Cited by 739Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesPsychological Treatments and Assessments

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Induced emotional interpretation bias and anxiety.

Mathews, Andrew, Mackintosh, Bundy·2000·Journal of Abnormal Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0021-843x.109.4.602

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Abstract

Five experiments are reported showing that the interpretation of personally relevant emotional information can be modified by systematic exposure to congruent exemplars. Participants were induced to interpret ambiguous information in a relatively threatening or a benign way. Comparison with a baseline condition suggested that negative and positive induction had similar but opposing effects. Induction of an interpretative bias did not require active generation of personally relevant meanings, but such active processing was necessary before state anxiety changed in parallel with the induced interpretative bias. These findings provide evidence consistent with a causal link between the deployment of interpretative bias and anxiety and reveal something of the processes underlying this association.

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“Notably, interpretation bias has been studied in children as young as preschool age (Dodd et al., 2012), and has been proposed as both a causal mechanism (Mathews & Mackintosh, 2000) and maintenance factor of anxiety symptoms (Dodd et al., 2012).”
Background
Experimentally Modifying Interpretations for Positive and Negative Social Scenarios in Children: A Preliminary Investigation
Vassilopoulos, S. P., Moberly, N. J., & Zisimatou, G. (2012) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465812000537 · Cited by 15
“Findings from the current study replicate past research with unselected adults (Mathews and Mackintosh, 2000) and youth (Lothmann et al.”
Result
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“One type of CBM paradigm, developed by Mathews and Mackintosh (2000), presents descriptions of scenarios that are emotionally ambiguous until the final word.”
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“…1998; Butler and Mathews 1983), but more recent research has indicated that forced learning of threat-interpretation biases is also directly related to the individual’s reported experience of anxiety (Mathews and MacLeod 2002; Hertel et al. 2003; Mathews and Mackintosh 2000; Wilson et al. 2006).”
Background
The Differential Effects of Written and Spoken Presentation for the Modification of Interpretation and Judgmental Bias in Children
Vassilopoulos, S. P., Blackwell, S. E., Misailidi, P., Kyritsi, A., & Ayfanti, M. (2013) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465813000301 · Cited by 13
“…have either used visual presentation of written material (i.e. the text-based scenarios were read by participants themselves – Beard and Amir, 2008; Mathews and Mackintosh, 2000) or auditory presentation modality (i.e. participants listened to the scenarios through headphones – Murphy, Hirsch,…”
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Social Stress, Affect, and Neural Function in Adolescence
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“The study was approved by the ethics committee for the Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum (204) and the ethics committee for the Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr-Universität Bochum (15-5477).”
Method
Interpretation Biases and Childhood Anxiety: The Moderating Role of Parasympathetic Nervous System Reactivity
Trent, E. S., Viana, A. G., Raines, E. M., Woodward, E. C., Candelari, A. E., Storch, E. A., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2019) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-019-00605-7 · Cited by 13
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“Following the procedure of Mathews and Mackintosh (2000) and Woud et al.”
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Anxiety and the Encoding of Emotional Information
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Self-citation
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“We presented the scenarios using a text-based format, similar to Mathews and Mackintosh [98], as the auditory format is less amenable to gameplay (eg, an audio clip is slower to scan back and forth compared with text).”
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Background
Gratitude and Subjective Well-Being
Watkins, P. C., McLaughlin, T., & Parker, J. P. (2018) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-5918-4.ch002 · Cited by 11
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Method
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“Studies by Mathews and Mackintosh (2000) revealed that threatening or benign interpretation of ambiguous social information could be induced by systematic exposure to congruent exemplars.”
Background
Role of Fear Domain Match and Baseline Bias in Interpretation Training for Contamination Fear
Beadel, J. R., Ritchey, F. C., & Teachman, B. A. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.045414 · Cited by 11
“While at least two previous studies presented evidence that training in one domain transferred to interpretations related to another domain (Mathews & Mackintosh, 2000; Salemink, van den Hout, & Kindt, 2010), we are interested in experimentally manipulating the training content to permit causal…”
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Method
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Background
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Method
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BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
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Background
Interpretation bias and contamination-based obsessive-compulsive symptoms influence emotional intensity related to disgust and fear
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“In order to explain the interpretation of ambiguous situations, Mathews and Mackintosh [4] postulated that in ambiguous situations at least two evaluative systems compete over the interpretation narrative, whereby the system winning the high ground suppresses the other system by offering the fastest interpretation.”
