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Cited by 572Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychotherapy Techniques and ApplicationsPsychological Treatments and Assessments

How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence

Open access
Cuijpers, Pim, Cristea, Ioana A., Karyotaki, Eirini, Reijnders, Mirjam, Huibers, Marcus J.H.·2016·World Psychiatry
DOI 10.1002/wps.20346PMC PMC5032489
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Abstract

We report the current best estimate of the effects of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) in the treatment of major depression (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PAD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD).

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/wps.20346

Cites

214 of 214 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

8 of 18 cited sources checked · 6 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    After adding the effect sizes of unpublished trials to those of published ones, the mean effect size for psychotherapy dropped by more than 25%.

    “After adding the effect sizes of these unpublished trials to those of the published ones, the mean effect size for psychotherapy dropped by more than 25%.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] 15. Driessen E, Hollon SD, Bockting CLH et al. Does publication bias inflate the apparent efficacy of psychological treatment for major depressive disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis of US National Institutes of Health-funded trials. PLoS One 2015;10:e0137864. source

      The Results (Adjusting for study publication bias; page unavailable) report that adding unpublished trials reduced the pooled psychotherapy effect-size estimate from g = 0.52 to g = 0.39. The paper describes this overall reduction as 25%, not more than 25%. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Almost one quarter of trials of psychotherapy for adult depression funded by the US National Institutes of Health were not published.

    “a recent study found that almost one quarter of trials of psychotherapy for adult depression funded by the US National Institutes of Health were not published 15 .”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] 15. Driessen E, Hollon SD, Bockting CLH et al. Does publication bias inflate the apparent efficacy of psychological treatment for major depressive disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis of US National Institutes of Health-funded trials. PLoS One 2015;10:e0137864. source
  • Premisecitation

    There is considerable indirect evidence of publication bias in psychotherapy research, based on excess publication of small studies with large effect sizes.

    “There is considerable indirect evidence of publication bias in psychotherapy research, based on excess publication of small studies with large effect sizes 16 .”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] 16. Cuijpers P, Smit F, Bohlmeijer E et al. Efficacy of cognitive-behavioural therapy and other psychological treatments for adult depression: meta- analytic study of publication bias. Br J Psychiatry 2010;196:173-8. source
  • Interpretationown data

    The drop in the MDD effect size after publication bias adjustment was relatively small compared to that reported in other studies on publication bias in psychotherapies for MDD.

    “However, this was a relatively small drop compared to that reported in other studies on publication bias in psychotherapies for MDD 15,18,184 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [15] 15. Driessen E, Hollon SD, Bockting CLH et al. Does publication bias inflate the apparent efficacy of psychological treatment for major depressive disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis of US National Institutes of Health-funded trials. PLoS One 2015;10:e0137864. source
    • cites [18] 18. Cuijpers P, van Straten A, Bohlmeijer E et al. The effects of psychotherapy for adult depression are overestimated: a meta-analysis of study quality and effect size. Psychol Med 2010;40:211-23. source
    • cites [184] 184. Cuijpers P, Berking M, Andersson G et al. A meta-analysis of cognitive- behavioural therapy for adult depression, alone and in comparison with other treatments. Can J Psychiatry 2013;58:376-85. source
  • Premisecitation

    Psychological treatments are equally effective in the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders.

    “Psychological treatments are equally effective in the treatment of depression 8 and anxiety disorders [9][10][11] .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [8] 8. Cuijpers P, Sijbrandij M, Koole SL et al. The efficacy of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in treating depressive and anxiety disorders: a meta- analysis of direct comparisons. World Psychiatry 2013;12:137-48. source

      The paper reports no significant overall difference between psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy across the depressive and anxiety disorders studied (p. 2). But the Discussion (pp. 10–11) identifies differences for particular disorders, notably psychotherapy’s greater efficacy in OCD. The unqualified claim of equal effectiveness across depression and anxiety disorders therefore overstates the findings. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [9][10][11]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims. 37
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 5
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dozens of trials and several meta-analyses have shown that CBT is effective in treating depression and anxiety disorders.

