The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Hardiness and health: A prospective study.
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“Kobasa et al. [11] reported that psychological hardiness is observed among people who receive encouragement from people around them and people who have actually turned crisis into opportunity, based on which they asserted that support from others or family could contribute to fostering psychological hardiness in individuals under stress.”
From Influence of hardiness, mother-child interactions, and social support on parenting stress among North Korean refugee mothers: a cross-sectional study (2022) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Researchers have shown that psychological hardiness contributes substantially to helping one's child(ren) lead happier, healthier lives, as it enables parents to control themselves, focus, and constantly push forward based on faith and conviction in their lives, even in stressful situations such as psychological pain or difficulty arising in an external environment.”
From Influence of hardiness, mother-child interactions, and social support on parenting stress among North Korean refugee mothers: a cross-sectional study (2022) · cites this paper as [11]
Citations
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Relationship of Hardiness to Alcohol and Drug Use in Adolescents
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“Some researchers have shown that traits such as dispositional optimism (1,2), hardiness (3), and resilience (4) buffer individuals against some potentially negative effects of stress on health.”
BackgroundNezhad, M. A. S., & Beshārat, M. A. (2010) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.180 · Cited by 83
“, 2007) and good health and well-being (Kobasa et al., 1982).”
BackgroundDo Demanding Conditions Help or Hurt Self‐Regulation?
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Hardiness Training for High-Risk Undergraduates
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Quality of Life Among Iranian Refugees Resettled in Sweden
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“(19, 20), coping is primarily defined as a property and capacity of an individual, and variations of the stressful situation are of minor importance.”
BackgroundCarver, C. S. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.56.4.577 · Cited by 325
Feigin, R., Moshe, S., & Ohry, A. (1996) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(95)00358-4 · Cited by 73
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“[9] postulated an adaptive 'personality set', which enables some individuals to minimize negative life events, such as the symptoms and restrictions associated with a chronic disease.”
BackgroundHardiness and the relationship between stressors and outcomes
Manning, M. R., Williams, R. F., & Wolfe, D. M. (1988) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678378808259168 · Cited by 73
Type A, hardiness, and psychological distress
Nowack, K. M. (1986) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf00845283 · Cited by 73
“Kobasa, 1979; Kobasa et al., 1981, 1982a, 1983 ) showed that individuals possessing hardy appraisals of work and life remain physically healthier, particularly when experiencing a great deal of life-change stress.”
BackgroundStress management training for overseas effectiveness
Walton, S. J. (1990) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/0147-1767(90)90033-s · Cited by 73
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Identification of Stress Buffers
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Skills training in the long-term management of stress and occupational burnout
Rowe, M. M. (2000) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-000-1016-6 · Cited by 71
“It is suggested that personality hardiness may expend a protective force against psychological distress and physical illness over the impact of work and life stressors (Green & Nowack, 1993; Kobasa, 1979; Kobasa et al., 1982; Kobasa et al., 1982; Kobasa et al., 1981; McCranie et al., 1987; Schmeid & Lawler, 1986; Topf…”
BackgroundHaghighi, M., & Gerber, M. (2019) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/str0000106 · Cited by 70
Military Resilience: A Concept Analysis
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Growing transformational leaders: exploring the role of personality hardiness
Eid, J., Johnsen, B. H., Bartone, P. T., & Nissestad, O. A. (2008) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/01437730810845270 · Cited by 71
“Other studies point to hardiness as a significant moderator or buffer of stress (e.g. Contrada, 1989; Kobasa et al., 1982; Roth et al., 1989; Wiebe, 1991).”
Optimism, Health-related Hardiness and Well-Being among Older Australian Women
Smith, N., Young, A. F., & Lee, C. (2004) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105304045373 · Cited by 71
“Along similar lines, Kobasa et al. (1982) argued that hardiness buffers against the adverse effects of stress by influencing people’s cognitive interpretations of objectively difficult circumstances.”
BackgroundPatterns of positive readjustment in Vietnam combat veterans
Wolfe, J., Keane, T. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Mora, C. A., & Wine, P. R. (1993) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.2490060203 · Cited by 71
“Other factors including hardy disposition ( Kobasa et al., 1982 ), active approach to challenge (McCrae, 1984), and utilization of available family support (Figley, 1986) and social resources (Cohen and Wills, 1985; Kessler et al., 1985; Thoits, I985) also appear to play a role.”
BackgroundGebhardt, W. A. (2001) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/16.5.579 · Cited by 71
“(Kobasa et al., 1982a,b, 1983; Funk and Houston, 1987; Roth et al., 1989; Kobasa, 1993 )].”
The cost-effectiveness of mind–body medicine interventions
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Adaptive responses to illness and disability
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Health of Spouse Caregivers of Dementia Patients: The Role of Personality and Social Support
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“Resilience has also been equated with constructs such as thriving [37], hardiness [38], sense of coherence [39], self-efficacy [40], and inner (or ego) strength [33, 34, 41].”
The Power of Mindsets: Nurturing Engagement, Motivation, and Resilience in Students
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Implications of cognitive-experiential self-theory for personality and developmental psychology.
