Television is "easy" and print is "tough": The differential investment of mental effort in learning as a function of perceptions and attributions.
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This perception of the chatbot as 'easy' suggests an underinvestment of mental effort and, combined with students' moderate prior experience, a potential overestimation of their ability to effectively use these tools for learning.
“This perception of the chatbot as”
From Using ChatGPT is easy, using it effectively is tough? A mixed methods study on K-12 students’ perceptions, interaction patterns, and support for learning with generative AI chatbots (2025) · cites this paper as Salomon, 1984
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- Authors
- Salomon, G.
- Affiliations
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Salomon, Gavriel
- Venue
- Journal of Educational Psychology
- Published
- 1984-08
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 647-658
- ISSN
- 0022-0663 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2176
- OpenAlex
- W2074791822
- Cited by
- 1,015
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 43
- FWCI
- 7.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Educational Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Learning Styles and Cognitive Differences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational Strategies and Epistemologies
- Keywords
- television learning, perceived effort, cognitive effort, learning effort, attribution, media effects on learning
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