    “Dozens of trials and several meta-analyses have shown that CBT is effective in treating depression 8,14 and anxiety disorders [9][10][11] .”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [8] 8. Cuijpers P, Sijbrandij M, Koole SL et al. The efficacy of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in treating depressive and anxiety disorders: a meta- analysis of direct comparisons. World Psychiatry 2013;12:137-48. source
    • cites [14] 14. Barth J, Munder T, Gerger H et al. Comparative efficacy of seven psycho- therapeutic interventions for patients with depression: a network meta- analysis. PLoS Med 2013;10:e1001454. source
    • cites [9][10][11]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In major depression, only 11 of 63 studies were high-quality, and the effect size in these studies was similar to that in the total pool (g=0.73; 95% CI 0.46-1.00).

    “Only 11 of the 63 studies were rated as being high-quality.The effect size in these studies was similar to that in the total pool (g50.73;95% CI: 0.46-1.00;I 2 578).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Only 25 trials (17.4%) met all four quality criteria, 62 met two or three criteria, and 57 met one or none of the criteria.

    “Only 25 trials (17.4%) met all four quality criteria, 62 met two or three criteria, and the remaining 57 met one or none of the criteria.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The 144 trials included 184 comparisons between CBT and a control condition: 63 for major depression, 31 for generalized anxiety disorder, 42 for panic disorder, and 48 for social anxiety disorder.

    “The 144 trials included a total of 184 comparisons between CBT and a control condition (63 comparisons for MDD, 31 for GAD, 42 for PAD, and 48 for SAD).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    A total of 11,030 patients were enrolled: 6,229 in CBT groups, 2,469 in waiting list control groups, 1,823 in care-as-usual groups, and 509 in pill placebo groups.

    “A total of 11,030 patients were enrolled (6,229 in the CBT groups, 2,469 in the waiting list control groups, 1,823 in the care-as-usual groups and 509 in the pill placebo groups).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For panic disorder, Duval and Tweedie's trim and fill procedure did not indicate any missing studies and the adjusted and unadjusted effect sizes were the same.

    “Duval and Tweedie's trim and fill procedure did not indicate any missing studies and therefore the adjusted and unadjusted effect sizes were the same.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For GAD, about one quarter of the studies were estimated to be missing, and after adjusting for these missing studies the effect size dropped from g=0.80 to g=0.59.

    “For GAD, it was estimated that about one quarter of the studies were missing and, after adjusting for these missing studies, the effect size dropped from g50.80 to g50.59.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Of all included trials, 44 (30.6%) were conducted in 2010 or later.

    “Of all included trials, 44 (30.6%) were conducted in 2010 or later.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In generalized anxiety disorder, only 9 of 31 studies were high-quality, and 8 of these used a waiting list control group, so the effects of care-as-usual and pill placebo among high-quality studies could not be estimated.

    “Only 9 of the 31 studies were rated as high-quality, and 8 of these used a waiting list control group, so the effects of careas-usual and pill placebo among high-quality studies could not be estimated.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In major depression, studies using a waiting list control group had significantly larger effect sizes (g=0.98; 95% CI 0.80-1.17) than those using care-as-usual (g=0.60; 95% CI 0.45-0.75) and pill placebo control groups (g=0.55; 95% CI 0.28-0.81).

    “Studies using a waiting list control group had significantly (p50.002)larger effect sizes (g50.98;95% CI: 0.80-1.17)than those using care-as-usual (g50.60;95% CI: 0.45-0.75)and pill placebo control groups (g50.55;95% CI: 0.28-0.81)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For major depression, Duval and Tweedie's trim and fill procedure indicated considerable publication bias, with an adjusted effect size of g=0.65 (95% CI 0.53-0.78).

    “Duval and Tweedie's trim and fill procedure also indicated considerable publication bias (number of imputed studies: 8; adjusted effect size: g50.65; 95% CI: 0.53-0.78;I 2 576).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    In social anxiety disorder, only eight studies were high-quality, and five of these used a waiting list control group; there were not enough high-quality studies to assess the effects of CBT compared to care-as-usual or pill placebo.

