Cited by 1,892Resilience and Mental HealthHealth disparities and outcomesPersonality Traits and Psychology

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Hardiness and health: A prospective study.

Kobasa, Suzanne C., Maddi, Salvatore R., Kahn, Stephen·1982·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.42.1.168

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Self-citation
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“It has also been shown that individuals with greater hardiness scores are less likely to report injuries [2], and that players with higher mental toughness have “greater pain tolerance and therefore under-report injury and are often not compliant with their treatment” [16].”
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“Kobasa (1979; Kobasa, Maddi, & Kahn, 1982 ) defined hardiness in terms of three personality dispositions: commitment (the tendency to involve oneself in tough situations rather than isolate oneself), control (the tendency to feel and act as if one is influential in the face of tough situations rather than helpless), a…”
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“…international level, it appears that the emphasis on stress and illness research in the field of health psychology has begun to shift towards the study of resilience resources (Antonovsky, 1979) that can neutralise the otherwise debilitating effects of stressful life events (Kobasa et al., 1982).”
Background
Hardiness, parenting stress, and PTSD symptomatology in U.S. Afghanistan/Iraq era veteran fathers.
Tomassetti-Long, V. J., Nicholson, B. C., Madson, M. B., & Dahlen, E. R. (2014) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/a0037307 · Cited by 25
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[Hardy personality, self-efficacy, and general health in nursing professionals of intensive and emergency services].
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Resilience in Remarried Families
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How do nurses deal with their emotions on a burn unit? Hermeneutic inquiry
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Hardiness of Foster Families and the Intent to Continue to Foster
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“To discard the fourth, fifth and sixth explanations, we have adjusted our multivariable models by a variable measuring will to live, a positive aspect of psychological attitude [29].”
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Shamai, M. (1999) · Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services · doi:10.1606/1044-3894.638 · Cited by 22
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Attributional Style and the Components of Hardiness
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Hardiness, History of Abuse and Women's Health
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“Hardy individuals view stressful events as meaningful opportunities and, therefore, engage in active problem solving rather than avoidance (Kobasa et al., 1982).”
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Schatzberg, A. F., Samson, J. A., Rothschild, A. J., Luciana, M. M., Bruno, R. F., & Bond, T. C. (1990) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(18)30340-x · Cited by 22
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Relationship of Job Stress, Hardness, and Burnout among Emergency Room Nurses
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Psychosomatic Medicine: Past and Present Part III. Current Research
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Hardiness and Compliance in Elderly Patients With Diabetes
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“In addition to a total score, the DRS yields scores for three subscales: Commitment, Control, and Challenge [46] (p. 233).”
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“Resilient people deal with traumatic events in life and display hardiness, an ability to overcome difficulty and recover to continue with their lives [40–43].”
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Locus of Control as a Moderator for Relationship between Organisational Role Stress and Managerial Effectiveness
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“These are the same dimensions that “make up” the three constructs of individual and psychological hardiness (Funk, 1992; Kobasa, 1979; Kobasa et al., 1981).”
Background
Psychological Hardiness and Avoidance Coping Are Related to Risky Alcohol Use in Returning Combat Veterans
Bartone, P. T., Eid, J., Hystad, S. W., Jocoy, K., Laberg, J. C., & Johnsen, B. H. (2015) · Military Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/21635781.2015.1085931 · Cited by 20
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Health Behavior: Plural Perspectives
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Psychological or Material Deprivation
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Vinaccia, S., Contreras, F., Palacio, C., Marín, A., Tobón, S., & Moreno, E. (2005) · Terapia psicológica · Cited by 20
Stress and adjustment in the transition to adolescence: Moderating effects of neuroticism and extroversion
Hoffiman, M. A., Levy‐Shiff, R., & Malinski, D. (1996) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf01537342 · Cited by 20
“These have included monitoring (Mullen and Suls, 1982; Suls and Fletcher, 1985b), avoidance (Suls and Fletcher, 1985a), repression-sensitization (Krohne and Rogner, 1982), locus of control (Parkes, 1984, 1986), and self-assessments of esteem or hardiness (Kobasa et al., 1982; Kobasa and Puccetti, 1983).”
Background
Learned helplessness and urinary MHPG levels in unipolar depression
SAMSON, J. A., Mirin, S. M., Hauser, S. T., Fenton, B. T., & Schildkraut, J. J. (1992) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.149.6.806 · Cited by 20
Stress e Hardiness entre enfermeiros hospitalares
Batista, K. D. M. (2011) · doi:10.11606/t.7.2011.tde-31052011-120626 · Cited by 20
Resilience
Johnson, J. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781118468197.ch6 · Cited by 20
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Relationship between nurses’ spiritual intelligence with hardiness and general health
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The Relationship between Resilience, Psychological Hardiness, Spiritual Intelligence, and Development of the Moral Judgement of the Female Students
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The Rural Social Justice Leader: An Exploratory Profile in Resilience
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Self-Care Performance of Middle-Aged Stroke Patients in Korea
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The peculiarities of the usage of AR technologies in the process of hardiness of future professionals
Osadchyi, V., Varina, H. B., Falko, N., Osadchа, K., & Каткова, Т. А. (2021) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1840/1/012059 · Cited by 19
