Automatic associations and panic disorder: Trajectories of change over the course of treatment.
Open accessAbstract
Cognitive models of anxiety and panic suggest that symptom reduction during treatment should be preceded by changes in cognitive processing, including modifying the anxious schema. The current study tested these hypotheses by using a repeated measures design to evaluate whether the trajectory of change in automatic panic associations over a 12-week course of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is related to the trajectory of change in panic symptoms. Individuals with panic disorder (N = 43) completed a measure of automatic panic associations--the Implicit Association Test (A. G. Greenwald, D. E. McGhee, & J. L. K. Schwartz, 1998), which reflects elements of the schema construct--every 3 weeks over the course of therapy and measures of panic symptoms each week. Dynamic bivariate latent difference score modeling not only indicated that automatic panic associations changed over the course of CBT for panic disorder but showed these changes were correlated with symptom reduction. Moreover, change in automatic panic associations was a significant predictor of change in panic symptom severity. These findings permit inferences about the temporality of change, suggesting that cognitive change does in fact precede and contribute to symptom change.
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This bidirectional relation generally parallels other bidirectional findings on reduction in cognitive misappraisal and panic symptom severity in patients undergoing cognitive-behavior therapy.
“This bidirectional relation generally parallels other bidirectional findings on reduction in cognitive misappraisal and panic symptom severity in patients undergoing cognitive– behavior therapy (Teachman et al., 2008).”
From Respiratory and cognitive mediators of treatment change in panic disorder: Evidence for intervention specificity. (2010) · cites this paper as Teachman et al., 2008
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that changes in automatic panic associations predicted reductions in panic symptom severity during CBT and says the authors suspect a bidirectional relationship. But symptom change did not significantly predict association change under the revised scoring method, and the study measured automatic associations rather than cognitive misappraisal. Calling these bidirectional findings overstates the evidence. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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“Interestingly, for panic disorder, cognitive changes preceded symptom reduction (Teachman et al., 2008).”
BackgroundCognitive change predicts symptom reduction with cognitive therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder
Kleim, B., Grey, N., Wild, J., Nussbeck, F. W., Stott, R., Hackmann, A., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2013) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031290 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Reducing Implicit PrejudicePreprint
Lai, C., Hoffman, K., & Nosek, B. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2089158 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
“Teachman et al. (2008) tracked changes in implicit panic associations and symptoms for individuals with a panic disorder during a 12-week cognitive behavior therapy program.”
BackgroundSmits, J. A. J., Julian, K., Rosenfield, D., & Powers, M. B. (2012) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028957 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Gallagher, M. W., Payne, L. A., White, K. S., Shear, K. M., Woods, S. W., Gorman, J. M., & Barlow, D. H. (2013) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.09.001 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Meuret, A. E., Rosenfield, D., Seidel, A., Bhaskara, L., & Hofmann, S. G. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019552 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“Future studies should explore multidimensional measures, such as the implicit association tests used in the study by Teachman et al. (2008) or on-line recording of verbalizations (thinkaloud paradigm; Davison et al., 1997).”
BackgroundResultAutomaticity in anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder
Teachman, B. A., Joormann, J., Steinman, S. A., & Gotlib, I. H. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.004 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“…measures design in which implicit panic associations were assessed every three weeks over the course of 12-week cognitive behavior therapy for panic disorder, Teachman, Marker, and Smith-Janik (2008) found that the trajectory of change on the IAT predicted subsequent change in panic symptoms.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMarker, C. D., Comer, J. S., Abramova, V., & Kendall, P. C. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.723261 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“Readers interested in practical examples are referred to Hawley, Ho, Zuroff, and Blatt (2006, 2007); Teachman et al. (2010); and Teachman et al. (2008); for a review of LDS, see Ferrer and McArdle (2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationImplicit-Bias Remedies: Treating Discriminatory Bias as a Public-Health Problem
Greenwald, A. G., Dasgupta, N., Dovidio, J. F., Kang, J., Moss-Racusin, C. A., & Teachman, B. A. (2022) · Gothic.net · doi:10.1177/15291006211070781 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“However, many of these studies assessed the impacts of multisession therapy immediately at the conclusion of the final session, but did not examine the durability of its impact on implicit associations over time (e.g., Gamer et al., 2008; Teachman et al., 2008; see also Renna et al., 2017).”
