The DOI matches its Crossref record; 95 of the 96 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
When is educational specialization heterogeneity related to creativity in research and development teams? Transformational leadership as a moderator.
Abstract
The authors examined conditions under which teams' educational specialization heterogeneity was positively related to team creativity. Using a sample of 75 research and development teams, the authors theorized and found that transformational leadership and educational specialization heterogeneity interacted to affect team creativity in such a way that when transformational leadership was high, teams with greater educational specialization heterogeneity exhibited greater team creativity. In addition, teams' creative efficacy mediated this moderated relationship among educational specialization heterogeneity, transformational leadership, and team creativity. The authors discuss the implications of these results for research and practice.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“First, studies analyzing the relationship between change management factors and innovative behavior have indicated that change management factors have a positive effect on innovative behavior [36,44,56,95,98-101,110,130-132,150].”
From A Study on the Effect of Change Management on Organizational Innovation: Focusing on the Mediating Effect of Members’ Innovative Behavior (2021) · cites this paper as [101]
Citations
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
Self-efficacy: The exercise of control
Bandura, A., Freeman, W. H., & Lightsey, R. (1999) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.13.2.158 · Cited by 46,835
Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-3352 · Cited by 36,647
Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability.
Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420 · Cited by 24,532
Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224 · Cited by 21,995
Longshore, J. M., & Bass, B. M. (1987) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258081 · Cited by 12,424
Psychological Safety and Learning Behavior in Work Teams
Edmondson, A. (1999) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2666999 · Cited by 12,026
Estimating within-group interrater reliability with and without response bias
James, L. R., Demaree, R. G., & Wolf, G. (1984) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.69.1.85 · Cited by 4,774
A model of creativity and innovation in organizations.
Amabile, T. M. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13040693 · Cited by 4,475
Self-efficacy and work-related performance: A meta-analysis.
Stajković, A. D., & Luthans, F. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.240 · Cited by 4,130
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Anderson, N., Potočnik, K., & Zhou, J. (2014) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206314527128 · Cited by 3,103
Self-citationZhang, X., & Bartol, K. M. (2010) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2010.48037118 · Cited by 3,046
Wang, G., Oh, I.-S., Courtright, S. H., & Colbert, A. E. (2011) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601111401017 · Cited by 1,315
van Knippenberg, D., & Sitkin, S. B. (2013) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/19416520.2013.759433 · Cited by 1,302
Chen, Y.-S., & Chang, C. (2012) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-012-1452-x · Cited by 1,276
Explaining the heterogeneity of the leadership-innovation relationship: Ambidextrous leadership
Rosing, K., Frese, M., & Bausch, A. (2011) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.07.014 · Cited by 1,173
Creative self-efficacy development and creative performance over time.
Tierney, P., & Farmer, S. M. (2010) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020952 · Cited by 1,170
Leadership, creativity, and innovation: A critical review and practical recommendations
Hughes, D. J., Lee, A., Tian, A. W., Newman, A., & Legood, A. (2018) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.03.001 · Cited by 1,080
Pieterse, A. N., van Knippenberg, D., Schippers, M. C., & Stam, D. A. (2009) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.650 · Cited by 1,014
Fostering team creativity: Perspective taking as key to unlocking diversity's potential.
Hoever, I. J., van Knippenberg, D., van Ginkel, W. P., & Barkema, H. G. (2012) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029159 · Cited by 762
A meta-analysis of shared leadership and team effectiveness
Wang, D., Waldman, D. A., & Zhang, Z. (2014) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034531 · Cited by 731
Bell, S. T., Villado, A. J., Lukasik, M. A., Belau, L., & Briggs, A. L. (2011) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206310365001 · Cited by 907
Research on Workplace Creativity: A Review and Redirection
Zhou, J., & Hoever, I. J. (2014) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091226 · Cited by 695
Self-citationManaging diversity and enhancing team outcomes: The promise of transformational leadership.
Kearney, E., & Gebert, D. R. (2009) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013077 · Cited by 652
Cognitive Team Diversity and Individual Team Member Creativity: A Cross-Level Interaction
Shin, S. J., Kim, T., Lee, J. Y., & Bian, L. (2012) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2010.0270 · Cited by 653
Self-citationDong, Y., Bartol, K. M., Zhang, Z., & Li, C. (2016) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2134 · Cited by 619
A century of work teams in the Journal of Applied Psychology.
