Effects of message repetition and position on cognitive response, recall, and persuasion.

“Along with review quality, message repetition or frequency of mention can affect information retrieval and familiarity and subconsciously influence consumers’ choice (Cacioppo & Petty, 1979).”

“Frequent messages are related to increased elaboration (Cacioppo & Petty, 1979), recall (Sawyer, 1981), retention (Ephron, 1995), impact (Craig, Sternthal, & Levitt, 1976), and positive affect toward the product (Ginter, 1974; Winter, 1973).”

“To enhance message recall and elaboration, messages need to be repeated to increase exposure (Cacioppo & Petty, 1979, 1989; Niederdeppe, 2005).”

“Fatigued individuals lack task motivation and ability, so their responses typically reflect a reliance on heuristics (Cacioppo and Petty, 1979).”

“Studies show that receiving messages through multiple ways can enhance information processes (Cacioppo & Petty, 1979 ; Grass & Wallace, 1969 ).”

“Cacioppo and Petty (1979) demonstrate that the recall of issue content is not necessary for attitude change; although being able to recall the content of an issue does lead to stronger attitudes than non-recall (Petty & Wegener, 1998).”

“have high accuracy, it makes the descriptions of qeps monotonous leading to boredom. In fact, this is consistent with psychology theories that repetition of messages can lead to annoyance and boredom [20] (detailed in Section 6.1). To address this issue, we develop a novel deep learning-based language generation frame…”

“M, 2012) and persuasion theory (Cacioppo & Petty, 1979; Petty & Cacioppo, 1986).”

“…message opponents) are more motivated to resist the message than those whose initial attitudes are more congruent with the message position (e.g., Cacioppo & Petty, 1979; Clark & Wegener, 2009; Clark, Wegener, Habashi, & Received 22 October 2012, Accepted 17 May 2013 Evans, 2012).1 More…”

“We draw upon prior research on advertising repetition which primarily applies to multiple exposures within a medium (Burke and Edell 1986 ; Cacioppo and Petty 1979 ; Calder and Sternthal 1980 ).”

“Following theoretical considerations (Noelle-Neumann, 1973) and empirical research (Cacioppo & Petty, 1979), we assume that the likelihood of opinion change in the direction of a candidate’s position increases when the number of consonant statements of a candidate increases.”

“Repetition of complex material has been shown to enhance systematic and decrease heuristic processing ( Cacioppo & Petty, 1979; Petty & Cacioppo, 1986).”

“The frequent repetition of identical messages has been shown by social psychologists to lead to negative psychological reactance, whereby the message backfires and has an opposite effect to the one that was intended (Cacioppo & Petty, 1979).”

“The piece by piece ‘question-answer-reveal/challenge’ OR ‘question-answer -reveal/accept’ pattern emerged quickly, and as we have previously argued this repetition is likely to support effective learning and decision-making in forensic contexts (Cacioppo and Petty 1979; Dando and Bull 2011; Kang 2016; Nahari 2018).”

“Prior research nevertheless suggests a nonlinear relationship due to satiation (Grass and Wallace, 1969) and wear-out (Berlyne, 1970; Cacioppo and Petty, 1979; Rethans et al., 1986).”

“Moderate message repetition may provide more opportunities for argument scrutiny (Cacioppo and Petty 1979, 1989), while high message repetition may be more effective when peripheral cues are processed, rather than arguments of a message (Petty and Cacioppo 1986).”

“The monitoring vs intellectualist dichotomy closely parallels a dichotomy between what Cacioppo and Petty [1979] have termed ‘central’ and ‘peripheral’ routes to attitude formation.”

“For example, when viewers are frequently exposed to an ad, they typically have more time to think and elaborate on the message (Cacioppo and Petty, 1979), which helps them to learn and retain information contained within the message (Wu and Newell, 2003).”

“Psychologists' concem about students' unfounded beliefs was reflected in a review by Caldwell and Lundeen (1931) that included an annotated listing of 23 studies, conducted between 1887 and 1930, of superstitious beliefs among college studentsHave things changed since these studies were conducted? Not really- In fact,…”

“For example, according to Cacioppo and Petty (1979), message repetition is required for cognitive processing in which the message is mentally reviewed and encoded in a cognitive form.”

“Research consistently shows that repetition not only increases recall and recognition of the message (Cacioppo & Petty, 1979), but also affects message recipients’ attitudes toward a brand or purchase intention (Cacioppo & Petty).”

“There are other ways to affect the amount of scrutiny performed when a subject is exposed to a persuasive message, namely it was shown that moderate message repetition [5] can be useful when the ability to process the message is limited.”

“Research in social psychology has found that repetition could provide users with more opportunities for information processing (Pechmann and Stewart 1988; Cacioppo and Petty 1979).”