“Kobasa have shown that hardiness is a personal characteristic that is a general measure of a person's mental health and reflects three life attitudes: involvement, confidence in the ability to control events, and willingness to take risks ([29], [36]).”
Background
Effects of the Family Resilience Enhancement Program for Families of Patients with Chronic Schizophrenia
Lim, H., & Han, K. S. (2013) · Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing · doi:10.4040/jkan.2013.43.1.133 · Cited by 19
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“Previous studies have indicated that variables such as optimism, personal control, a sense of meaning (Taylor et al. 2000), and hardiness (Florian et al. 1995; Kobasa et al. 1982 ) are effective protectors for children and adolescents growing up in disadvantaged situations.”
Background
Psychoactive substance use among Arab adolescent school dropouts in Israel: a phenomenon and its implications
Azaiza, F., Shoham, M., Bar‐Hamburger, R., & Asbah, K. A. (2008) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2524.2008.00794.x · Cited by 19
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“Clinical interviews of the study group identified factors such as hardiness (Florian et al., 1995; Kobasa et al., 1982), posttraumatic growth (Cryder et al., 2006; Tedeschi andCalhoun, 2004), ties to the community (Erikson, 1976), positive outlook (Bonanno et al., 2003) and spirituality (Calhoun…”
BackgroundInfluential
Psychological Hardiness in Women with Paraplegia
Kinder, R. A. (2005) · Rehabilitation Nursing · doi:10.1002/j.2048-7940.2005.tb00362.x · Cited by 19
“…in the literature supported the indirect effect of hardiness on illness, health risk, or perception of health through transformational coping (Kobasa et al., 1982; Kobasa et al., 1985; Nagy & Nix, 1989); social support (Kobasa, Maddi, & Kahn, 1982); and positive health practices (Wiebe &…”
Background
Personality, Stress and Resilience
Matthews, G., Lin, J., & Wohleber, R. W. (2017) · Psihologijske teme · doi:10.31820/pt.26.1.6 · Cited by 19
“For example, facets of hardiness (Kobasa et al., 1982) include commitment to self and life domains, perceived control, and appraisal of stressful events as potentially beneficial challenges.”
Background
Cognitive processes, strain, and stress: Gender differences in stress propensity indicators
Wofford, J. C., Daly, P. S., & Juban, R. L. (1999) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615809908248322 · Cited by 19
Effects of Life-Event Stress and Hardiness on Peripheral Vision in a Real-Life Stress Situation
Rogers, T. J., Alderman, B. L., & Landers, D. M. (2003) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964280309596171 · Cited by 19
Stress Syndromes and Stress Predictors in American and Polish College Students
Harari, H., Jones, C. A., & Sęk, H. (1988) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022188192009 · Cited by 19
Illness beliefs as a factor in patient-spouse adaptation to treatment for coronary artery disease.
Patterson, J. M. (1989) · Family Systems Medicine · doi:10.1037/h0089791 · Cited by 19
Resiliência, depressão, qualidade de vida, capacidade funcional e religiosidade em idosos com dor crônica
Pinto, M. C. M. (2018) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2018.tde-12062018-134048 · Cited by 20
Coping Strategies as a Mediator of Hardiness and Stress among Rescue Workers
Jamal, Y. (2017) · Studies on Ethno-Medicine · doi:10.1080/09735070.2017.1356033 · Cited by 18
“In one of the most comprehensive surveys to consider personality and stress, Kobasa et al. (1982), investigated that high-hardy individual inclined to practice less stress.”
Background
Explaining Employment Hardiness Among Women in Israel’s Ultraorthodox Community
Kulik, L. (2015) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/1069072714565104 · Cited by 18
“The term employment hardiness is based on the concept of personal hardiness, which was introduced by Kobasa, Maddi, and Kahn (1982) and supported by principles of positive psychology (Seligman, 2000).”
Background
A post-traumatic growth model: psychological hardiness, happiness-increasing strategies, and problem-focused coping
Altınsoy, F., & Aypay, A. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02466-0 · Cited by 28
A Predictive Model of Health Promotion Behavior in Nursing Students
Oh, J., & Moon, Y.-S. (2014) · Journal of Digital Convergence · doi:10.14400/jdc.2014.12.10.391 · Cited by 18
“이러한 태도의 특성 때문에 스트레스에 대한 건강하지 못한 효과나 신체적인 긴장상 태를 피하게 되며 적극적으로 자신과 환경을 통제하고 개인의 상황에 따라 위협에 대처하며 생활에 적응해 나 간다고 Kobasa et al[25]은 말하고 있다.”
An In-Depth View of the Facets, Antecedents, and Effects of Leaders’ Change Competency
Krummaker, S., & Vogel, B. (2012) · The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science · doi:10.1177/0021886312469442 · Cited by 18
Children's appraisal of moderately stressful situations
Hood, B., Power, T. G., & Hill, L. G. (2009) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025408098011 · Cited by 18
Improving occupational stress through emotional intelligence development
Hansen, K., Gardner, L., & Stough, C. (2007) · Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) · doi:10.25916/sut.26288575 · Cited by 18
Coping with Post-Lingual Severe-Profound Hearing Impairment: A Grounded Theory Study
Hallberg, L. R. ‐., Påsse, U., & Ringdahl, A. (2000) · British Journal of Audiology · doi:10.3109/03005364000000113 · Cited by 18
The Psychological Evaluation of Patients with Chronic Pain: a Review of BHI 2 Clinical and Forensic Interpretive Considerations
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“Scale Development The concept behind the BHI 2 Perseverance scale combines the literature of several positive psychological variables, which are optimism (Novy et al. 1998), psychological hardiness (Callahan 2000; Kobasa et al. 1982), and self-efficacy (Bandura 1992).”
Background
How can stress resilience be monitored? A systematic review of measurement in humans
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Authors: Kobasa, S. C., Maddi, S. R., & Kahn, S.
Affiliations: University of Chicago (US)
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1982
Volume: 42
Issue: 1
Pages: 168-177
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.42.1.168
OpenAlex: W2140504512
Cited by: 1,892
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 74 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 67 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 60
FWCI: 36.30
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Keywords: hardiness, health, personality traits, prospective study, health outcomes
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Aged, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Personality, Prospective Studies, Psychophysiologic Disorders

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