Effects of message repetition and position on cognitive response, recall, and persuasion.

“Furthermore, counterarguing leads to improved recall of message content (Cacioppo & Petty, 1979 ).”

“For example, reporting that there is a scientific consensus on the causes of obesity (van der Linden et al., 2015), repeating the key message multiple times (Cacioppo & Petty, 1979), or using video as a medium to communicate the message (Goldberg et al., 2019; Luecking et al., 2017).”

“302 M. Cranmer Therefore, future research might also design studies to incorporate attitude direction (Cacioppo and Petty 1979) into the research on emotive appeals.”

“Longer-duration advertisements provide more time to process (Singh and Cole, 1993) and allow time to elaborate on the advertisement’s message (Cacioppo and Petty, 1979; Cauberghe and De Pelsmacker, 2008).”

“In neutral mood, in comparison, the level of scrutiny given to a freedom-threatening message should remain relatively high (Cacioppo & Petty, 1979; Edwards & Smith, 1996).”

“For example, manipulation of personal involvement [21] [22]; the perception of sharing responsibility [13] [16]; message repetition [5] and distraction [25] and also the number of sources linked to a message [14].”

“Repeated exposure to messages also affords individuals the opportunities to elaborate on messages and therefore increases perceived strengths of messages (Cacioppo and Petty 1979).”

“We also considered two additional pieces of evidence relating to the contents of participants’ thoughts; therefore, in Experiment 2, we employed a thought listing procedure to assess participants’ cognitive responses to the communication (Cacioppo & Petty, 1979).”

“This is because favorable responses to related stimuli increase with exposure until familiarity is saturated because consumers learn the repeated stimuli are safe and nonaversive (Berlyne 1970; Cacioppo and Petty 1979; Schmidt and Eisend 2015).”

“A standard thought-listing procedure was employed as a method of cognitive assessment (Cacioppo & Petty, 1979). collected, the semantic contents of cognitive responses (i.e., listed thoughts) were coded into the sport team brand-related thought categories by two judges who were blind to the…”

“Thus, information that is repeated is more likely to be processed, perceived as true, and influence judgment [32,37].”

“On the other hand, research in psychology suggests that exposure to a given point of view may lead to increased polarization and even strengthen opposing views (Lord et al., 1979; Cacioppo & Petty, 1979; Malamuth & Check, 1981), a result also found within economics (DellaVigna et al., 2014).”

“However, attention should be given at higher levels of exposure as the recipient becomes fully habituated to the stimulus and boredom/irritation and satiation tend to result in message reactance, increased counter-arguing (Cacioppo & Petty 1979), and viewer wear-out (Calder & Sternthal, 1980).”

“[45] R. E. Petty and J. T. Cacioppo, The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, in L. Berkowitz, ed., Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1986, pp. 123-205.”

“Early studies indicated that attitudes toward the ad (Aad), attitudes toward the brand (Abrand), purchase intentions as well as positive cognitive responses peak at the third exposure (Cacioppo and Petty, 1979).”

“According to the two-factor theory proposed by Cacioppo and Petty (1979), exposure to a stimulus activates two opposing psychological processes: positive habituation and negative tedium.”

“Message recall is an important measure of dissemination effectiveness (Cacioppo & Petty, 1979).”

“This classic method (Kuhn & McPartland, 1954) can be adapted to capture situationactivated aspects of one’s identity while also accounting for idiosyncrasies and variability in identity at the individual-level (Cacioppo, Merluzzi, & Glass, 1979; Cacioppo & Petty, 1979).”

“In the real world, athlete advocacy is often seen in mass and social media, leading to message repetition and gradually stimulating public cognitive responses (Cacioppo & Petty, 1979; Chan & Zhang, 2019).”

“Following previous scholar-ship (Cacioppo and Petty, 1979, 1989; Carey et al., 2022), we expect repetitive messages from experts will continue to modify attitudes because they help commit this potentially new information to memory and because they reinforce the expertise cue for a political…”

“In the pre-sent research, we rely on a context of practical importance (personal brand attachment) to reveal a new insight that runs counter to prior findings that have examined thoughts within the context of advertising wearout (e.g., Lane 2000; Haugtvedt et al. 1994; Cacioppo and Petty 1979).”

“However, a signi fi cant amount of foundational research has demonstrated that greater exposure to a topic is linked to better learning and recall (Cacioppo & Petty, 1979; Gordon & Holyoak, 1983).”

“…an appeal to reduce foreign aid had less positive attitudes towards foreign aid and were more likely to volunteer to help organise a protest on the topic (R. L. Miller, 1976), though overexposure to persuasive political messages may elicit reactance and/or counterarguing (Cacioppo & Petty, 1979).”

“Since moderate message repetition has been found to lead, in general, to a positive attitude toward the content (e.g., Cacioppo and Petty 1979), users may be more likely to click on the firm ’ s URL when they see it again than the first time.”