“…“to have significant consequences for their lives” (Apsler & Sears, 1968, p. 162), they are likely to devote more issue-relevant thoughts to evaluate the object and use the central route to assess the true merits of the argument (Petty, Cacioppo & Schumann, 1983; see also, Cacioppo & Petty, 1979).”

“…first the volume of messages, that is, the existence of a cumulative effect through which repeated exposure increases their effectiveness (Cacioppo and Petty 1979; Lecheler and de Vreese 2013; Yaveroglu and Donthu 2008); second their valence, that is, the difference between positively…”

“Research on repetition effects suggests that when consumers are initially exposed to a novel stimulus, message effectiveness initially increases due to the generation of support arguments (Cacioppo & Petty, 1979), a phenomenon known as “wear in” (Pechmann & Stewart, 1988).”

“However, after a threshold point of repetition, negative cognitive and emotional reactions can occur (Cacioppo and Petty 1979, 1989; Calder and Sternthal 1980; Rethans, Swasy, and Marks 1986; So, Kim, and Cohen 2017).”

“Prior beliefs and evaluations are known to be the primary determinant of information processing, in terms of its evaluative directionality (Cacioppo and Petty 1979; Lord, Ross, and Lepper 1979).”

“The elaboration likelihood model also posits that message repetition has an effect on persuasion, explained by a two-stage process (Cacioppo and Petty, 1979).”

“Music jingles in advertisements mainly act as a mnemonic, but this utility diminishes as more exposures to the advertisement increase the elaborateness of the verbal information in the audiences’ memory (Cacioppo & Petty, 1979; Yalch, 1991).”

“…and Sternthal 1990) two-factor theory, in the first exposure to a message, there may be a certain amount of uncertainty and repetition that may reduce a negative response, increasing effectiveness (Cox and Cox 1988; Hansen and Wänke 2009) at moderate levels of repetition (Cacioppo and Petty 1979).”

“Two independent judges coded the valence of participants’ thoughts using a 3-point scale (−1 = negative, 0 = neutral, 1 = positive), while blind to condition (e.g., Cacioppo & Petty, 1979; Petty & Cacioppo, 1984).”

“…initially posited by Berlyne (1970), has been described as a nonmonotonic, curvilinear relationship; or more simply, as an inverted-U curve (Anand & Sternthal, 1990; Batra & Ray, 1986; Berlyne, 1970; Cacioppo & Petty, 1979; Pechmann & Stewart, 1988; Stang, 1975; Vakratsas & Ambler, 1999).”

“Because the relationship between advertising and demand is often nonlinear (Cacioppo and Petty 1979; Rao and Miller 1975; Simon and Arndt 1980; Tellis 1988), we tested which functional form best described the relationship between the number of each kind of message and the final auction price, as…”

“…since then have produced either null congeniality effects (e.g., Eagly, Kulesa, Brannon, Shaw, & Hutson-Comeaux, 2000; Greenwald & Sakumura, 1967), or even anti-congeniality effects, with enhanced memory for attitude incongruent rather than congruent information (e.g., Cacioppo & Petty, 1979).”

“…Change (2023) 176:52 1 3 Page 11 of 22 52 Several theories point to a curvilinear relationship between message repetition and outcomes of interest (Berlyne 1970; Cacioppo and Petty 1979, 1989; Stang 1975) with 10 exposures estimated to be the point at which attitudes peak (Schmidt and Eisend 2015).”

“…processing ismore likely if the advertisement is deemed relevant to the participant, if there are few environmental distractions while processing the advertisement, and if the advertisement/message is repetitive (e.g., Cacioppo & Petty, 1979; Petty & Cacioppo, 1979; Petty, Wells, & Brock, 1976).”

“With traditional media, repeated ad exposure increases the likelihood that a brand name will be remembered and improves the effectiveness of the ad (Burke and Srull, 1988; Cacioppo and Petty, 1979; Unnava and Burnkrant, 1991), but attention and effectiveness decrease as the number of exposures increases (Pieters and”

“Indeed, as reviewed earlier, people have been found to be more receptive to proattitudinal than counterattitudinal messages (e.g., Cacioppo & Petty, 1979; Clark & Wegener, 2013; Hart et al., 2009; Petty & Cacioppo, 1979) and to messages from similar rather than dissimilar others (e.g., Mackie et…”

“…refer to various mechanisms of attitude change including the ‘repetition effect’, which assumes that continuous exposure to a message will gradually lead to familiarization and hence an updating of attitudes in accordance with the message (Cacioppo and Petty, 1979; Eagly and Chaiken, 1993).”

“Horowitz and ForsterLee (2001) have suggested that note-taking jurors are likely to process the evidence in a more systematic manner than those who do not take notes (cf., Cacioppo & Petty, 1979; Petty & Cacioppo, 1986).”