Self-citationSuicide and Self-Injury-Related Implicit Cognition: A Large-Scale Examination and Replication
Glenn, J. J., Werntz, A., Slama, S. J. K., Steinman, S. A., Teachman, B., & Nock, M. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000230 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationWilhelm, S., Berman, N. C., Keshaviah, A., Schwartz, R. A., & Steketee, G. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.12.006 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Maric, M., Wiers, R. W., & Prins, P. J. M. (2012) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-012-0114-y · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“With adults it has been shown that change in implicit panic associations was a significant predictor of change in panic symptom severity over the course of time (Teachman et al. 2008).”
BackgroundTraining Implicit Social Anxiety Associations: An Experimental Intervention
Clerkin, E. M., & Teachman, B. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.01.001 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“More directly tied to the clinical field, Teachman et al. (2008) recently found that changes in implicit associations preceded and predicted changes in panic symptoms over the course of a 12-week CBT intervention.”
BackgroundSelf-citationHogendoorn, S. M., Prins, P. J. M., Boer, F., Vervoort, L., Wolters, L. H., Moorlag, H., Nauta, M. H., Garst, H., Hartman, C. A., & de Haan, E. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.807736 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“For an extensive description of these models, see McArdle (2001) and McArdle and Hamagami (2001), and for examples in recent treatment outcome studies, for instance, Berking, Neacsiu, Comtois, and Linehan (2009) or Teachman, Marker, and Smith-Janik (2008).”
MethodCatastrophic misinterpretations as a predictor of symptom change during treatment for panic disorder
Teachman, B., Marker, C., & Clerkin, E. M. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021067 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“training of the assessors as well as inter-rater reliability are described in Teachman et al. (2008). Further, this paper includes a Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) figure that reports data on and reasons for participant exclusion and attrition during initial stages of the study. Teachman et al. (…”
InfluentialSelf-citationvan Vreeswijk, M. V., Spinhoven, P., Eurelings-Bontekoe, E., & Broersen, J. (2014) · Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1813 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Grillon, C. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.04.017 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Both implicit and explicit cognitive processes are important in the etiology and treatment of anxiety disorders (58-60).”
Reinecke, A., Waldenmaier, L., Cooper, M., & Harmer, C. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.02.005 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Adler, A. D., Strunk, D. R., & Fazio, R. (2014) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.09.001 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“As we noted earlier, the valued-IAT we used differed from previous IATs used to study CBT for anxiety disorders in a number of ways (i.e., Gamer et al., 2008; Teachman et al., 2008).”
MethodReciprocal influence of alliance to the group and outcome in day treatment for eating disorders.
Tasca, G. A., & Lampard, A. M. (2012) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029947 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Nature and Relation to Non-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Lorenzo‐Luaces, L., Keefe, J. R., & DeRubeis, R. J. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.02.012 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“In one study, changes in automatic panic associations predicted changes in symptom severity (Teachman et al., 2008).”
BackgroundCognitive Risks in Developmental Psychopathology
Hankin, B., Snyder, H. R., & Gulley, L. D. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy308 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Mechanisms of symptom reduction in treatment for obsessions
Woody, S. R., Whittal, M. L., & McLean, P. D. (2011) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024827 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Glenn, C. R., Kleiman, E. M., Coppersmith, D. D. L., Santee, A. C., Esposito, E. C., Cha, C. B., Nock, M. K., & Auerbach, R. P. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12769 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“…may fluctuate in conjunction with explicit symptoms reports over the span of a few weeks in adults (Ellis et al., 2016; Price et al., 2009, 2014; Teachman et al., 2008), we hypothesized that the Death IAT would be more predictive of suicide ideation among adolescents with longer treatment stays.”
