Testing a typology of batterers

Waltz, Jennifer; Babcock, Julia C.; Jacobson, Neil S.; Gottman, John M.

doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.4.658

Cited by 215Intimate Partner and Family ViolenceCrime Patterns and InterventionsPsychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending

Testing a typology of batterers

Waltz, Jennifer, Babcock, Julia C., Jacobson, Neil S., Gottman, John M.·2000·Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-006x.68.4.658

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Abstract

A. Holtzworth-Munroe and G. L. Stuart (1994) proposed a tripartite typology of men who batter their female partners based on the severity of violence, extent of violence, and personality disorder characteristics. The current study attempts to empirically validate this typology using data from 75 domestically violent (DV) men and their partners, and 32 maritally distressed, nonviolent (DNV) comparison couples. Mixture analysis results generally supported the model, although 2 types were not distinguishable on personality disorder characteristics as predicted. Generally violent batterers were significantly more violent within and outside the relationship. The pathological group was moderately violent within and outside the relationship and endorsed numerous psychological symptoms. Family-only batterers endorsed fewer symptoms and were less violent. Violence in the family of origin, attachment, and communication skills also differentiated the 3 types and DNV men.

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It has been asserted that a subtype of individuals, being mostly antisocial and highly violent, are especially prone to be avoidant.
“it has been asserted that a subtype of individuals, being mostly antisocial and highly violent, are especially prone to be avoidant (Waltz et al., 2000).”
From Exploring Relationships: A Systematic Review on Intimate Partner Violence and Attachment (2018) · cites this paper as Waltz et al., 2000

