The DOI matches its Crossref record; 95 of the 96 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
When is educational specialization heterogeneity related to creativity in research and development teams? Transformational leadership as a moderator.
Abstract
The authors examined conditions under which teams' educational specialization heterogeneity was positively related to team creativity. Using a sample of 75 research and development teams, the authors theorized and found that transformational leadership and educational specialization heterogeneity interacted to affect team creativity in such a way that when transformational leadership was high, teams with greater educational specialization heterogeneity exhibited greater team creativity. In addition, teams' creative efficacy mediated this moderated relationship among educational specialization heterogeneity, transformational leadership, and team creativity. The authors discuss the implications of these results for research and practice.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“First, studies analyzing the relationship between change management factors and innovative behavior have indicated that change management factors have a positive effect on innovative behavior [36,44,56,95,98-101,110,130-132,150].”
From A Study on the Effect of Change Management on Organizational Innovation: Focusing on the Mediating Effect of Members’ Innovative Behavior (2021) · cites this paper as [101]
Citations
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
Self-efficacy: The exercise of control
Bandura, A., Freeman, W. H., & Lightsey, R. (1999) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.13.2.158 · Cited by 46,835
Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-3352 · Cited by 36,647
Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability.
Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420 · Cited by 24,532
Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224 · Cited by 21,995
Longshore, J. M., & Bass, B. M. (1987) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258081 · Cited by 12,424
Psychological Safety and Learning Behavior in Work Teams
Edmondson, A. (1999) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2666999 · Cited by 12,026
Estimating within-group interrater reliability with and without response bias
James, L. R., Demaree, R. G., & Wolf, G. (1984) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.69.1.85 · Cited by 4,774
A model of creativity and innovation in organizations.
Amabile, T. M. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13040693 · Cited by 4,475
Self-efficacy and work-related performance: A meta-analysis.
Stajković, A. D., & Luthans, F. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.240 · Cited by 4,130
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 843
When can culturally diverse teams be more creative? The role of leaders' benevolent paternalism
Lü, L., Li, F., Leung, K. Y., Savani, K., & Morris, M. W. (2017) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2238 · Cited by 69
Li, Q., She, Z., & Yang, B. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01083 · Cited by 62
Leadership styles and organisational innovation in Vietnam: does employee creativity matter?
Nguyen, N. T., Hooi, L. W., & Avvari, M. V. (2021) · International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management · doi:10.1108/ijppm-10-2020-0563 · Cited by 77
Turning shame into creativity: The importance of exposure to creative team environments
González‐Gómez, H. V., & Richter, A. W. (2014) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.09.004 · Cited by 58
Fostering innovation in functionally diverse teams: The two faces of transformational leadership
Hüttermann, H., & Boerner, S. (2011) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2010.524412 · Cited by 59
The dual effects of task conflict on team creativity
Lee, E. K., Avgar, A. C., Park, W., & Choi, D. (2018) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/ijcma-02-2018-0025 · Cited by 67
Shared leadership and team creativity
Lyndon, S., Pandey, A., & Navare, A. V. (2020) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-05-2019-0262 · Cited by 62
Lackie, K., Najjar, G., El‐Awaisi, A., Frost, J. S., Green, C., Langlois, S., Lising, D., Pfeifle, A., Ward, H., Xyrichis, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Interprofessional Care · doi:10.1080/13561820.2020.1807481 · Cited by 57
Meyer, B. M., Schermuly, C. C., & Kauffeld, S. (2015) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2014.996554 · Cited by 58
Tang, M., & Werner, C. H. (2017) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2017.04.001 · Cited by 59
The impact of authentic leadership on individual and team creativity: a multilevel perspective
Lei, S., Qin, C., Ali, M., Freeman, S., & Shi-Jie, Z. (2021) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-12-2019-0519 · Cited by 57
Diverse effects of team diversity: a review and framework of surface and deep-level diversity
Jansen, A. E., & Searle, B. J. (2021) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-12-2019-0664 · Cited by 59
Reuveni, Y., & Vashdi, D. R. (2015) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2014.1001377 · Cited by 56
Enhancing our understanding of vision in organizations