Background
Examining the Effects of Stuttering and Social Anxiety on Interpretations of Ambiguous Social Scenarios Among Adolescents
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“The training was based on previous CBM-I procedures outlined by Mathews and MacKintosh (2000).”
Method
Cognitive Bias Modification of Expectancies (CBM-E): Effects on Interpretation Bias and Autobiographical Memory, and Relations with Social and Attachment Anxiety
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“However, these findings pertain to individuals without initial anxiety disorders, whose threat-related information processing is disrupted [155].”
Background
Targeting anxiety sensitivity as a prevention strategy
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Background
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Background
Variation on the serotonin transporter gene and bias in the interpretation of ambiguity
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“Thus, Mathews and Mackintosh (2000) developed a cognitive bias modification (CBM) procedure utilising a series of short vignettes designed to induce interpretative biases.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Cognitive Bias Modification Training in Children Affects Anxiety During Anticipatory Processing of Social Evaluation
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Background
Investigating d-cycloserine as a potential pharmacological enhancer of an emotional bias learning procedure
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“…bias learning paradigm (CBM-App), we aimed to contribute to the growing literature recognising the potential benefits of combining psychological and pharmacological approaches in developing more effective treatments for mental health problems (e.g., Moss et al., 2016; Reinecke & Harmer, 2014).”
Background
Training Less Threatening Interpretations Over the Internet: Impact of Priming Anxious Imagery and Using a Neutral Control Condition
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“We used a modification of the paradigm used by Mathews and Mackintosh (2000) involving the ascription of benign or threat meanings to ambiguous scenarios to train interpretations.”
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Can psychological distress account for the associations between COVID‐19 vaccination acceptance and socio‐economic vulnerability?
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Interpretive Bias Modification for Disgust
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“…from previous research as CBM-I training has commonly been shown to produce clear, training-congruent interpretative biases (Holmes & Mathews, 2005; Mathews & Mackintosh, 2000; Muris, Huijding, Mayer & Hameetman, 2008; Muris, Huijding, Mayer, Remmerswaal & Vreden, 2009; Salemink, van den Hout &…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The Disgust Threat Interpretation Bias is Not Moderated by Anxiety & Disgust Sensitivity
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Bosmans, G., Verhees, M. W. F. T., & Winter, S. D. (2019) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2019.04.004 · Cited by 9
Shifting Episodic Prediction With Online Cognitive Bias Modification: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Eberle, J. W., Boukhechba, M., Sun, J., Zhang, D., Funk, D. H., Barnes, L. E., & Teachman, B. A. (2023) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026221103128 · Cited by 8
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Method
Positivity Deficits in Social Anxiety: Emotions, Events, and Cognitions
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Facilitating Episodic Simulation in Anxiety: Role of Sensory Scaffolding and Scenario Modality
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“A widely used CBM-I paradigm is the ambiguous situations task (Mathews and Mackintosh 2000), in which participants practice repeatedly resolving verbal scenarios depicting ambiguous everyday situations in a benign or positive manner.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Biased interpretation in paranoia and its modification
Savulich, G., Edwards, A., Assadi, S., Guven, H., Leathers-Smith, E., Shergill, S. S., & Yiend, J. (2020) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101575 · Cited by 8
“This is consistent with the cognitive bias modification literature (Hirsch & Mathews, 2000; Eysenck et al., 1991), in which manipulation of biases in the pathological domain is usually more successful in healthy samples given their typically pre-existing adaptive biases (Yiend et al., 2019).”