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An examination of hardiness and neuroticism as potential moderators of stress outcomes
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“Among them, personality/dispositional factors such as Type A behavior ( Cooper, Sloan, & Williams, 1988 ), negative affectivity ( Parkes, 1990 ), hardiness ( Kobasa, Maddi, & Kahn, 1982 ), internal control ( Spector, Sanchez, Siu, Salgado, & Ma, 2004 ), and self-efficacy ( Lu, Siu, & Cooper, 2005 ) have received the g…”
BackgroundWiebe, D. J., & Smith, T. W. (1997) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012134645-4/50035-4 · Cited by 69
Solano, J. P. C., Bracher, E. S. B., Faisal-Cury, A., Ashmawi, H. A., Carmona, M. J. C., Lotufo Neto, F., & Vieira, J. E. (2016) · Sao Paulo Medical Journal · doi:10.1590/1516-3180.2015.02290512 · Cited by 66
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“Hardiness is a personality style comprising characteristics like commitment, control and challenge ([23]).”
BackgroundDISTRESSED AND STRESS RESISTANT NURSES
Boey, K. W. (1999) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/016128499248772 · Cited by 66
Towards a Cognitive-Behavioural Intervention for Adult Grief Reactions
Kavanagh, D. J. (1990) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.157.3.373 · Cited by 66
Hardiness and sense of coherence and their relation to negative affect
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“Kobasa, 1979; Kobasa, Maddi and Kahn, 1982; Kobasa and Puccetti, 1983) consistently show that personality hardiness moderates the negative effects of job stress on illness.”
BackgroundSocial Networks and Health Status: A Longitudinal Analysis
Seeman, M. S., Seeman, T. E., & Sayles, M. L. (1985) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3033684 · Cited by 66
Validation of Sense of Coherence (SOC) 13-item scale in Iranian sample
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Cognitive appraisals of stressors encountered in sport organizations
Hanton, S., Wagstaff, C. R. D., & Fletcher, D. (2012) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2012.682376 · Cited by 73
“Indeed hardiness, which encapsulates control as a component, has been suggested to act as both a mediator and a moderator of stress (Kobasa, Maddi, & Kahn 1982 ).”
BackgroundEffects of Prolongea Isolation in Extreme Environments on Stress, Coping, and Depression1
Palinkas, L. A., & Browner, D. K. (1995) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb01599.x · Cited by 69
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Modifiers of non-specific symptoms in occupational and environmental syndromes.
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Mastery is associated with cardiovascular disease mortality in men and women at apparently low risk.
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“It supported the notion that nursing is a stressful profession while demonstrating that there is a significant relationship between EI and the hardiness measures, as described by Kobasa, Maddi, and Kahn (1982).”
Helping Direct and Indirect Victims of National Terror: Experiences of Israeli Social Workers
Shamai, M., & Ron, P. (2008) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732308327350 · Cited by 64
“As Antonovski (1987, 1993), Kobasa, Maddi, and Kahn (1982), and McFarlane and Yehuda (1996) noted, the meaning one attaches to traumatic events influences the process of coping with the event.”
BackgroundTeaching Health-Care Providers Coping: Results of a Two-Year Study
Rowe, M. (1999) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1023/a:1018661508593 · Cited by 64
“In theory, hardiness works to mediate the effects of stress on burnout (Kobasa, 1979; Kobasa et al., 1982; Nowack, 1989).”
BackgroundPagana, K. D. (1990) · Journal of Nursing Education · doi:10.3928/0148-4834-19900601-06 · Cited by 64
An investigation of coping styles and gender differences with farmers in career transition.
Heppner, P. P., Cook, S. W., Strozier, A. L., & Heppner, M. J. (1991) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.38.2.167 · Cited by 63
Toward Understanding Work Motivation
Boardman, C., & Sundquist, E. (2008) · The American Review of Public Administration · doi:10.1177/0275074008324567 · Cited by 64
“Related, Kobasa, Maddi, and Kahn (1982) and Irving and Coleman (2003) suggest that affectively and normatively committed employees find more meaning in their work and can more easily attach direction to it.”
BackgroundSolomon, G. F., & Temoshok, L. R. (1987) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1987.tb00315.x · Cited by 63
An examination of hardiness throughout the sport injury process
Wadey, R., Evans, L., Hanton, S., & Neil, R. (2011) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2011.02025.x · Cited by 63
A study of methods used by scottish police officers to cope with work‐induced stress
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Understanding nursing students'stress: a proposed framework
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Family Interaction and Individual Psychological Health
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Justice and trust’s role in employees’ resilience and business’ continuity: Evidence from Egypt
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A Comprehensive Model of Stress
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Development and validation of the Occupational Hardiness Questionnaire
Jiménez, B. M., Rodríguez‐Muñoz, A., Garrosa, E., & Blanco‐Donoso, L. M. (2014) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2013.49 · Cited by 61
“Kobasa uses hardiness as a personality variable and the term hardy personality (Kobasa, 1979; Kobasa et al., 1982; Kobasa, Maddi, & Zola, 1983; Kobasa, Maddi, Puccetti, & Zola, 1985), underlining hardiness as a personality variable with all the corresponding features.”