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Influential
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“Over 20 batterer typology studies have been published to date, establishing that men who batter women are a heterogeneous group (Babcock et al. 2000; Hamberger et al. 1996; HoltzworthMunroe and Meehan 2002; Waltz et al. 2000).”
BackgroundResult
A Typology of Maritally Violent Men and Correlates of Violence in a Community Sample
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Thijssen, J., & de Ruiter, C. (2010) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260510369129 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“By using a community sample, the generalizability of the typology would, of course, increase (Waltz et al., 2000).”
MethodResult
The Relationship between Egalitarianism, Dominance, and Violence in Intimate Relationships
Karakurt, G., & Cumbie, T. (2012) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-011-9408-y · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“This form of violence rarely escalates into more injurious or life-threatening behaviors (Johnson 1995; Waltz et al. 2000), and it occurs in a larger number of households than do more severe forms of violence.”
Articulated Thoughts of Intimate Partner Abusive Men during Anger Arousal: Correlates with Personality Disorder Features
Costa, D. M., & Babcock, J. C. (2008) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-008-9163-x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Empirical clustering analysis of these variables yields three (Waltz et al. 2000) or four subtypes of abusers (Holtzworth-Munroe et al.”
Background
Attachment, interpersonal problems, and family of origin functioning: Differences between partner violent and nonpartner violent men.
Lawson, D. M. (2008) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/1524-9220.9.2.90 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Emotion-focused therapy for incarcerated offenders of intimate partner violence: A 3-year outcome using a new whole-sample matching method
Pascual‐Leone, A., Bierman, R., Arnold, R., & Stasiak, E. (2011) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2011.572092 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Consistent with this, research has shown a link between the personality psychopathologies that describe batterers and an array of dynamic emotional characteristics, such as avoidance, jealousy, attachment-related anxiety, and compulsive care seeking (Waltz, Babcock, Jacobson, & Gottman, 2000 ).”
Result
Changes in male partner abuser attachment styles in group treatment.
Lawson, D. M., Barnes, A. D., Madkins, J. P., & Francois-Lamonte, B. M. (2006) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/0033-3204.43.2.232 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
A Multidimensional Evaluation of a Treatment Program for Female Batterers: A Pilot Study
Carney, M. M., & Buttell, F. (2004) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731503262223 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Intimate Partner Violence: An Overview of the Existing Theories, Conceptual Frameworks, and Definitions
Буреломова, А. С., Gulina, M. A., & Тихомандрицкая, О. А. (2018) · Psychology in Russia State of Art · doi:10.11621/pir.2018.0309 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence: A Comparison of Antisocial and Family-Only Perpetrators
Petersson, J., Strand, S. J. M., & Selenius, H. (2016) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260516640547 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
THE DIFFERENT FACES OF INTIMATE VIOLENCE: IMPLICATIONS FOR ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT
Greene, K., & Bogo, M. (2002) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2002.tb00370.x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Sexual and Nonsexual Dating Violence Perpetration: Testing an Integrated Perpetrator Typology
Monson, C. M., & Langhinrichsen‐Rohling, J. (2002) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/vivi.17.4.403.33684 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“In spite of the use of this label in previous theoretical work, empirical research has mostly failed to find a group of perpetrators with DSM-IV defined Borderline Personality Disorder (e.g., Chase et al., 2001; Hamberger et al., 1996; Waltz et al., 2000).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Gender-Role Conflict and Self-Esteem: Factors Associated With Partner Abuse in Court-Referred Men.
Schwartz, J. P., Waldo, M., & Daniel, D. (2005) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/1524-9220.6.2.109 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Childhood Sexual Abuse and Intimate Partner Violence in a Clinical Sample of Men: The Mediating Roles of Adult Attachment and Anger Management
Brassard, A., Darveau, V., Péloquin, K., Lussier, Y., & Shaver, P. R. (2014) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2014.933464 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Violence and Abuse in Personal Relationships: Conflict, Terror, and Resistance in Intimate Partnerships
Johnson, M. P. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511606632.031 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
A Latent Classification of Male Batterers
Mauricio, A. M., & Lopez, F. G. (2009) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.24.4.419 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“As noted earlier, findings were likely constrained by sampling limitations that did not include felonious batterers who are incarcerated for their IPV.”
MethodInfluential
Patterns of Dating Violence Victimization and Perpetration among Latino Youth
Reyes, H. L. M., Foshee, V. A., Chen, M. S., & Ennett, S. T. (2016) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-016-0621-0 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
A Proximal Change Experiment Testing Two Communication Exercises With Intimate Partner Violent Men
Babcock, J. C., Graham, K., Canady, B. E., & Ross, J. M. (2011) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2010.08.010 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
[Typology of incarcerated intimate partner aggressors].
Loinaz, I., Echeburúa, E., & Torrúbia, R. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Personality Characteristics of Partner Violent Men: A Q-Sort Approach
Porcerelli, J. H., Cogan, R., & Hibbard, S. (2004) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.18.2.151.32776 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
An application of attachment theory: mentoring relationship dynamics and ethical concerns
Gormley, B. (2008) · Mentoring & Tutoring Partnership in Learning · doi:10.1080/13611260701800975 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Offending competency and coercive control in intimate partner violence
Day, A., & Bowen, E. (2014) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2014.12.004 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
¿Se puede establecer una clasificación tipológica de los hombres violentos contra su pareja?
Amor, P. J., Echeburúa, E., & Loinaz, I. (2009) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The Relationship of Intimate Partner Aggression to Head Injury, Executive Functioning, and Intelligence