Method
Modifying Obsessive-Compulsive Beliefs about Controlling One’s Thoughts
Stech, E. P., & Grisham, J. R. (2017) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-017-9603-0 · Cited by 8
Development and Evaluation of an Online Intervention for Reducing Hostile Interpretation Bias: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Winnicki, B. M. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2022) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2022.12.005 · Cited by 7
Ecological Momentary Assessment and Personalized Networks in Cognitive Bias Modification Studies on Addiction: Advances and Challenges
Mansueto, A. C., Pan, T., Dessel, P. V., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/20438087231178123 · Cited by 7
“In the years following the seminal work in anxiety (MacLeod et al., 2002; Mathews &Mackintosh, 2000), first attempts were made to change cognitive biases in addiction, including attentional biases (Field & Eastwood, 2005; Schoenmakers et al., 2007), approach biases (e.g., Wiers et al., 2010), and…”
Background
The role of cognitive biases and negative life events in predicting later depressive symptoms in children and adolescents
Platt, B., Sfärlea, A., Löchner, J., Salemink, E., & Schulte‐Körne, G. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/20438087231184753 · Cited by 9
“Experimental studies demonstrate that inducing negative cognitive biases increases negative mood (Mathews & Mackintosh, 2000; Mathews & MacLeod, 2002).”
Background
Early Attrition Prediction for Web-Based Interpretation Bias Modification to Reduce Anxious Thinking: A Machine Learning Study
Baee, S., Eberle, J. W., Baglione, A. N., Spears, T., Lewis, E., Wang, H., Funk, D., Teachman, B. A., & Barnes, L. E. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/51567 · Cited by 8
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of One- and Multi-Session Exposure-Based Treatments in Reducing Biological and Psychological Responses to Rat Phobia Among Students
Hemyari, C., Dolatshahi, B., Sahraian, A., Koohi‐Hosseinabadi, O., & Zomorodian, K. (2020) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s256781 · Cited by 9
Cognitive bias modification of interpretation training for Chinese undergraduates with depressive symptoms
Chen, R., Zheng, J., Li, T., Zhang, Q., Li, C., & Cui, L. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01094-4 · Cited by 7
“The response times (RTs) to complete the probe word fragments corresponding to negative and positive meanings were recorded for each participant over the first six blocks and the second six blocks (Mathews and Mackintosh 2000).”
BackgroundInfluential
Modifying insecure attachment style with cognitive bias modification
Doolan, E. L., & Bryant, R. A. (2021) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2021.101664 · Cited by 8
Looking on the bright side reduces worry in pregnancy: Training interpretations in pregnant women
Hirsch, C. R., Meeten, F., Newby, J. M., O’Halloran, S., Gordon, C., Krzyzanowski, H., & Moulds, M. L. (2021) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.3781 · Cited by 6
“The first phase of this task (Hirsch et al., 2018; adapted from Mathews & Mackintosh, 2000) requires participants to read a series of ambiguous scenarios.”
Background
Contamination and harm relevant UCS-expectancy bias in spider phobic individuals: influence of treatment.
van Overveld, M., de Jong, P. D., Huijding, J., & Peters, M. (2010) · Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.678 · Cited by 7
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Cognitive Bias Modification in Internet-Based Interventions for Mood, Anxiety and Substance Use Disorders
Blankers, M., Salemink, E., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20852-7_10 · Cited by 7
“Mathews and Mackintosh [ 62 ] developed a scenario-based training to modify interpretations.”
Background
Differentiating between appraisal process and product in cognitive theories of posttraumatic stress.
Nanney, J. T., Constans, J. I., Kimbrell, T. A., Kramer, T. L., & Pyne, J. M. (2014) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000011 · Cited by 11
“The appraisal process measurement protocol was developed by Mathews and Mackintosh (2000) to assess changes in interpretive bias occurring in response to cognitive bias modification (CBM) procedures and has been validated through use in multiple other studies (Salemink & van den Hout, 2010;…”
Method
Understanding the neural basis of cognitive bias modification as a clinical treatment for depression.
Eguchi, A., Walters, D., Peerenboom, N., Dury, H. L., Fox, E., & Stringer, S. M. (2016) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000165 · Cited by 8
“Previous experimental studies have 739 found that CBM-Interpretation can reduce negative cognitive biases in human participants (Grey and 740 Mathews, 2000; Mathews and Mackintosh, 2000), which in turn can reduce the risk for depression 741 recurrence (Holmes et al.”
BackgroundResult
Adapting cognitive bias modification to train healthy prospection
Namaky, N., Glenn, J. J., Eberle, J. W., & Teachman, B. A. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103923 · Cited by 7
Modifying thought-action fusion via a single-session computerized interpretation training
Siwiec, S. G., Davine, T. P., Kresser, R. C., Rohde, M. M., & Lee, H. (2016) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2016.11.005 · Cited by 8
“This procedure has been successful in non-clinical participants with high OC symptoms in producing positive valence interpretations in active training groups, or no interpretation change in control training groups (Clerkin & Teachman, 2011; Mathews & Mackintosh, 2000; Williams & Grisham, 2013).”