Don't panic: interpretation bias is predictive of new onsets of panic disorder.
Woud, M., Zhang, X.-C., Becker, E., McNally, R., & Margraf, J. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.11.008 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Ellis, T. E., Rufino, K. A., & Green, K. L. (2016) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2015.1004483 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Using Implicit and Explicit Measures to Predict Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Among Adolescent Inpatients.
Cha, C. B., Augenstein, T. M., Frost, K., Gallagher, K., D'Angelo, E., & Nock, M. (2016) · Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.10.008 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Fentz, H. N., Hoffart, A., Jensen, M. B., Arendt, M., O'Toole, M., Rosenberg, N., & Hougaard, E. (2013) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.06.002 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Zainal, N. H., & Newman, M. G. (2019) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000428 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
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Forrest, L. N., Smith, A. R., Fussner, L. M., Dodd, D. R., & Clerkin, E. M. (2016) · Psychology of Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.06.006 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Implicit Identification with Death Predicts Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors in Adolescents
Glenn, C. R., Millner, A., Esposito, E. C., Porter, A. C., & Nock, M. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2018.1528548 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Reuland, M. M., & Teachman, B. A. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.09.011 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationCharacterizing Implicit Mental Health Associations across Clinical Domains
Werntz, A., Steinman, S. A., Glenn, J. J., Nock, M., & Teachman, B. (2016) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.02.004 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationSmith, C., de Houwer, J., & Nosek, B. A. (2013) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167212472374 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Vögele, C., Ehlers, A., Meyer, A., Frank, M., Hahlweg, K., & Margraf, J. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20651 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“There is initial evidence from RCTs to support the notion that changes in panic-related cognitions indeed mediate changes in panic-severity([16,17]) and changes in the perceived probability and cost of social concerns mediate outcome in CBT of social phobia.”
BackgroundReinecke, A., Soltau, C., Hoyer, J., Becker, E. S., & Rinck, M. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.12.010 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Ritter, V., Leichsenring, F., Strauss, B. M., & Stangier, U. (2013) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2013.802824 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“These findings are not consistent with those reported in panic disorder (Teachman et al., 2008), showing that changes in implicit associations were significantly correlated with symptom reduction and predicted changes in panic symptoms over the course of CBT.”
ResultGlashouwer, K. A., de Jong, P. J., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.05.002 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Cognitive-behavior therapy resolves implicit fear associations in generalized anxiety disorder
Reinecke, A., Rinck, M., Becker, E. S., & Hoyer, J. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.10.004 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Persons, J., Marker, C., & Bailey, E. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104338 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationRaes, A., Koster, E., Loeys, T., & de Raedt, R. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.06.003 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Gregory, B., Wong, Q., Marker, C., & Peters, L. (2018) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-017-9882-5 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationDeboeck, P., Nicholson, J., Kouros, C., Little, T., & Garber, J. (2015) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888691.2015.1021924 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Lindgren, K. P., Kaysen, D., Werntz, A., Gasser, M. L., & Teachman, B. (2013) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.03.003 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationPredictive validity of automatic self-associations for the onset of anxiety disorders.
Glashouwer, K. A., de Jong, P., & Penninx, B. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023205 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Reinecke, A., & Harmer, C. J. (2015) · Psychopathology Review · doi:10.5127/pr.035113 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Furthermore, previous work is in support of biased implicit fear evaluations being sensitive to CBT in specific phobia (Reinecke, Soltau, Hoyer, Becker, & Rinck, 2012; Teachman & Woody, 2003), generalised anxiety disorder (Reinecke, Rinck, Becker, & Hoyer, 2013), and panic disorder (Teachman, Marker, & Smith-Janik, 20…”
BackgroundCognitive mediation of panic reduction during an early intervention for panic
Meulenbeek, P. A. M., Spinhoven, P., Smit, F., van Balkom, A. V., & Cuijpers, P. (2010) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01530.x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“A study on the trajectory of change in automatic panic associations over the course of treatment demonstrated that implicit cognitive change preceded and contributed to symptom change (49).”