    “Only eight studies were rated as high-quality, and five of these used a waiting list control group.This implies that for SAD there are not enough high-quality studies to assess the effects of CBT compared to care-as-usual or pill placebo.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Of the trials conducted in 2010 or later, 29.5% were rated as high-quality, compared to 12.0% of the older studies.

    “Of the trials conducted in 2010 or later, 29.5% were rated as high-quality, compared to 12.0% of the older studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For social anxiety disorder, Duval and Tweedie's trim and fill procedure did not indicate missing studies and the adjusted and unadjusted effect sizes were the same.

    “Duval and Tweedie's trim and fill procedure did not indicate missing studies and the adjusted and unadjusted effect sizes were the same.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In panic disorder, the four high-quality studies all used a waiting list control group and resulted in an effect size of g=0.61 (95% CI 0.27-0.96).

    “The four high-quality studies all used a waiting list control group and resulted in an effect size of g50.61 (95% CI: 0.27-0.96).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    A total of 144 trials met inclusion criteria: 54 on major depression, 24 on generalized anxiety disorder, 30 on panic disorder, and 36 on social anxiety disorder.

    “A total of 144 trials met inclusion criteria for this meta-analysis: 54 on MDD, 24 on GAD, 30 on PAD, and 36 on SAD.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For MDD, 14% of the studies were missing, and the pooled effect size dropped from g=0.75 to g=0.65 after adjustment.

    “For MDD, 14% of the studies were missing, and the pooled effect size dropped from g50.75 to g50.65.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In generalized anxiety disorder, studies using a pill placebo control group (g=1.32) had a significantly larger effect than those using a waiting list (g=0.85) or care-as-usual control group (g=0.45).

    “Studies using a pill placebo control group (g51.32) had a significantly (p<0.001)larger effect than those using a waiting list (g50.85) or care-as-usual control group (g50.45).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The overall effects of CBT for all four disorders were large, ranging from g=0.75 for MDD to g=0.80 for GAD, g=0.81 for PAD, and g=0.88 for SAD.

    “We found that the overall effects for all four disorders were large, ranging from g50.75 for MDD to g50.80 for GAD, g50.81 for PAD, and g50.88 for SAD.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Only 17.4% of the included trials were high-quality, and this mostly affected the outcomes for panic disorder and social anxiety disorder.

    “Only 17.4% of the included trials were considered to be high-quality, and this mostly affected the outcomes for PAD (g50.61) and SAD (g50.76).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The vast majority of studies for the three anxiety disorders used a waiting list control group: 77.4% of comparisons for GAD, 78.6% for PAD, and 83.3% for SAD.

    “We found that the vast majority of studies for the three anxiety disorders used a waiting list control group (77.4% of the comparisons for GAD, 78.6% for PAD, and 83.3% for SAD).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    29.5% of studies conducted in 2010 or later were rated as high-quality, while only 12.0% of older studies were rated as high-quality.

    “Indeed, 29.5% of the studies conducted in 2010 or later were rated as high-quality, while that was true for only 12.0% of the older studies.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The effects of CBT are large when the control condition is waiting list, but small to moderate when it is care-as-usual or pill placebo.

    “that the effects are large when the control condition is waiting list, but small to moderate when it is care-as-usual or pill placebo”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    More than 80% of trials in anxiety disorders used waiting list control groups, and the few studies using other control groups pointed at much smaller effect sizes for CBT.

    “More than 80% of trials in anxiety disorders used waiting list control groups, and the few studies using other control groups pointed at much smaller effect sizes for CBT.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a meta-analysis of 115 trials of psychotherapy for depression, only 11 met all basic indicators of quality, and the effect sizes of these trials were considerably smaller than those of lower quality ones.

    “In a meta-analysis of 115 trials of psychotherapy for depression, only 11 met all basic indicators of quality, and the effect sizes of these trials were considerably smaller than those of lower quality ones 18 .”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] 18. Cuijpers P, van Straten A, Bohlmeijer E et al. The effects of psychotherapy for adult depression are overestimated: a meta-analysis of study quality and effect size. Psychol Med 2010;40:211-23. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    CBT is probably effective in the treatment of major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and social anxiety disorder.