Walling, S. M., Meehan, J. C., Marshall, A. D., Holtzworth‐Munroe, A., & Taft, C. T. (2011) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2011.00226.x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Consistency and Accuracy of Batterer Typology Identification
Lohr, J. M., Bonge, D. R., Witte, T. H., Hamberger, L. K., & Langhinrichsen‐Rohling, J. (2005) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-005-5989-7 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Although some clinicians have questioned the utility of the psychology-based batterer typologies (Healy & Smith, 1998), psychometric research has demonstrated the reliability and validity of psychology-based batterer typologies (see Holtzworth-Monroe & Stuart, 1994; Holtzworth-Monroe et al., 1999; Waltz, Babcock, John…”
Background
Applying Effective Corrections Principles (RNR) to Partner Abuse Interventions
Stewart, L. A., Flight, J. I., & Slavin‐Stewart, C. (2013) · Partner Abuse · doi:10.1891/1946-6560.4.4.494 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Women’s Decisions to Not Seek Formal Help for Partner Violence
Leone, J. M., Lape, M. E., & Xu, Y. (2013) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260513511701 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The Relation Between Contempt, Anger, and Intimate Partner Violence: A Dyadic Approach
Sommer, J. M., Iyican, S., & Babcock, J. C. (2016) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260516665107 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Erratum to: Langhinrichsen-Rolling’s Confirmation of the Feminist Analysis of Intimate Partner Violence: Comment on “Controversies Involving Gender and Intimate Partner Violence in the United States”
Johnson, M. P. (2010) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9767-5 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“The second study (Waltz et al. 2000) does find a situational couple violence group and two types of intimate terrorists, but some of the personality patterns that differentiate the latter two are somewhat different from the ones found by Holtzworth-Munroe and her colleagues.”
Result
Victims’ Retrospective Explanations of Sibling Sexual Violence
McDonald, C., & Martinez, K. (2017) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2017.1354953 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Mental health of perpetrators of intimate partner violence
Sesar, K., Dodaj, A., & Šimić, N. (2018) · Mental Health Review Journal · doi:10.1108/mhrj-08-2017-0028 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Transforming Community Psychology
Riger, S. (2001) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1005293228252 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Differences in social dominance orientation among men may help explain why some men batter while similarly situated others do not (see also Waltz, Babcock, Jacobson, & Gottman, 2000 ).”
Background
Attachment, interpersonal problems, and treatment outcome in group therapy for intimate partner violence.
Lawson, D. M., & Brossart, D. F. (2009) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/a0017043 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“This result is consistent with most attachment research with nonclinical samples, suggesting that no or less IPV is associated with more comfort with closeness and depending on others (lower avoidance; Holtzworth-Munroe et al., 1997; Waltz et al., 2000).”
Method
Comprehensive Evaluation: A Holistic Approach to Evaluating Domestic Violence Offender Programmes
Bowen, E., & Gilchrist, E. (2004) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x03259471 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“…and stand in stark contrast to “family only” offenders who evidence little or no psychopathology, low levels of anger, prodomestic violence attitudes, and low levels of legal/criminal involvement with violence restrained to family members (Holtzworth-Munroe et al., 2000; Waltz et al., 2000).”
Background
Threatened and Attempted Suicide by Partner-Violent Male Respondents Petitioned to Family Violence Court
Conner, K. R., Cerulli, C., & Caine, E. D. (2002) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/vivi.17.2.115.33645 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Although the latter may not represent the most violent subgroup of partner-violent men (Tweed & Dutton, 1998), they have been shown to engage in more severe partner violence compared to men who do not demonstrate marked psychopathology and are not violent outside the home (Hamberger et al., 1996; HoltzworthMunroe et a…”
Background
Correlates of Violence History Among Injured Patients in an Urban Emergency Department
Walton, M. A., Cunningham, R. M., Chermack, S. T., Maio, R. F., Blow, F. C., & Weber, J. (2007) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1300/j069v26n03_07 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Intimate partner violence: Are the risk factors similar for men and women, and similar to other types of offending?
Thornton, A., Graham‐Kevan, N., & Archer, J. E. (2015) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21635 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Family-Only Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review
Petersson, J., & Strand, S. J. M. (2018) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838018770410 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“…IPV (Babcock et al., 2008; Chiffriller & Hennessy, 2006; Cunha & Gonçalves, 2013; Delsol et al., 2003; Huss & Langhinrichsen-Rohling, 2006; Huss & Ralston, 2008; Johnson & Goodlin-Fahncke, 2015; Serie, van Tilburg, van Dam, & de Ruiter, 2015; Stoops, Bennett, & Vincent, 2010; Waltz et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Risk factors for intimate partner violence in prison inmates
Hernández, J. A. R., García-Jiménez, J. J., Llor‐Esteban, B., & Fernández, C. G. (2015) · The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context · doi:10.1016/j.ejpal.2014.11.003 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Battering typologies, attachment insecurity, and personality disorders: A comprehensive literature review
Cameranesi, M. (2016) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2016.03.005 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
An Evaluation of a Court-Mandated Batterer Intervention Program: Investigating Differential Program Effect for African American and White Women
Carney, M. M., & Buttell, F. (2006) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731506289115 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Pathologies of Attachment, Violence, and Criminality
Meloy, J. R. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei1125 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Subtypes of Batterers in Treatment: Empirical Support for a Distinction between Type I, Type II and Type III
Graña, J. L., Redondo, N., Muñoz-Rivas, M. J., & Cantos, A. L. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110651 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“While there has been widespread interest in the topic, efforts to replicate the three part batterer typology of Holtzworth-Munroe and Stuart [3] have met with mixed success [4,5,8,9].”
