The DOI matches its Crossref record; 105 of the 105 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Temperament, personality, and the mood and anxiety disorders.
Abstract
Literature on temperament, personality, and mood and anxiety disorders is reviewed. The review is organized primarily around L. A. Clark and D. Watson's (1991b) tripartite model for these disorders, but other influential approaches are also examined. Negative affectivity (or neuroticism) appears to be a vulnerability factor for the development of anxiety and depression, indicates poor prognosis, and is itself affected by the experience of disorder. Positive affectivity (or extraversion) is related more specifically to depression, may be a risk factor for its development, suggests poor prognosis, and also may be affected by the experience of disorder. Other personality dimensions (e.g., anxiety sensitivity, attributional style, sociotropy or dependence, autonomy or self-criticism, and constraint) may constitute specific vulnerability factors for particular disorders. More longitudinal and measurement-based research that jointly examines anxiety and depression is needed.
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In the citing paper
“A tendency to be self-critical, which is viewed as the opposite of self-compassion, is seen as a universal feature of psychopathology (Clark et al. 1994; Gilbert and Proctor 2006).”
From Effectiveness of Self-Compassion Related Therapies: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2019) · cites this paper as Clark et al. 1994
In the citing paper
“The scale has been shown to correlate with PANAS-X’s [102] sub-dimension of general guilt (r = 0.64, p < 0.001).”
From Disenfranchised Guilt-Pet Owners' Burden. (2022) · cites this paper as [102]
In the citing paper
“N/NA and E/PA have been closely related to Gray’s (1987) constructs of BI and BA, respectively [24-26], and these terms are often used interchangeably as the most stable measures of temperament [8,15,26,27].”
From Negative and positive affect regulation in a transdiagnostic internet-based protocol for emotional disorders: Randomized controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“The comparable levels of neuroticism for both SSD and anxiety disorders are unsurprising, given that there is substantial evidence for higher neuroticism in SSDs (for review see, Berenbaum & Fujita, 1994) and anxiety disorders (for review see, Clark et al., 1994).”
From Intolerance of uncertainty, paranoia, and prodromal symptoms: Comparisons between a schizophrenia spectrum disorder, anxiety disorder and non‐clinical sample. (2025) · cites this paper as Clark et al., 1994
In the citing paper
“dispositional-trait theories of psychopathology (e.g., Clark et al. 1994) stating that genetically based dispositions like neuroticism constitute a broad and undifferentiated vulnerability to the development of anxiety and mood disorders with cognitive constructs such as anxiety sensitivity as mediating variables between these broad-distal dispositions and specific-proximal forms of psychopath”
From Experiential avoidance and bordering psychological constructs as predictors of the onset, relapse and maintenance of anxiety disorders: One or many? (2017) · cites this paper as Clark et al. 1994
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation.
Abramson, L. Y., Seligman, M. E., & Teasdale, J. D. (1978) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.87.1.49 · Cited by 7,121
Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.1.81 · Cited by 6,404
Drake, M. M. (1988) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.42.10.683b · Cited by 5,303
The structure of phenotypic personality traits.
Goldberg, L. R. (1993) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.48.1.26 · Cited by 4,816
Negative affectivity: the disposition to experience aversive emotional states
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1984) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.96.3.465 · Cited by 4,636
Self-citationTripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.3.316 · Cited by 4,601
Self-citationGray, J. A. (1982) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00013066 · Cited by 4,477
Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression.
Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Alloy, L. B. (1989) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.96.2.358 · Cited by 3,722
Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.3.456 · Cited by 3,378
Cited by
Sorted by citations
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Kenter, R. M., van Straten, A., Hobbel, S., Smit, F., Bosmans, J., Beekman, A., & Cuijpers, P. (2013) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-14-412 · Cited by 13
Facilitating symptom reduction and behavior change in GAD: The issue of control
Craske, M. G., & Hazlett-Stevens, H. (2002) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy/9.1.69 · Cited by 44
Facet-Level Personality Relations of the Symptom Dimensions of the Tripartite Model
Khoo, S., Stanton, K., Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (2020) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-019-09763-w · Cited by 7
Self-citationDonahue, J. M., Hormes, J. M., Gordis, E. B., & Anderson, D. A. (2019) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650119845503 · Cited by 7
Morriss, J., & Ellett, L. (2025) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12599 · Cited by 3
Hopko (2000) · doi:10.1002/1520-6394(2000)12:4
Metadata
- Authors
- Clark, L. A., Watson, D., & Mineka, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- Southern Methodist University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 1994-02
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 103-116
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- OpenAlex
- W2072794732
- Cited by
- 1,685
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 64 · 2016: 75 · 2015: 71 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 74 · 2012: 88
- FWCI
- 36.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- temperament, personality, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, depression, negative affectivity, neuroticism, positive affectivity, extraversion, vulnerability factors, prognosis, anxiety sensitivity, attributional style, sociotropy, dependency, autonomy, self-criticism, constraints
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Arousal, Autonomic Nervous System, Depressive Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Personality, Personality Inventory, Phobic Disorders, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Temperament
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