The DOI matches its Crossref record; 85 of the 90 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The job demands-resources model of burnout.
Open accessAbstract
The job demands-resources (JD-R) model proposes that working conditions can be categorized into 2 broad categories, job demands and job resources. that are differentially related to specific outcomes. A series of LISREL analyses using self-reports as well as observer ratings of the working conditions provided strong evidence for the JD-R model: Job demands are primarily related to the exhaustion component of burnout, whereas (lack of) job resources are primarily related to disengagement. Highly similar patterns were observed in each of 3 occupational groups: human services, industry, and transport (total N = 374). In addition, results confirmed the 2-factor structure (exhaustion and disengagement) of a new burnout instrument--the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory--and suggested that this structure is essentially invariant across occupational groups.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Job demands-resources model proposes a motivational process from job resources to work engagement and an energetic process from demands to job burnout.”
From Work Burnout and Engagement Profiles Among Teachers (2019) · cites this paper as Demerouti et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Supervisors who provide feedback can often ameliorate stress-related outcomes by helping employees improve their ability to withstand stressors (Demerouti et al. 2001).”
From Leadership and technostress: A systematic literature review (2025) · cites this paper as Demerouti et al. 2001
In the citing paper
“The most popular model is the Job Demand-Resources (JD-R) model (Demerouti et al., 2001; Bakker and Demerouti, 2007) which posits that “job burnout develops when job demands are high and when job resources are limited, because such negative working conditions lead to energy depletion and undermine employees' motivation, respectively” (Demerouti et al., 2001, p. 499).”
From A Theoretical and Clinical Framework for Parental Burnout: The Balance Between Risks and Resources (BR2) (2018) · cites this paper as Demerouti et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“The job resources-demands model [11] builds on the view of burnout as a work-based mismatch but differs from Maslach’s model in that it posits that burnout develops via two separate pathways: excessive job demands leading to exhaustion, and insufficient job resources leading to disengagement.”
From Burnout in nursing: a theoretical review. (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“According to the JD-R model (Demerouti et al., 2001; Bakker et al., 2003a) high level of psychological, social, physical, and organizational demands are related to work burnout, whereas psychological, social, physical, and organizational resources are related to work engagement (Xanthopoulou et al., 2009; Alarcon, 2011; Salmela-Aro and Upadyaya, 2014).”
From Work Burnout and Engagement Profiles Among Teachers (2019) · cites this paper as Demerouti et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“As theorised by the Job Demands-Resources Model, burnout may stem largely from chronic work environment conditions, such as excessive job demands (e.g., work overload and time pressure) coupled with a lack of job resources (e.g., support, autonomy, or feedback) [32].”
From A workplace Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) intervention for improving healthcare staff psychological distress: A randomised controlled trial (2022) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“Research of the past decades has revealed that burnout is often the result of high job demandsaspects of the job that require sustained physical, emotional, or cognitive effort (Demerouti et al., 2001).”
From Job Demands—Resources theory and self-regulation: New explanations and remedies for job burnout (2021) · cites this paper as Demerouti et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Job resources are less strongly (negatively) related to burnout than job demands, but show a consistent negative relationship with the cynicism component of burnout (Demerouti et al., 2001).”
From Job Demands—Resources theory and self-regulation: New explanations and remedies for job burnout (2021) · cites this paper as Demerouti et al., 2001
Citations
Cites
Eysenck, H. J. (1985) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(85)90087-7 · Cited by 32,038
“Stress: appraisal and coping,”
Folkman, S. (2013) · Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_215 · Cited by 27,833
Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability.
Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420 · Cited by 24,532
Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.44.3.513 · Cited by 18,187
Structural Equations with Latent Variables
Bollen, K. A. (1989) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/9781118619179 · Cited by 17,944
Structural Equations with Latent Variables.
Clogg, C. C., & Bollen, K. A. (1991) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2072165 · Cited by 17,475
Job Demands, Job Decision Latitude, and Mental Strain: Implications for Job Redesign
Karasek, R. A. (1979) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2392498 · Cited by 12,597
Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology.
Hammer, T. H., Anderson, J. F., Gurdon, M. A., Jick, T. D., Petit, A., Stern, R. N., Schwartz, H., Vardi, Y., & Dunnette, M. D. (1977) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2391755 · Cited by 11,947
(1996) · Consulting Psychologists Press eBooks · Cited by 7,863
(1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,690
Research works printed but not linked: 16
- Arbuckle, 1997, Amos users' guide version 3.6.
- Aronowitz, 1973, False promises.
- Bandura, 1986, Social foundations of thoughts and actions: A social cognitive theory.
- 10.2307/258593 · DOI
- Demerouti, 1998, Zur Spezifität von Burnout für Dienstleistungsberufe: Fakt oder Artefakt., Zeitschrift fur Arbeitswissenschaft, 52, 82
- Green, 1991, The three-factor structure of the Maslach Burnout Inventory., Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6, 453
- Guilford, 1954, Psychometric methods.
- 1991, Ergonomic principles related to mental workload-General terms and definitions. (No. 10 075).
- Kahn, 1992, Stress in organizations., Vol. 4, 571
- Karasek, 1985, Job content questionnaire and user's guide.
- Maslach, 1982, Understanding burnout: Definitional issues in analyzing a complex phenomenon., 29
- McGrath, 1976, Stress and behavior in organizations., 1351
- Plath, 1984, Ermüdung-Monotonie-Sättigung-Streß. BMS. Verfahren zu skalierten Erfassung erlebter Beanspruchungsfolgen.
- Richter, 1998, Belastung und Beanspruchung: Streß, Ermüdung und Burnout im Arbeitsleben.
- Schaufeli, 1998, The burnout companion for research and practice: A critical analysis of theory, assessment, research, and interventions.
- Semmer, 1984, Streßbezogene Tätigkeitsanalyse. Psychologische Untersuchungen zur Analyse von Streß am Arbeitsplatz.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Job Demands‐Resources model: state of the art
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683940710733115 · Cited by 12,996
Self-citationThe measurement of engagement and burnout: a two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach.
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1023/a:1015630930326 · Cited by 10,014
Self-citationJob demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: a multi‐sample study
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.248 · Cited by 9,297
Self-citationJob demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward.
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/ocp0000056 · Cited by 6,979
Self-citationHobfoll, S. E., Halbesleben, J., Neveu, J.-P., & Westman, M. (2018) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104640 · Cited by 5,781
Metadata
- Authors
- Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Psychology
- Published
- 2001-06
- Volume
- 86
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 499-512
- ISSN
- 0021-9010 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1854
- OpenAlex
- W2127625785
- Semantic Scholar
- 6b0866b9aeb3e772a4efcaf917e57da4720628d9
- Cited by
- 13,643
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1834 · 2025: 1563 · 2024: 1222 · 2023: 1225 · 2022: 1217 · 2021: 1057 · 2020: 844 · 2019: 683 · 2018: 544 · 2017: 546 · 2016: 465 · 2015: 436 · 2014: 423 · 2013: 342 · 2012: 308
- FWCI
- 49.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- TU/e Research Portal (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- TU/e Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Workaholism, burnout, and well-being
- Keywords
- job demands-resources model, burnout, job demands, job resources, emotional exhaustion, disengagement, working conditions, occupational groups, Oldenburg Burnout Inventory, factor structure, measurement invariance
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Burnout, Professional, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress, Psychological, Time Factors, Reproducibility of Results, Occupational Health, Workload
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