Background
Domestic violence in Iran: A literature review
Pournaghash-Tehrani, S. (2010) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2010.12.001 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Sexual aggression in intimate relationships.
Monson, C. M., Langhinrichsen‐Rohling, J., & Taft, C. T. (2009) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11880-002 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
El conflicto de pareja como variable asociada a la violencia de género contra la mujer : consecuencias sobre la salud sexual y mental
Murillo, F. H., Vives, C. C., & Rubio, M. (2004) · Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica · doi:10.5944/rppc.vol.9.num.1.2004.3967 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Negative Affect, Alcohol Consumption, and Female-to-Male Intimate Partner Violence: A Daily Diary Investigation
Crane, C. A., & Eckhardt, C. I. (2013) · Partner Abuse · doi:10.1891/1946-6560.4.3.332 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Interpersonal Problems and Personality Features as Mediators Between Attachment and Intimate Partner Violence
Lawson, D. M., & Brossart, D. F. (2013) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-12-00031 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Understanding a New Typology of Batterers: Implications for Treatment
Chiffriller, S. H., Hennessy, J. J., & Zappone, M. C. (2006) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564880500263182 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Other studies ( Lawson et al, 2003 ; Waltz et al, 2000 ) that attempted to empirically validate the model supported the findings of the original typology for some descriptive measures (eg, severity of violence, Lawson et al, 2003 ), but not others (eg, personality disorder characteristics, Waltz et al, 2000 ).”
Result
Dialectical Behavior Therapy in the Treatment of Abusive Behavior
Waltz, J. A. (2003) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1300/j146v07n01_05 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“This intensive level of treatment may not be needed for PA men who fit the profile of a “family only” type, who typically do not engage in severe or frequent violence, and who tend to have minimal psychopathology (Holtzworth-Munroe & Stuart, 1994; Waltz et al., 2000) for whom traditional forms of treatment may be more…”
Background
Correlates of Psychological Abuse Perpetration in College Dating Relationships
Gormley, B., & Lopez, F. G. (2010) · Journal of College Counseling · doi:10.1002/j.2161-1882.2010.tb00044.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Narcissistic entitlement was a robust indicator of men’s, but not of women’s, perpetration of psychological abuse, which is a result that extends previous studies that have indicated that the association between narcissism and men’s perpetration of physical violence (Tweed & Dutton, 1998; Waltz et al., 2000) also appl…”
Result
Understanding Couple Conflict
RHOADES, G. K., Pleasant, N. D., Whitton, S. W., & Markman, H. J. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511606632.025 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The Relevance of Long‐Term Antecedents in Assessing the Risk of Familicide‐Suicide Following Separation
Sachmann, M., & Harris Johnson, C. M. (2014) · Child Abuse Review · doi:10.1002/car.2317 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Understanding Empathy, Self-Esteem, and Adult Attachment in Sexual Offenders and Partner-Violent Men
Loinaz, I., Sánchez, L. M., & Vilella, A. (2018) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260518759977 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“The results do not confirm the Hypothesis 5 regarding insecure attachment indicated by previous studies (Ansbro, 2008; Babcock, Jacobson, Gottman, & Yerington, 2000; Beech & Mitchell, 2009; Forbes & Reilly, 2011; Ross & Pfäfflin, 2007; Timmerman & Emmelkamp, 2005; Waltz et al., 2000).”
Result
Subclinical psychopathic traits and romantic attachment in community couples: A dyadic approach
Savard, C., Brassard, A., Lussier, Y., & Sabourin, S. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.08.014 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“…avoidance, is two to three times higher in criminal samples than in the general population (Frodi et al., 2001; Levinson & Fonagy, 2004; Mickelson, Kessler, & Shaver, 1997) and highly prevalent in generally violent-antisocial male batterers (Holtzworth-Munroe et al., 2000; Waltz et al., 2000).”
Background
Men Who Use Violence: Intimate Violence Versus Non-Intimate Violence Profiles
Lawson, D. M., Weber, D., Beckner, H. M., Robinson, L., Marsh, N., & Cool, A. (2003) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/vivi.2003.18.3.259 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Investigating a batterer typology: the role of personality characteristics, attachment, and family of origin dynamics
Robinson, L. (2005) · OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A Typology of Maritally Violent Men and Correlates of Violence in a Community Sample
Delsol, C., Margolin, G., & John, R. S. (2003) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00635.x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Testing the Holtzworth-Munroe and Stuart (1994) batterer typology
Holtzworth-Munroe, A., Meehan, J. C., Herron, K., Rehman, U., & Stuart, G. L. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.6.1000 · Cited by 575 · see citing works
Typologies of male batterers: Three subtypes and the differences among them
Holtzworth-Munroe, A., & Stuart, G. L. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.3.476 · Cited by 1,374 · see citing works
Personality and behavioral characteristics as predictors of typologies of men who batter their female intimate partners
Chiffriller, S. H. (2002) · Fordham Research Commons (Fordham University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Authors: Waltz, J., Babcock, J. C., Jacobson, N. S., & Gottman, J. M.
Affiliations: University of Montana (US)
University of Houston (US)
ORCID: Babcock, Julia C.
Jacobson, Neil S.
Venue: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2000-08
Volume: 68
Issue: 4
Pages: 658-669
ISSN: 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
1939-2117
DOI: 10.1037/0022-006x.68.4.658
OpenAlex: W2008299012
Cited by: 215
References: 45
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 7.85
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5k02mh000257-09, 1r37mh044063-01a1, 5r01mh043101-06)
National Institute of Mental Health (5R37-MH44063-04, 5RO1 MH 43101-04, K02-MH00257)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
Keywords: domestic violence, batterer typology, intimate partner violence, personality disorders, mixture analysis, attachment, communication skills, marital distress, psychological symptoms
MeSH terms: Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Marriage, Models, Psychological, Personality Disorders, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk Factors, Self Disclosure, Spouse Abuse, Violence, Cluster Analysis

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