Cited by 4,623Job Satisfaction and Organizational BehaviorEmployee Performance and ManagementHuman Resource and Talent Management

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Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis.

Harter, James K., Schmidt, Frank L., Hayes, Theodore L.·2002·Journal of Applied Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0021-9010.87.2.268

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Abstract

Based on 7,939 business units in 36 companies, this study used meta-analysis to examine the relationship at the business-unit level between employee satisfaction-engagement and the business-unit outcomes of customer satisfaction, productivity, profit, employee turnover, and accidents. Generalizable relationships large enough to have substantial practical value were found between unit-level employee satisfaction-engagement and these business-unit outcomes. One implication is that changes in management practices that increase employee satisfaction may increase business-unit outcomes, including profit.

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Authors: Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L.
Affiliations: University of Iowa (US)
ORCID: Hayes, Theodore L.
Venue: Journal of Applied Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2002
Volume: 87
Issue: 2
Pages: 268-279
ISSN: 0021-9010 (ISSN-L)
1939-1854
DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.87.2.268
OpenAlex: W2005673510
Cited by: 4,623
References: 45
Citations by year: 2026: 213 · 2025: 185 · 2024: 211 · 2023: 293 · 2022: 268 · 2021: 275 · 2020: 307 · 2019: 292 · 2018: 262 · 2017: 282 · 2016: 257 · 2015: 268 · 2014: 268 · 2013: 255 · 2012: 239
FWCI: 5.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Applied Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Employee Performance and Management
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Human Resource and Talent Management
Keywords: job satisfaction, employee engagement, customer satisfaction, productivity, profitability, employee turnover, occupational accidents, management practices, organizational performance
MeSH terms: Consumer Behavior, Humans, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Culture, Efficiency, Organizational

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Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis.

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