Mathieu, J. E., Hollenbeck, J. R., van Knippenberg, D., & Ilgen, D. R. (2017) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000128 · Cited by 593
WHEN AND HOW DIVERSITY BENEFITS TEAMS: THE IMPORTANCE OF TEAM MEMBERS' NEED FOR COGNITION
Kearney, E., Gebert, D., & Voelpel, S. C. (2009) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2009.41331431 · Cited by 591
A Dialectic Perspective on Innovation: Conflicting Demands, Multiple Pathways, and Ambidexterity
Bledow, R., Fresé, M., Anderson, N. R., Erez, M., & Farr, J. L. (2009) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2009.01154.x · Cited by 591
A Multilevel Model of Team Goal Orientation, Information Exchange, and Creativity
Gong, Y., Kim, T., Lee, D.-R., & Zhu, J. (2012) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2011.0177 · Cited by 560
van Dijk, H., van Engen, M. L., & van Knippenberg, D. (2012) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.06.003 · Cited by 514
Liu, D., Jiang, K., Shalley, C. E., Keem, S., & Zhou, J. (2016) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2016.08.001 · Cited by 546
Self-citationOc, B. (2017) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.12.004 · Cited by 573
Carmeli, A., Gelbard, R. M., & Reiter‐Palmon, R. (2013) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.21514 · Cited by 454
Hu, J. J., Erdoğan, B., Jiang, K., Bauer, T. N., & Liu, S. (2017) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000277 · Cited by 476
Wang, A., & Cheng, B. (2009) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.634 · Cited by 416
Transformational leadership and performance outcomes: Analyses of multiple mediation pathways
Ng, T. W. H. (2016) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.11.008 · Cited by 516
Spotlight on Age‐Diversity Climate: The Impact of Age‐Inclusive HR Practices on Firm‐Level Outcomes
Boehm, S. A., Kunze, F., & Bruch, H. (2013) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12047 · Cited by 443
Task Conflict and Team Creativity: A Question of How Much and When
Farh, J., Lee, C., & Farh, C. I. C. (2010) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020015 · Cited by 469
Guillaume, Y. R. F., Dawson, J. F., Otaye‐Ebede, L., Woods, S. A., & West, M. A. (2017) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2040 · Cited by 406
Miron‐Spektor, E., Erez, M., & Naveh, E. (2011) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2011.64870100 · Cited by 400
Wang, P., & Rode, J. C. (2010) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726709354132 · Cited by 376
A social identity perspective on leadership and employee creativity
Hirst, G., van Dick, R., & van Knippenberg, D. (2009) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.600 · Cited by 356
Embodying who we are: Leader group prototypicality and leadership effectiveness
van Knippenberg, D. (2011) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.09.004 · Cited by 373
Richter, A. W., Hirst, G., van Knippenberg, D., & Baer, M. (2012) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029359 · Cited by 378
Knowledge management, social media and employee creativity
Σιγάλα, Μ., & Chalkiti, K. (2014) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.11.003 · Cited by 317
Leadership behaviors and group creativity in Chinese organizations: The role of group processes
Zhang, A. Y., Tsui, A. S., & Wang, D. X. (2011) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.07.007 · Cited by 337
Transformational leadership, leader support, and employee creativity
Cheung, M. F. Y., & Wong, C. (2011) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/01437731111169988 · Cited by 308
Zhang, X., & Bartol, K. M. (2010) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020173 · Cited by 322
Creative Leadership: A Multi-Context Conceptualization
Mainemelis, C., Kark, R., & Epitropaki, O. (2015) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/19416520.2015.1024502 · Cited by 319
Qu, R., Janssen, O., & Shi, K. (2015) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.12.004 · Cited by 278
Diversity faultlines, shared objectives, and top management team performance
van Knippenberg, D., Dawson, J., West, M. A., & Homan, A. C. (2010) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726710378384 · Cited by 273
Intergroup Leadership in Organizations: Leading Across Group and Organizational Boundaries
Hogg, M. A., van Knippenberg, D., & Rast, D. E. (2012) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2010.0221 · Cited by 292
Knowledge hiding and team creativity: the contingent role of task interdependence
Fong, P. S. W., Men, C., Luo, J., & Jia, R. (2018) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-11-2016-0778 · Cited by 274
Wang, X.-H. F., Kim, T., & Lee, D.-R. (2016) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.02.026 · Cited by 262
The Riddle of Heterarchy: Power Transitions in Cross-Functional Teams
Aime, F., Humphrey, S. E., DeRue, D. S., & Paul, J. B. (2013) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2011.0756 · Cited by 283
Integrating Knowledge Activities for Team Innovation: Effects of Transformational Leadership
Jiang, Y., & Chen, C. C. (2016) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206316628641 · Cited by 286
Cai, W., Lysova, E. I., Khapova, S. N., & Bossink, B. A. G. (2018) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-018-9536-y · Cited by 268
Win or Lose the Battle for Creativity: The Power and Perils of Intergroup Competition
Baer, M., Leenders, R., Oldham, G. R., & Vadera, A. K. (2010) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2010.52814611 · Cited by 247
Motivated information processing, social tuning, and group creativity.