Method
The influence of cognitive biases on psychophysiological vulnerability to stress
Randall, K. D. (2012) · Cited by 7
The Role of Individual Differences in Occupational Stress and Well Being
(2011) · Research in occupational stress and well being · doi:10.1108/s1479-3555(2011)0000009013 · Cited by 7
Dissociation of Implicit and Explicit Interpretation Bias: The Role of Depressive Symptoms and Negative Cognitive Schemata
Wessa, M., Domke-Wolf, M., & Jungmann, S. M. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13121620 · Cited by 7
“The second study employed an explicit (ofﬂine) measure of a negative interpretation bias, the Dysfunctional Cognitive Thoughts Stories (DUCTUS; Study 2), adopting the idea of an ambiguous social situation task that was initially used in cognitive bias modiﬁcation training [34].”
Method
The role of functional emotion circuits in distinct dimensions of psychopathology in youth
Karl, V., Engen, H. G., Beck, D., Norbom, L. B., Ferschmann, L., Aksnes, E. R., Kjelkenes, R., Voldsbekk, I., Andreassen, O. A., Alnæs, D., et al. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-03036-1 · Cited by 7
“Emotion recognition dif ﬁ culties have been reported in adult patients with depression [12], anxiety [13], psychosis [14, 15], and among aggression-prone individuals [16].”
Background
Emotion Regulation through Cognitive Strategies
Savarimuthu, V. D. P., Joseph, D. A. M., & Irulandi, M. (2024) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1006361 · Cited by 7
An experimental Study on the Induction of an Eating Disorder-Specific Interpretation Bias in Healthy Individuals: Testing the Interpretation Modification Paradigm for Eating Disorders (IMP-ED)
Korn, J., Dietel, F. A., & Hartmann, A. (2019) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10026-x · Cited by 6
“…for interpretation biases (CBM-I) programs with the aim of practicing more adaptive interpretation styles were originally developed as a mean to test causal associations between the biases and disorderrelevant symptoms focusing on anxiety (Grey and Mathews 2000; Mathews and Mackintosh 2000).”
Background
Investigating the therapeutic potential of cognitive bias modification for high anxiety sensitivity.
Macdonald, E. M., Koerner, N., Antony, M., Vickers, K., Mastorakos, T., & Kuo, J. R. (2019) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.101521 · Cited by 3
When and Where Do People Regulate Their Emotions? Patterns of Emotion Regulation in Unselected and Socially Anxious Young Adults
Ladis, I., Daros, A. R., Boukhechba, M., Daniel, K. E., Chow, P. I., Beltzer, M., Barnes, L. E., & Teachman, B. A. (2022) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2022.41.4.326 · Cited by 7
Learning to interpret one's own outcome as unjustified amplifies altruistic compensation: a training study
Maltese, S., Baumert, A., Knab, N., & Schmitt, M. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00951 · Cited by 6
“In research on anxiety, methods to manipulate interpretational biases with regard to threat have been successfully implemented Frontiers in Psychology | Personality Science and Individual Differences December 2013 | Volume 4 | Article 951 | 2 (MacLeod and Cohen, 1993; Mathews and Mackintosh, 2000).”
BackgroundMethod
Resolving ambiguity: Negative interpretation biases
Yoon, K. L., Shaffer, V. N., & Benedict, A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816660-4.00006-4 · Cited by 6
Factors related to delayed treatment: A case report of a huge cutaneous horn and review of the literature
Starnoni, M., Santis, G. D., Lolli, F., & Pinelli, M. (2020) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2020.11.016 · Cited by 6
“The new situation impacts the emotional status and that attention is focused on the negative aspects [12], allowing a risk perception distorted and, consequently, suboptimal health decisions [5].”