Berson, Y., Waldman, D. A., & Pearce, C. L. (2015) · Organizational Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/2041386615583736 · Cited by 67
Carter, K. M., Mead, B. A., Stewart, G. L., Nielsen, J. D., & Solimeo, S. L. (2018) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496418797431 · Cited by 61
Xue, Y., Li, X., Liang, H., & Li, Y. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17041162 · Cited by 62
Cummings, S. P., & Bridgman, T. N. (2015) · Academy of Management Learning and Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2014.0373 · Cited by 55
Chen, S.-L., Fan, Y., Zhang, G.-L., & Zhang, Y. (2019) · International journal of human resources management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2019.1640765 · Cited by 48
Enhancing the Creative Performance of New Product Teams: An Organizational Configurational Approach
Bissola, R., Imperatori, B., & Colonel, R. T. (2013) · Journal of Product Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/jpim.12101 · Cited by 54
Kim, J.-G., & Lee, S. (2011) · Asian Journal of Technology Innovation · doi:10.1080/19761597.2011.632590 · Cited by 59
Informational Faultlines, Integrative Capability, and Team Creativity
Qu, X., & Liu, X. (2017) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601117716008 · Cited by 57
Bose, S., Patnaik, B., & Mohanty, S. (2020) · The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science · doi:10.1177/0021886320920951 · Cited by 54
Collective Creativity and Innovation: An Interdisciplinary Review, Integration, and Research Agenda
Acar, O. A., Tunçdoğan, A., van Knippenberg, D., & Lakhani, K. R. (2023) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/01492063231212416 · Cited by 62
Exploring the knowledge-focused role of interdependent members on team creative performance
Ali, A., Wang, H., Khan, A., Pitafi, A. H., & Amin, M. W. (2018) · Asian Business & Management · doi:10.1057/s41291-018-00050-2 · Cited by 56
Shared Leadership and Team Creativity: Construction Industry Perspective
Ali, A., Wang, H., Soomro, M. A., & Islam, T. (2020) · Journal of Construction Engineering and Management · doi:10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0001920 · Cited by 53
Sharifirad, M. S. (2016) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-05-2014-0092 · Cited by 58
Luu, T. T., Rowley, C., Dinh, K. C., Qian, D., & Le, H. Q. (2019) · Public Performance & Management Review · doi:10.1080/15309576.2019.1595067 · Cited by 64
The role of voice efficacy in the formation of voice behaviour: A cross-level examination
Duan, J., Kwan, H. K., & Ling, B. (2014) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2014.40 · Cited by 51
Wang, A.-C. (2010) · Development in Learning Organizations An International Journal · doi:10.1108/dlo.2010.08124ead.004 · Cited by 51
Thinking Outside of the Box When the Box Is Missing: Role Ambiguity and Its Linkage to Creativity
Wang, S., Zhang, X., & Martocchio, J. J. (2011) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400419.2011.595661 · Cited by 56
Team leader’s conflict management styles and innovation performance in entrepreneurial teams
Yin, J., Jia, M., Ma, Z., & Liao, G. (2020) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/ijcma-09-2019-0168 · Cited by 54
Using customer knowledge for service innovation in travel agency industry
Xie, L.-S., Guan, X.-H., Cheng, Q.-Y., & Huan, T.-C. T. C. (2020) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.08.001 · Cited by 45
Lim, H. S., & Choi, J. N. (2009) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.2009.37.1.117 · Cited by 53
Fan, H.-L., Chang, P.-F., Albanese, D., Wu, J.-J., Yu, M.-J., & Chuang, H.-J. (2015) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2015.11.001 · Cited by 50
Moon, K.-K. (2016) · Review of Public Personnel Administration · doi:10.1177/0734371x16660157 · Cited by 52
Greven, A., Kruse, S., Vos, A., Strese, S., & Brettel, M. (2022) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/joms.12886 · Cited by 51
A comprehensive framework of information system design to provide organizational creativity support
Olszak, C. M., Bartuś, T., & Lorek, P. (2017) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2017.04.004 · Cited by 49
Enhancing Collaborative Ideation in Organizations
Paulus, P. B., Baruah, J., & Kenworthy, J. B. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02024 · Cited by 49
Fostering creativity across countries: The moderating effect of cultural bundles on creativity
Yong, K., Mannucci, P. V., & Lander, M. W. (2020) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2019.12.004 · Cited by 49
Measuring Green Creativity for Employees in Green Enterprises: Scale Development and Validation
Jiang, H., Wang, K., Lu, Z., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., & Li, G. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13010275 · Cited by 49
Effect of Enterprise Social Media on Employee Creativity: Social Exchange Theory Perspective
Wang, Z., Hangeldiyeva, M., Ali, A., & Guo, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.812490 · Cited by 47
Moon, K.-K. (2016) · Public Performance & Management Review · doi:10.1080/15309576.2016.1216002 · Cited by 47
A Field Experiment in Motivating Employee Ideas
Gibbs, M. J., Neckermann, S., & Siemroth, C. (2016) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_00631 · Cited by 46