Bechtoldt, M. N., Dreu, C. K. W. D., Nijstad, B. A., & Choi, H. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019386 · Cited by 246
Workplace duties or opportunities? Challenge stressors, regulatory focus, and creativity
Sacramento, C. A., Fay, D., & West, M. A. (2013) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2013.01.008 · Cited by 244
van Knippenberg, D. (2017) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113240 · Cited by 252
Sung, S. Y., & Choi, J. N. (2012) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.01.001 · Cited by 241
Hu, L., & Randel, A. E. (2014) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601114520969 · Cited by 226
Team Creativity, Cognition, and Cognitive Style Diversity
Aggarwal, I., & Woolley, A. W. (2018) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2017.3001 · Cited by 226
Transformational leadership and job performance: A social identity perspective
Tse, H. H. M., & Chiu, W. C. K. (2012) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.07.018 · Cited by 214
Shao, Y., Nijstad, B. A., & Täuber, S. (2019) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2019.01.008 · Cited by 232
Nguyen, P. V., Huynh, H. T. N., Lam, L. N. H., Le, T. B., & Nguyen, N. H. X. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07326 · Cited by 271
The evolution and future of diversity at work.
Roberson, Q. M., Ryan, A. M., & Ragins, B. R. (2017) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000161 · Cited by 216
A Critical Analysis of the Workplace Creativity Criterion Space
Montag‐Smit, T. A., Maertz, C. P., & Baer, M. (2012) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206312441835 · Cited by 209
Collaborative Creativity—Group Creativity and Team Innovation
Paulus, P. B., Dzindolet, M. T., & Kohn, N. W. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374714-3.00014-8 · Cited by 218
Carmeli, A., Dutton, J. E., & Hardin, A. E. (2015) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726714550256 · Cited by 226
Koh, D., Lee, K., & Joshi, K. (2019) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2355 · Cited by 228
Linking Management Reform with Employee Job Satisfaction: Evidence from Federal Agencies
Yang, K., & Kassekert, A. (2009) · Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory · doi:10.1093/jopart/mup010 · Cited by 194
Group creativity and innovation: A motivated information processing perspective.
Dreu, C. K. W. D., Nijstad, B. A., Bechtoldt, M. N., & Baas, M. (2011) · Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts · doi:10.1037/a0017986 · Cited by 192
Enhancing team creative performance through social media and transactive memory system
Cao, X., & Ali, A. (2017) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2017.11.009 · Cited by 181
Leading diversity: Towards a theory of functional leadership in diverse teams.
Homan, A. C., Gündemir, S., Buengeler, C., & van Kleef, G. A. (2020) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000482 · Cited by 217
Human capital diversity in the creation of social capital for team creativity
Han, J., Han, J., & Brass, D. J. (2013) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.1853 · Cited by 193
Yang, Y., Li, Z., Liang, L., & Zhang, X. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-0095-1 · Cited by 201
Ali, A., Wang, H., & Johnson, R. E. (2020) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2437 · Cited by 183
Yang, J., Liu, H., & Gu, J. (2017) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-10-2015-0229 · Cited by 169
Tsai, W., Chi, N., Grandey, A. A., & Fung, S. (2011) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.775 · Cited by 172
Chi, N., Huang, Y., & Lin, S. (2009) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601109350985 · Cited by 163
Bai, Y., Lin, L., & Li, P. P. (2016) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.02.025 · Cited by 182
Creative Self-Efficacy: An Exploration of Its Antecedents, Consequences, and Applied Implications
Puente‐Díaz, R. (2015) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2015.1051498 · Cited by 159
Tang, G., Chen, Y., van Knippenberg, D., & Yu, B. (2020) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2449 · Cited by 176
Boehm, S. A., & Dwertmann, D. J. G. (2014) · Work Aging and Retirement · doi:10.1093/workar/wau008 · Cited by 171
Abusive supervision and employee creativity
Liu, W., Zhang, P., Liao, J., Hao, P., & Mao, J. (2016) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-09-2013-0443 · Cited by 173
Impact of ethical leadership on creativity: the role of psychological empowerment
Javed, B., Khan, A. A., Bashir, S., & Arjoon, S. (2016) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2016.1188894 · Cited by 153