    “We conclude that CBT is probably effective in the treatment of MDD, GAD, PAD and SAD”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The assessment of the quality of included studies was conducted by two independent researchers, and disagreements were solved through discussion.

    “The assessment of the quality of included studies was conducted by two independent researchers, and disagreements were solved through discussion.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisereasoning

    The effects of CBT and other psychotherapies have been considerably overestimated due to publication bias, low quality of trials, and waiting list control groups.

    “However, in recent years, it has become clear that the effects of CBT and other psychotherapies have been considerably overestimated due to at least three reasons.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Publication bias mostly affected the outcomes of CBT in generalized anxiety disorder and major depression, but not those in panic disorder and social anxiety disorder.

    “Publication bias mostly affected the outcomes of CBT in GAD (adjusted g50.59) and MDD (adjusted g50.65), but not those in PAD and SAD.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Psychological placebo conditions were not included because they have considerable effects on depression and probably also on anxiety disorders.

    “Psychological placebo conditions were not included, because they have considerable effects on depression 24 and probably also on anxiety disorders 19 .”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [24] 24. Cuijpers P, Driessen E, Hollon SD et al. The efficacy of non-directive sup- portive therapy for adult depression: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2012;32:280-91. source
    • cites [19] 19. Mohr DC, Spring B, Freedland KE et al. The selection and design of con- trol conditions for randomized controlled trials of psychological inter- ventions. Psychother Psychosom 2009;78:275-84. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Because of the small number of high-quality trials, the effects of CBT for major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and social anxiety disorder are still uncertain and should be considered with caution.

    “because of the small number of high-quality trials, these effects are still uncertain and should be considered with caution.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study used strict inclusion criteria, only including trials in which patients met diagnostic criteria for the disorder according to a structured interview and trials with waiting list, care-as-usual or pill placebo control groups.

    “One possible limitation is that we used strict inclusion criteria, only focusing on trials in which patients met diagnostic criteria for the disorder according to a structured interview and trials in which either a waiting list, care-as-usual or pill placebo control group was used.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The present study had several strengths, including broad scope covering four common mental disorders, rigorous selection and assessment of trials, and a relatively large number of trials.

    “The present study has several strengths, including the broad scope of the meta-analyses, covering four common mental disorders, the rigorous selection and assessment of the trials, and their relatively large number.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Waiting list is probably a nocebo condition that considerably overestimates the effects of psychological treatments.

    “Waiting list is probably a”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21] 21. Furukawa TA, Noma H, Caldwell DM et al. Waiting list may be a nocebo condition in psychotherapy trials: a contribution from network meta- analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2014;130:181-92. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The relatively small number of studies per disorder and the relatively large number of predictors may explain why very few predictors were significant in the multivariate meta-regression analyses.

    “As shown in Table 2, very few predictors were significant in these analyses, possibly because of the relatively small number of studies per disorder and the relatively large number of predictors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The study only focused on short-term outcomes, because only few studies reported long-term outcomes and follow-up periods differed considerably.

    “Finally, we only focused on shortterm outcomes, because only few studies reported long-term outcomes and the follow-up periods differed considerably.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Because of the small number of high-quality studies, the effects are still uncertain and should be considered with caution.

    “Because of the small number of high-quality studies, these effects are still uncertain and should be considered with caution.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Care-as-usual control groups can vary considerably depending on country and treatment setting, and may therefore be too heterogeneous to allow a reliable assessment of the effects across studies.

    “Furthermore, care-as-usual control groups can vary considerably depending on the country and the treatment setting where the therapy is offered, and may therefore be too heterogeneous to allow a reliable assessment of the effects across studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    CBT is probably effective in the treatment of MDD, GAD, PAD and SAD.

    “On the basis of our data, we conclude that CBT is probably effective in the treatment of MDD, GAD, PAD and SAD, and that the effects are large when compared to waiting list control groups, but small to moderate when compared to more conservative control groups, such as care-as-usual and pill placebo.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
39 of 39

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • There is substantial evidence for the efficacy of CBT versions targeted to the specific focus of apprehension of each anxiety or related disorder, and they are recommended as first-line psychological treatments in several guidelines, including NICE.