BackgroundSalemink, E., Friese, M., Drake, E., Mackintosh, B., & Hoppitt, L. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00220 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“First, it has been shown that implicit associations can be modified using Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT, Teachman et al., 2008), but also by performing repeated avoidance responses (Wiers et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMechanisms of Change in CBT Treatment
Teachman, B. A., Beadel, J. R., & Steinman, S. A. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118775349.ch40 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationGreen, J. S., & Teachman, B. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.026111 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Teachman, Marker, and Smith-Janik (2008) carried this link a step further by demonstrating a temporal connection between change in implicit associations and symptom improvement in individuals with panic disorder.”
BackgroundSelf-citationSteiner, A. R. W., Petkus, A. J., Nguyen, H., & Wetherell, J. L. (2012) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.10.007 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Riebel, K., Egloff, B., & Witthöft, M. (2013) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-013-9362-6 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Given the implicit nature of large parts of these maladaptive schemas, relying solely on cognitive approaches in psychotherapy may more strongly alter the explicit and less directly affect the implicit understanding of the self (although it appears reasonable to assume that the implicit self-concept might be modified…”
BackgroundBailey, E., & Marker, C. (2020) · European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01613-5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationAcute Stress Increases Implicit Depression and Decreases Implicit Self-Esteem
Creemers, D. H. M., Scholte, R. H. J., Engels, R. C. M. E., Pieters, S., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.025411 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Zahler, L., Sommer, K., Reinecke, A., Wilhelm, F. H., Margraf, J., & Woud, M. L. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10103-6 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Cough Is Dangerous: Neural Correlates of Implicit Body Symptoms Associations
Mier, D. U., Witthöft, M., Bailer, J., Ofer, J., Kerstner, T., Rist, F., & Diener, C. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00247 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“7:247. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00247 Cough Is Dangerous: Neural Correlates of Implicit Body Symptoms Associations Daniela Mier1*†, Michael Witthöft2†, Josef Bailer1, Julia Ofer1, Tobias Kerstner1, Fred Rist3 and Carsten Diener4,5 1 Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty…”
BackgroundInfluentialTemporal patterns of change in panic disorder during cognitive behaviour therapy: an Indian study.
Manjula, M., Prasadarao, P., Kumaraiah, V., & Raguram, R. (2014) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465813000635 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Weight of Cognitions in Panic: The Link between Misinterpretations and Panic Attacks
de Cort, K., Hermans, D., Noortman, D., Arends, W., Griez, E., & Schruers, K. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070315 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Recent research is studying the mediating role of cognitive change during treatment [20,21].”
BackgroundMethodIndividuals with Fear of Blushing Explicitly and Automatically Associate Blushing with Social Costs
Glashouwer, K. A., de Jong, P. D., Dijk, C., & Buwalda, F. M. (2011) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-011-9241-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“These results imply that it might be valuable to include assessments of automatic associations in addition to the more traditional self-report questionnaires, for example as pre and post measures in the evaluation of treatment (e.g., Huijding and de Jong 2009; Teachman et al. 2008).”
Implicit Cognition: Implications for Global Health Disparities.
John-Henderson, N. A. (2015) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2015.06.005 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Do patterns of change during treatment for panic disorder predict future panic symptoms?