Background
Developing Cognitive Bias Modification Scenarios for Women with Sexual Interest Arousal Disorder and Comparing Effectiveness with Mindfulness Therapy
Halvaiepour, Z., Yazdkhasti, F., Oreyzi, H., & Nosratabadi, M. (2020) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2020.1842572 · Cited by 6
Cognitive bias modification for threat interpretations: using passive Mobile Sensing to detect intervention effects in daily life
Daniel, K. E., Mendu, S., Baglione, A. N., Cai, L., Teachman, B. A., Barnes, L. E., & Boukhechba, M. (2021) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2021.1959916 · Cited by 5
Cognitive Bias Modification for the Induction of Negative Versus Benign Interpretations of the Self in Individuals with Elevated Social Anxiety: Effects on Self-related and Anxiety Outcomes
Reyes, N., Boulton, K., Han, J., Torok, M. H., & Wong, Q. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10074-3 · Cited by 7
“Participants were presented with eight training blocks and in each training block, there were eight either negative or benign training scenarios (depending on the condition) and two filler scenarios (similar to the training parameters of Experiment 1 in Mathews and Mackintosh 2000).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Translational assessment of anhedonia components: Significant associations between reward anticipation measured via behavioural task performance, daily smartphone reports, and general anhedonia questionnaires
Parsons, C. E., Tollånes, L., Cella, M., Hirsch, C. R., & Young, K. S. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104654 · Cited by 6
Induced interpretation bias affects free recall and episodic memory bias in social anxiety
Park, H. R., & Lee, J.-S. (2023) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0289584 · Cited by 5
“CBM-I was structured on interpretation training with imagery used by previous studies [9,14,22].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
RELAX (REducing Levels of AnXiety): a study protocol for a parallel two-arm randomised controlled trial evaluating a web-based early intervention for pregnant women with high levels of repetitive negative thinking to prevent escalating anxiety during pregnancy and after birth
Volkmer, B., Sawjani, Y., Newburn, M., Bennett, J. A., McGovern, M., Bridle, L., Towner, N., McCabe, L., Clark, K., Webster, S., et al. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08516-9 · Cited by 5
“It has been adapted from previous research [25, 27, 28, 44] for the purpose of this trial, and contains 12 scenarios (half are pregnancy-related, and the remaining scenarios are non-pregnancy related).”
Method
Reliability and validity of four cognitive interpretation bias measures in the context of social anxiety
Duken, S. B., Moriya, J., Hirsch, C. R., Woud, M. L., Bockstaele, B. V., & Salemink, E. (2025) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-024-02576-0 · Cited by 5
“In the probe scenario task (Mathews & Mackintosh, 2000; Salemink et al., 2007b), participants read and imagine themselves in short ambiguous social scenarios.”
Influential
A mobile intervention to reduce anxiety among university students, faculty, and staff: Mixed methods study on users’ experiences
Livermon, S., Michel, A., Zhang, Y., Petz, K. D., Toner, E. R., Rucker, M., Boukhechba, M., Barnes, L. E., & Teachman, B. A. (2025) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000601 · Cited by 5
““Hoos Think Calmly” (HTC) is a mobile application based on a specific CBM-I paradigm known as the ambiguous scenarios paradigm, which presents users with a series of ambiguous or mildly threatening scenarios [19].”
Mechanisms of Disgust in Psychopathology
Davey, G. C. L. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-84486-8_11 · Cited by 5
Cognitive Bias Modification Training to Change Interpretation Biases
Salemink, E., Woud, M. L., Bouwman, V., & Mobach, L. (2023) · CBT: science into practice · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-23650-1_11 · Cited by 6
The effect of training to target cognitive biases towards social rejection in eating disorders
An, Z., Kwag, K. H., Kim, M., Yang, J., Moon, J., Treasure, J. L., & Kim, Y. (2024) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.3083 · Cited by 5

Authors: Mathews, A., & Mackintosh, B.
Affiliations: MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (GB)
ORCID: Mackintosh, Bundy
Venue: Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2000-11
Volume: 109
Issue: 4
Pages: 602-615
ISSN: 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
1939-1846
DOI: 10.1037/0021-843x.109.4.602
OpenAlex: W2029885631
Cited by: 739
References: 31
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 31
FWCI: 5.41
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
Keywords: state anxiety, cognitive appraisal
MeSH terms: Anxiety, Attention, Emotions, Humans, Reaction Time, Mental Recall, Set, Psychology, Social Perception

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Induced emotional interpretation bias and anxiety.

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