Ali, A., Bahadur, W., Wang, N., Luqman, A., & Khan, A. (2020) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101259 · Cited by 162
Wang, P., Rode, J. C., Shi, K., Luo, Z., & Chen, W. (2013) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601113488163 · Cited by 149
Considering Creative Self-Efficacy: Its Current State and Ideas for Future Inquiry
Farmer, S. M., & Tierney, P. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809790-8.00002-9 · Cited by 149
Cheung, S. Y., Gong, Y., Wang, M., Zhou, L., & Shi, J. (2016) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726715615684 · Cited by 169
The Personality Composition of Teams and Creativity: The Moderating Role of Team Creative Confidence
Baer, M., Oldham, G. R., Jacobsohn, G. C., & Hollingshead, A. B. (2008) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/j.2162-6057.2008.tb01299.x · Cited by 154
Cooperation Makes a Group be More Creative
Lu, K., Xue, H., Nozawa, T., & Hao, N. (2018) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhy215 · Cited by 147
Product Innovation and Educational Diversity in Top and Middle Management Teams
Schubert, T., & Tavassoli, S. (2019) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2017.0741 · Cited by 146
Huang, L. V., Krasikova, D. V., & Liu, D. (2015) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2015.12.002 · Cited by 160
Ethical leadership, trust in leader and creativity: The mediated mechanism and an interacting effect
Javed, B., Rawwas, M. Y. A., Khandai, S., Shahid, K., & Tayyeb, H. H. (2018) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2017.56 · Cited by 146
Ali, A., Wang, H., & Khan, A. N. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.09.033 · Cited by 144
Getting diversity at work to work: What we know and what we still don't know
Guillaume, Y. R. F., Dawson, J. F., Woods, S. A., Sacramento, C. A., & West, M. A. (2013) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12009 · Cited by 143
Leadership across hierarchical levels: Multiple levels of management and multiple levels of analysis
Chun, J. U., Yammarino, F. J., Dionne, S. D., Sosik, J. J., & Moon, H. K. (2009) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.06.003 · Cited by 139
A Contingency View of the Effects of Cognitive Diversity on Team Performance
Martins, L. L., Schilpzand, M. C., Kirkman, B. L., Ivanaj, S., & Ivanaj, V. (2012) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496412466921 · Cited by 154
Ma, Z., Long, L., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., & Lam, C. K. (2017) · Asia Pacific Journal of Management · doi:10.1007/s10490-017-9508-1 · Cited by 151
Team Creativity and Innovation
Reiter‐Palmon, R., Wigert, B. G., & de Vreede, T. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374714-3.00013-6 · Cited by 151
Hon, A. H. Y., & Chan, W. W. H. (2012) · Cornell Hospitality Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1938965512455859 · Cited by 141
Innovation at country-level: association between economic development and patents
Raghupathi, V., & Raghupathi, W. (2017) · Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1186/s13731-017-0065-0 · Cited by 132
A Diversity Mindset Perspective on Inclusive Leadership
van Knippenberg, D., & van Ginkel, W. V. (2021) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601121997229 · Cited by 101
Mehmood, M. S., Zhang, J., Akram, U., Akram, Z., & Tanveer, Y. (2021) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-07-2020-0517 · Cited by 155
Keskes, I. (2014) · Intangible Capital · doi:10.3926/ic.476 · Cited by 126
Games Managers Play: Play as a Form of Leadership Development
Kark, R. (2011) · Academy of Management Learning and Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2010.0048 · Cited by 125
Metadata
- Authors
- Shin, S. J., & Zhou, J.
- Affiliations
- Washington State University Tri-Cities (US)
- Rice University (US)
- ORCID
- Zhou, Jing
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Psychology
- Published
- 2007-11
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1709-1721
- ISSN
- 0021-9010 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1854
- OpenAlex
- W2070014147
- Cited by
- 845
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 17.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Team Dynamics and Performance
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Creativity in Education and Neuroscience
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Employee Performance and Leadership
- Keywords
- team creativity, R&D teams, transformational leadership, moderated mediation, team diversity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cooperative Behavior, Creativity, Educational Status, Employment, Female, Humans, Leadership, Male, Research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review