Wipulanusat, W., Panuwatwanich, K., Stewart, R. A., Arnold, S. L., & Wang, J. (2020) · Journal of Management Analytics · doi:10.1080/23270012.2020.1749900 · Cited by 49
Wu, C., & Wang, Z. (2015) · Group Dynamics Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/gdn0000027 · Cited by 51
Workforce diversity: from a literature review to future research agenda
Yadav, S., & Lenka, U. (2020) · Journal of Indian Business Research · doi:10.1108/jibr-08-2019-0243 · Cited by 48
Inclusive leadership and team creativity: a moderated mediation model of Chinese talent management
Jia, J.-F., Jiao, Y., & Han, H.-M. (2021) · International journal of human resources management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2021.1966073 · Cited by 41
The Role of Team Regulatory Focus and Team Learning in Team Radical and Incremental Creativity
Li, C., Lin, C., & Liu, J. (2018) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601118775196 · Cited by 45
Mehmood, M. S., Zhang, J., & Gilal, F. G. (2020) · Human Systems Management · doi:10.3233/hsm-190783 · Cited by 44
Asghar, F., Mahmood, S., Khan, K. I., Qureshi, M. G., & Fakhri, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.790517 · Cited by 44
From individual creativity to team creativity: A meta‐analytic test of task moderators
Yuan, Y., Humphrey, S. E., & van Knippenberg, D. (2022) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12380 · Cited by 44
Wallrich, L., Opara, V., Wesołowska, M., Barnoth, D., & Yousefi, S. (2024) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-024-09977-0 · Cited by 62
Transactive memory systems in research team innovation: A moderated mediation analysis
Peltokorpi, V., & Hasu, M. (2015) · Journal of Engineering and Technology Management · doi:10.1016/j.jengtecman.2015.11.001 · Cited by 43
Zhang, Z. S., Hoxha, L., Aljughaiman, A. M., Arënliu, A., Gómez-Arízaga, M. P., Güçyeter, Ş., Ponomareva, I. V., Shi, J., Irueste, P., Rogl, S., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/jocb.463 · Cited by 46
Men, C., & Jia, R. (2021) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-11-2020-0506 · Cited by 49
Roy, S., & Mohapatra, S. (2022) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113460 · Cited by 42
Grabner, I., Klein, A., & Speckbacher, G. (2022) · Accounting Organizations and Society · doi:10.1016/j.aos.2022.101347 · Cited by 41
Informal Hierarchy and Team Creativity: The Moderating Role of Empowering Leadership
Oedzes, J. J., Rink, F. A., Walter, F. H., & van der Vegt, G. S. (2018) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12155 · Cited by 52
Agency Creativity:Teams and Performance
Lynch, J., & West, D. (2017) · Journal of Advertising Research · doi:10.2501/jar-2017-006 · Cited by 41
Leader Network Centrality and Team Performance: Team Size as Moderator and Collaboration as Mediator
Yuan, Y., & van Knippenberg, D. (2021) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-021-09745-4 · Cited by 43
Can proactivity translate to creativity? Examinations at individual and team levels
Du, J., Ma, E., & Lin, X. (2021) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.103034 · Cited by 43
I Feel Like I Am Flying and Full of Life: Contemporary Dance for Parkinson’s Patients
Bar, A., Czamanski‐Cohen, J., & Federman, J. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.623721 · Cited by 54
Petrou, P., van der Linden, D., & Salcescu, O. C. (2018) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/jocb.354 · Cited by 47
Wang, X., Li, H., & Yin, H. (2019) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/jocb.410 · Cited by 47
Leader–member exchange differentiation and team creativity: An investigation of nonlinearity
Li, Y., Fu, F., Sun, J., & Yang, B. (2015) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726715597481 · Cited by 37
The relationship between supervisor support and individual improvisation
Nisula, A. (2015) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-07-2013-0098 · Cited by 37
Martinaitytė, I., Unsworth, K. L., & Sacramento, C. A. (2019) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12300 · Cited by 37
Bae, S. H., Song, J. H., Park, S., & Kim, H. (2013) · Performance Improvement Quarterly · doi:10.1002/piq.21153 · Cited by 36
Boer, D., Deinert, A., Homan, A. C., & Voelpel, S. C. (2016) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2016.1170007 · Cited by 36
Prabhu, R., Bracken, J., Armstrong, C., Jablokow, K., Simpson, T. W., & Meisel, N. A. (2020) · International Journal of Design Creativity and Innovation · doi:10.1080/21650349.2020.1813633 · Cited by 36
Yadav, S., & Lenka, U. (2022) · Person-centered review · doi:10.1108/pr-04-2021-0296 · Cited by 25
The nonlinear effects of educational diversity on team creativity
Luan, K., Ling, C., & Xie, X. (2015) · Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.1111/1744-7941.12078 · Cited by 41
How Leaders’ Diversity Beliefs Alter the Impact of Faultlines on Team Functioning
Schölmerich, F., Schermuly, C. C., & Deller, J. (2016) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496416630960 · Cited by 36
Team Diversity and Categorization Salience
Mayo, M. C., van Knippenberg, D., Guillén, L., & Firfiray, S. (2016) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428116639130 · Cited by 42