    “There is a substantial evidence for the efficacy of such targeted treatments 64-66 , and they are recommended as first-line psychological treatments for anxiety and related disorders in several guidelines, including those by the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) 67 .”

    From The clinical characterization of the adult patient with an anxiety or related disorder aimed at personalization of management (2021) · cites this paper as [65]

    Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Pharmacological and psychotherapeutic approaches do not result in full remission in all patients with mental disorders.

    “whilst the pharmacological [35,36] and psychotherapeutic approaches [37,38] are helpful for many, they do not result in full remission in all patients.”

    From Exercise as Medicine for Mental and Substance Use Disorders: A Meta-review of the Benefits for Neuropsychiatric and Cognitive Outcomes (2020) · cites this paper as [37]

    The Discussion (pp. 245–258) concludes that CBT is probably effective for major depression and three anxiety disorders, with small-to-moderate effects against more conservative controls. That supports the claim that psychotherapy helps but has limits; the paper does not report full-remission rates for treated patients. This citation is attached to the psychotherapeutic approaches, not the pharmacological ones. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Meta-analyses confirm that when delivered to adults without cancer, CBT in particular, behavior therapy, and behavioral activation are the most efficacious treatments for treating major depressive disorder.

    “Meta-analyses 54,60,61 confirm findings from many prior ones 120-122 that when delivered to adults without cancer, CBT in particular, behavior therapy (BT), and BA are the most efficacious treatments for treating MDD.”

    From Management of Anxiety and Depression in Adult Survivors of Cancer: ASCO Guideline Update (2023) · cites this paper as [121]

    The Effects of CBT on MDD section reports that CBT, including behavioral activation trials, was effective compared with control conditions. But the Discussion describes the effects as uncertain and does not establish that CBT, behavior therapy, and behavioral activation are the most efficacious treatments relative to other therapies. The Identification and selection of studies section did not exclude people with somatic disorders, so this analysis does not specifically establish the claim for adults without cancer. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Other meta-analyses have shown that evidence-based psychotherapies have large effect sizes on GAD outcomes.

    “Other meta-analyses have shown that evidence-based psychotherapies have large effect sizes on GAD outcomes. 3”

    From Generalized anxiety disorder: 8 studies of psychosocial interventions (2022) · cites this paper as [3]

    The “Effects of CBT on GAD” section reports a pooled effect size of g=0.80, which the “Meta-analyses” section classifies as large. But the paper evaluates CBT specifically, not evidence-based psychotherapies generally, and reports a smaller publication-bias-adjusted GAD effect of g=0.59. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective in treating GAD.

    “These meta-analyses further suggest that cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective in treating GAD.”

    From Psychological interventions for generalized anxiety disorder: Effects and predictors in a naturalistic outpatient setting (2023) · cites this paper as [11]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • The GAD placebo result reverses the claimed control-group pattern

    Minor

    The discussion says waiting-list comparisons produced significantly larger effects than pill-placebo comparisons for every disorder. For GAD, the results report the opposite: the pill-placebo effect was significantly larger than the waiting-list effect.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Carrington CH., 1979, A comparison of cognitive and analytically oriented brief treatment approaches to depression in black women
  2. Cullen JM., 2002, Dissertation

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Cuijpers, P., Cristea, I. A., Karyotaki, E., Reijnders, M., & Huibers, M. J. H.
Affiliations
  • Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
  • Babeș-Bolyai University (RO)
ORCID
Venue
World Psychiatry
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2016-09-22
Volume
15
Issue
3
Pages
245-258
ISSN
  • 1723-8617 (ISSN-L)
  • 2051-5545
DOI
10.1002/wps.20346
PMC
PMC5032489
OpenAlex
W2522867222
Semantic Scholar
c3394bb499422118f0a59876c9a5e69800873bd2
Cited by
572
References
208
Citations by year
2026: 58 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 2
FWCI
70.45
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • World Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
Keywords
cognitive behavioral therapy, major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, anxiety disorders, treatment efficacy, waiting list control group, publication bias, trial quality, placebo comparison

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