“…was often demonstrated in conventional media contexts such as TV and magazines, an inverted-U relationship was found between the frequency of ad repetition and ad effects (Cacioppo and Petty 1979; Batra and Ray 1986; Kirmani 1997; Laroche, Cleveland, andMaravelakis 2002; Campbell and Keller 2003).”

“Consistent with this latter claim numerous experiments have found that the more favorable the mix of favorable thoughts relative to counterarguments, the more persuasive is the message (e.g., Brock, 1967; Cacioppo & Petty, 1979; Xu & Wyer, 2012).”

“Cacioppo and Petty (1979) extended the analysis of repetition effects and demonstrated that repetition had its greatest effect at moderate levels of repetition.”

“Cacioppo & Petty (1979) found that message repetition increased the amount of information that was recalled and that as the number of repetitions increased, subject agreement with the repeated statement first increased and then decreased.”

“Cacioppo and Petty (1979) hypothesized that at higher levels of re-exposure, tedium or reactance motivates a recipient to attack the now-offensive message and thus results in renewed argumentation and decreasing agreement with the message.”

“Cacioppo and Petty (1979) provided empirical evidence that advertising repetition stimulates cognitive evaluation about the product in advertising, which in turn influence attitudes toward the product.”

“In conventional media such as TV or newspapers, the effectiveness of the message is supposed first to increase at low levels of repetition and then decrease relatively as message repetition increases above the optimal level (Berlyne, 1970; Cacioppo & Petty, 1979).”

“Research suggests that message repetition can enhance retention and strengthen responses to tailored messages (Cacioppo & Petty, 1979; Shi & Smith, 2016).”

“Message fatigue can sometimes trigger an aversive motivational state [51]; it can lead to passive forms of resistance, e.g., message avoidance and inattention [52], as well as more active types of resistance, e.g., counterarguments [53].”

“Since multiple exposures to an advertisement allow consumers to have more opportunities to elaborate on the message, this increased elaboration time facilitates learning and retaining information contained in the ad [38].”

“This piece of work is the first attempt to show an integrative perspective of ELM and LCM in the context of online advergames.”

“Multi-process mechanism Social psychology researchers found many variables that can accelerate, and stall attitude change through influencing the likelihood of an individual’s thoughts in response to a message (e.g., Cacioppo & Petty, 1979; Petty & Cacioppo, 1979; Mackie & Worth, 1989).”

“Such a process can be captured using the elaboration likelihood model, in which it is suggested that there are two ways (central route (careful process) and peripheral route (direct thoughtless process)) to approach decision making[2].”

“According to Cacioppo and Petty (1979),respondents’ recall is significantly higher in three exposures than in a first and second exposure.”

“Equally important, persuasion research has found that repetition of a frame results in agreement with a persuasive message, especially when the message is negative (Cacioppo and Petty, 1979; Fernandes, 2013).”

“…24 回大会 （2008年 8月，於上智大学）において発表した。 2 本研究の実施にあたって，多大なご協力を賜りました。こ こに記して謝意を表します。 3 研究時所属：静岡県立大学 4 研究時所属：西日本旅客鉄道株式会社安全研究所 日本を含む集団主義的な文化においては，懲罰や叱 責のネガティブ FB よりもほめ賞賛するポジティブ FBの方が受容されにくく，望ましい効果が認められ にくい傾向にある（Markus & Kitayama,…”

“問 題 現実の説得場面 を観察する と,他 者 やマスメデ ィアに よる説得 の働 きかけは一度だけでな く,何 度 も繰 り返 し 行われ ることが多い。例 えば,児 童 ・生徒 の問題行動 を 望 ましい方向 に変容 させ るべ く教師が熱心 に説得を繰 り 返 した り,消 費者の購買動機 を高 めるために,メ ーカー が新製品のコマー シャルを継続 的に行 った りす ることが ある。 そのような説得的働 きかけの反復によって,顕 著 な効果が得 られることもあれば,反 対 に逆効果 を招いた り,ブ ー メラン効果 を引 き起 こした りす ることもある。 このように,現 実…”

“Cacioppo and Petty (1979) found that the relationship between message repetition and agreement (and disagreement with the counterargument) followed a curvilinear relationship, such that agreement with the argument is highest at medium levels of exposure to a message.”

“Classic work on message repetition shows that repetition can alter cognitive responses, recall, and persuasive reactions to communication (Cacioppo and Petty, 1979).”

“…classical persuasion models, which suggest diminishing marginal returns for repeated exposure once cognitive fluency has already been established (Cacioppo & Petty, 1979), as well as recent findings demonstrating negligible gains in trust for familiar statements upon repetition (Hassan & Barber,…”

“This age group was chosen because people above the age of 18 are seen to be capable of making informed decisions that result in accurate and trustworthy responses (Cacioppo and Petty, 1979).”