Shin, Y., Kim, M.-H., & Lee, S. (2016) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/jocb.166 · Cited by 40
Examining the factors influencing organizational creativity in professional sport organizations
Smith, N. L., & Green, B. C. (2020) · Sport Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.smr.2020.02.003 · Cited by 40
Seong, J. Y., & Hong, D. (2018) · Human Resource Management Journal · doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12197 · Cited by 35
Core self-evaluation, individual intellectual capital and employee creativity
Wang, Z., Bu, X., & Cai, S. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-0046-x · Cited by 36
How CEO Ethical Leadership Influences Top Management Team Creativity: Evidence From China
Zhao, J., Sun, W., Zhang, S., & Zhu, X. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00748 · Cited by 38
Stimulating learning by empowering leadership
Li, M., & Zhang, P. (2016) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-01-2015-0007 · Cited by 41
How and when team regulatory focus influences team innovation and member creativity
Li, C., Li, C., & Lin, C. (2017) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-09-2016-0236 · Cited by 38
Positive Psychological States and Employee Creativity: The role of Ethical Leadership
Younas, A., Wang, D., Javed, B., Rawwas, M. Y. A., Abdullah, I., & Zaffar, M. A. (2018) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/jocb.391 · Cited by 39
Lyu, B., Liao, X., & Yang, Y. (2022) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s380989 · Cited by 34
Organizational Learning and Knowledge Management
Argote, L. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199928286.013.0028 · Cited by 33
Cirella, S., Radaelli, G., & Shani, A. B. R. (2014) · Management Research Review · doi:10.1108/mrr-12-2012-0261 · Cited by 36
The Role of Individual Differences in Group and Team Creativity
Coursey, L. E., Paulus, P. B., Williams, B. C., & Kenworthy, J. B. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813238-8.00014-0 · Cited by 33
An empirical investigation of innovation process in Indian pharmaceutical companies
Lenka, U., & Gupta, M. (2019) · European Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1108/ejim-03-2019-0069 · Cited by 35
Dijk, D. V., Kark, R., Matta, F. K., & Johnson, R. E. (2020) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-020-09692-6 · Cited by 46
Feeling differently, creating together: Affect heterogeneity and creativity in project teams
To, M. L., Fisher, C. D., Ashkanasy, N. M., & Zhou, J. (2021) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2535 · Cited by 36
Self-citationAli, A., Khan, N. A., Wang, H., & Wang, N. (2022) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400419.2022.2102753 · Cited by 34
Nabi, M. N., Liu, Z., & Hasan, N. (2022) · International Journal of Emerging Markets · doi:10.1108/ijoem-05-2021-0659 · Cited by 35
The role of institutional and individual factors in knowledge hiding and team creativity
Bashir, M., Naqshbandi, M. M., & Pradhan, S. (2022) · Knowledge Management Research & Practice · doi:10.1080/14778238.2022.2155593 · Cited by 34
The Creative Self-Concept as a Mediator Between Openness to Experience and Creative Behaviour
Chen, B. (2016) · Creativity Theories – Research – Applications · doi:10.1515/ctra-2016-0024 · Cited by 31
Kim, B., Park, S.-J., & Kim, T. (2019) · Asian Journal of Technology Innovation · doi:10.1080/19761597.2019.1587304 · Cited by 46
Kim, T., David, E., & Liu, Z. (2020) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/jocb.443 · Cited by 35
Yao, J., Liu, X., & He, W. (2021) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-12-2019-1698 · Cited by 31
Development and Validation of Team Creativity Measures: A Complex Systems Perspective
Jiang, H., & Zhang, Q. (2014) · Creativity and Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/caim.12078 · Cited by 31
Malingumu, W., Stouten, J., Euwema, M., & Babyegeya, E. (2016) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb.326 · Cited by 43
Wang, J., Kim, H.-R., & Kim, B. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su132011280 · Cited by 30
Su, Z., Wang, Z., & Chen, S. (2019) · Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.1111/1744-7941.12217 · Cited by 30
Metadata
- Authors
- Shin, S. J., & Zhou, J.
- Affiliations
- Washington State University Tri-Cities (US)
- Rice University (US)
- ORCID
- Zhou, Jing
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Psychology
- Published
- 2007-11
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1709-1721
- ISSN
- 0021-9010 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1854
- OpenAlex
- W2070014147
- Cited by
- 845
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 17.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Team Dynamics and Performance
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Creativity in Education and Neuroscience
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Employee Performance and Leadership
- Keywords
- team creativity, R&D teams, transformational leadership, moderated mediation, team diversity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cooperative Behavior, Creativity, Educational Status, Employment, Female, Humans, Leadership, Male, Research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review