Chmitorz, A., Neumann, R. J., Kollmann, B., Ahrens, K. F., Öhlschläger, S., Goldbach, N., Weichert, D., Schick, A., Lutz, B., Plichta, M. M., et al. (2020) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-020-01159-2 · Cited by 75
“Hardiness Hardiness Scale ([39]; translated by study site) x x 12”
MethodSocial resources and the quality of life
Zautra, A. (1983) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf00893368 · Cited by 61
Hardiness Training Among Nurse Managers: Building a Healthy Workplace
Judkins, S., Reid, B. J., & Furlow, L. (2006) · The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing · doi:10.3928/00220124-20060901-03 · Cited by 60
Donald, I., & Siu, O. L. (2001) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1006/jevp.2001.0229 · Cited by 60
“From the work of Kobasa et al. (1982), for example, it could be argued that commitment protects workers from the negative effects of stressors, such as environmental conditions, enabling them to attach direction and meaning to their work.”
BackgroundTHE PSYCHOLOGY IN PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY
Ursin, H. (1998) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(98)00036-5 · Cited by 62
“Other related concepts are toughness (Dientsbier, 1989), hardiness (Kobasa et al., 1982), high self esteem, and affective stability (Zorrilla et al., 1995).”
BackgroundSefidan, S., Pramstaller, M., Marca, R. L., Wyss, T., Bahmani, D. S., Annen, H., & Brand, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18116077 · Cited by 67
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Feminist Interventions: Accountability Beyond Symptom Reduction
Worell, J. (2001) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/1471-6402.00033 · Cited by 63
Psychological Hardiness and Adjustment to Life Events in Adulthood
Crowley, B. J., Hayslip, B., & Hobdy, J. (2003) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1023/a:1026007510134 · Cited by 59
“A number of studies have subsequently shown that more hardy individuals report lower levels of physical symptoms under stress than do less hardy individuals (Banks & Gannon, 1988; Bartone, Ursano, Wright, & Ingraham, 1989; Hills & Novell, 1991; Kobasa et al., 1981; Kobasa, Maddi, & Kahn, 1982; Kobasa, Maddi, Puccetti,…”
BackgroundDursun, P., Alyağut, P., & Yılmaz, I. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02695-3 · Cited by 83
Huang, J. (2014) · Journal of Career Development · doi:10.1177/0894845314562960 · Cited by 58
“The construct of hardiness is emerging as a composite of three interrelated attitudes, namely, commitment, control, and challenge (Kobasa, 1979; Kobasa et al., 1982; Maddi, 2002).”
BackgroundHardiness, avoidance coping, and alcohol consumption in war veterans: A moderated‐mediation study
Bartone, P. T., Johnsen, B. H., Eid, J., Hystad, S. W., & Laberg, J. C. (2016) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2734 · Cited by 58
Irrational beliefs as predictors of anxiety and depression in a college population
Chang, E. C., & D’Zurilla, T. J. (1996) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(95)00166-2 · Cited by 58
Moneta, G. B., & Spada, M. M. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.01.012 · Cited by 56
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Ben‐Zur, H., Duvdevany, I., & Lury, L. (2004) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00662.x · Cited by 56
Male student veterans: Hardiness, psychological well-being, and masculine norms.
Alfred, G. C., Hammer, J. H., & Good, G. E. (2013) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/a0031450 · Cited by 56
Stress and situationally related coping in cancer out-patients and their spouses
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Cultural and cognitive considerations in the prevention of American Indian adolescent suicide
LaFromboise, T. D., & Bigfoot, D. S. (1988) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/s0140-1971(88)80049-6 · Cited by 56
Profiles of Resilience and Psychosocial Outcomes among Young Black Gay and Bisexual Men
Wilson, P. A., Meyer, I. H., Antebi‐Gruszka, N., Boone, M. R., Cook, S., & Cherenack, E. M. (2016) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12018 · Cited by 55
“Hardiness is thought to be strongly tied to adaptive coping behaviors, as hardy people have a greater number of coping resources available to them and are more likely to use adaptive responses to stress that help to suppress or alleviate the effects of stress on health (Beasley et al., 2003; Kobasa, 1979; Kobasa et al…”
BackgroundThe study of stress and disease: Some developments and requirements
Stan Maes, A., Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M., & van Heck, G. (1987) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(87)90081-5 · Cited by 55
Health and productivity of older workers
Robertson, A. R. R., & Tracy, C. (1998) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.284 · Cited by 56
Marco, F. G., Buceta, J. M., & Pérez-Llantada, M. C. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 54
Metadata
- Authors
- Kobasa, S. C., Maddi, S. R., & Kahn, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1982
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 168-177
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2140504512
- Cited by
- 1,892
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 74 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 67 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 60
- FWCI
- 36.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- hardiness, health, personality traits, prospective study, health outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Aged, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Personality, Prospective Studies, Psychophysiologic Disorders
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