eating, depressive symptoms, adolescent girls, thin-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, dieting, bulimic symptoms, risk factors for depression, mediation, social support, emotionality
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Body Image, Depression, Female, Humans, Predictive Value of Tests, Prospective Studies, Social Support, Somatoform Disorders, Temperament

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Body-image and eating disturbances prospectively predict increases in depressive symptoms in adolescent girls: A growth curve analysis.

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