Steinman, S. A., Hunter, M., & Teachman, B. (2012) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.09.003 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationClerkin, E. M., Fisher, C. R., Sherman, J., & Teachman, B. (2013) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.10.009 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Not Me) þ Calm (vs. Panicked)] predicted changes in panic symptoms (Teachman et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationAhn, J. S., Hong, H.-J., Lee, J. H., & Park, J. Y. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06272-3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Utilization of learned skills in cognitive behavioural therapy for panic disorder
Halaj, A., Yekutiel, N., Strauss, A. Y., & Huppert, J. D. (2019) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s135246581900033x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“McNally and Foa, 1987), which showed that there were no differences in judgement biases between successfully treated patients and healthy controls, and that changes in cognitions are related to symptom reduction (Clark et al., 1997; Teachman et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialImplicit Identification with Illness in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Henrich, J. F., Gjelsvik, B., & Martin, M. (2018) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-017-9888-z · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ouimet, A., Bahl, N., & Radomsky, A. S. (2017) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2016.1223019 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Regarding cognitive bias, Ouimet et al. (2012) demonstrated, through a visual search task, that higher levels of spider fear were related to both faster attentional engagement with and disengagement from spiders and reduced disengagement accuracy, whereas Van Bockstaele et al. (2011) reported correlations between high…”
BackgroundInfluentialWoud, M., Becker, E., Rinck, M., Harmer, C., & Reinecke, A. (2016) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.04.001 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The results of Teachman, Marker, and Smith-Janik (2008) showed that not all panic patients experienced a reduction in panic-related associations from pre to post treatment.”
ResultDoes ‘fear of dying’ indicate a more severe presentation of panic disorder?
Gazarian, D., Multach, M. D., Ellison, W. D., Chelminski, I., Dalrymple, K. L., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.04.005 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cognitive bias modification in the prevention of adolescent social anxiety
de Hullu, E., Sportel, E. T., de Jong, P. J., & Nauta, M. H. (2012) · F1000Research · doi:10.7490/f1000research.1090569.1
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Silva, L. D. G., Aprigio, D., Marinho, V., Teixeira, S., Giacomo, J. D., Gongora, M., Budde, H., Nardi, A., Bittencourt, J., Cagy, M., et al. (2022) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.3390/neurosci3020024 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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“Two studies on implicit threat evaluation have already demonstrated that improvements in this processing bias are correlated with symptomatic improvements (Teachman et al., 2008) and predicted additional symptom change during treatment FU (Reinecke, Rinck, et al.”
BackgroundFoundations of Psychodynamic Therapy: Implicit Emotional Learning
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Subliminal Evaluative Conditioning Changed Implicit and Explicit Depressive Cognition
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“Teachman and colleagues [9] reported, for instance, that 12 sessions of cognitive behavior therapy for panic disorder improved not only panic and depressed symptom but also implicit association for panic.”
BackgroundExploring an implicit test to measure affective outcomes in routine psychotherapy evaluations.
Tamayo, R. M., Arroyo, C. E. N., & Espinosa-Duque, D. (2026) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2026.2701029
Neurocognitive mechanisms of d-cycloserine augmented single-session exposure therapy for anxietyPreprint
Reinecke, A., Nickless, A., Browning, M., & Harmer, C. (2019) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/615757
“as automatic panic associations using a task that has also been shown to sensitively capture early effects of CBT in panic disorder (6, 7).”
MethodPanic Disorder and Agoraphobia
Teachman, B. A., Beltzer, M., & Werntz, A. J. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108140416.017 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationEhring, T. (2014) · doi:10.1002/9781118775349.ch8
Huppert, J. (2021) · Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00226-0
- Authors
- Teachman, B. A., Marker, C. D., & Smith-Janik, S. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia (US)
- Nova Southeastern University (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 2008
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 988-1002
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- PMC
- PMC2593734
- OpenAlex
- W2012188497
- Cited by
- 113
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 8.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R03 PA-03-039)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- panic disorder, cognitive behavioral therapy, Implicit Association Test, cognitive models of anxiety, symptom trajectories, treatment modification
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Association, Automatism, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Panic Disorder, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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