Cited by 1,892Resilience and Mental HealthHealth disparities and outcomesPersonality Traits and Psychology

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Hardiness and health: A prospective study.

Kobasa, Suzanne C., Maddi, Salvatore R., Kahn, Stephen·1982·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.42.1.168

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“The question of how hardiness operates to promote health and performance is not entirely clear, but several suggestions have been offered. according to Kobasa [14] the effects of hardiness on mental health are mediated in part by cognitive appraisal mechanisms.”
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“We used 9 items from Kobasa et al.’s scale (Kobasa, 1979; Kobasa, Maddi, and Kahn, 1982).”
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“The ability to use judgment, make good decisions, and perceive change as beneficial when faced with the stressful challenges of life is called hardiness [44, 45].”
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“The literature suggests that psychological disposition accounts for considerable individual variation in health risk exposure, reaction to negative events and circumstances, and illness experiences (Gecas 1989; Kobasa et al. 1982 ).”
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“8 6 - - - R (6-7) I I I Moderate (n=225) 74.”
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“Kobasa et al. defined isolation at work as discouraging behavior towards work, indicating a low level of association with a job, and conceptualized it as a general concept [27].”
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“, 1981), display fewer physiological symptoms of stress (Kobasa et al., 1982) and less burnout (Nowack and Pentkowski, 1994) than less hardy individuals.”
Background
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Occupational Health Hazards for Nurses–Part II
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Stress
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An analysis of the concept of hardiness.
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Hardiness, stress, and coping strategies among mid-level nurse managers: Implications for continuing higher education.
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“In one of the most in-depth studies to examine personality and stress, Kobasa, Maddi, and Kahn (1982), found that individuals high in hardiness tended to experience less stress.”
Psychosocial predictors of healthy behaviours in women
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Work alienation through the dialectical lens
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Influence of psychological hardiness on academic achievement of university students: The mediating effect of academic engagement
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“Control means that the belief that they can control or inﬂuence the events of their experience and challenge is the anticipation of confrontation for further development [26].”
Dispositional resilience predicts psychological adaptation of seafarers during and after maritime operations
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“Hardiness is a psychological orientation associated with people who remain healthy and continue to perform well in a range of stressful conditions [9, 10].”
Background
The Interplay of Academic Hardiness, Passion for Studies and Affective Experiences in Undergraduates’ Happiness and GPA Scores: a Person-Oriented Approach
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“Hardiness mediates the effects of daily stress and expresses a general quality of an individual to consider changes as a normal and interesting part of life (Kobasa et al., 1982; Maddi, 2005, 2006).”
Background
Unveiling the royal road to happiness: the predictive role of psychological hardiness, mediated by vitality and materialistic values
Pradhan, R. K., Anand, P., Ahmad, A., Jandu, K., & Sabu, S. (2024) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2024.2387067 · Cited by 14
“In the face of complex and stressful circumstances, the psychological hardiness of an individual comes to the rescue by creating a buffer mechanism (Kobasa et al., 1982).”
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“According to hardiness theory [36, 37], hardiness enables people to cope with challenging life circumstances and recognize them as opportunities for progress (coping tool).”
Influential
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Gender Differences and Relationship of 2D:4D-Ratio, Mental Toughness and Dark Triad Traits among Active Young Adults
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“As such, it appears that constancy might be best mirrored as hardiness [79,80] and resilience [41,81,82].”
Background
Stress-Related Growth in the Lives of Lesbian and Gay People of Faith
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Hardiness in Professional Spanish Firefighters
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Hardiness in families with and without a child with Down syndrome
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Stress, strain, and hardiness as predictors of adaptation in farm and ranch families
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“In addition to being considered an important factor in individual human stress, illness, and health (see Kobasa, 1982; Kobasa, Maddi, & Kahn, 1982 ), hardiness has been identified as a collective characteristic shared by family members (McCubbin & McCubbin, 1988, 1989; McCubbin & Patterson, 1982a).”
Background
The Role of Hardiness in Decreasing the Stressors and Biological, Cognitive and Mental Reactions
Sadaghiani, N. S. K. (2011) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.474 · Cited by 13
Elderly Adult Survivors of Family Violence
Anetzberger, G. J. (1997) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801297003005004 · Cited by 13
Emotional Intelligence, Hardiness, and Smoking: Protective Factors Among Adolescents
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“Challenge is defined as a person’s perception about stressful events as stimulating rather than threatening (Kobasa et al., 1982).”
BackgroundInfluential
Unravelling the Mystery of the Sense of Coherence
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Personological Studies on Dancers: Motivations, Conflicts, and Defense Mechanisms
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“Relevant literature includes contributions by Kobasa, Maddi, and Kahn (1982), Maddi and Hess (1992), and Maddi and Kobasa (1984). d) The State-Trait Anger Inventory (STAXI; by Spielberger, 1988a) is a well-known verbal test combining forty-four items for evaluating anger and some of its components.”
Background
Le Parent éducateur
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Men and women who like continuous shiftwork are more ‘hardy’: But what does it mean?
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Health‐related hardiness and the effect of a psycho‐educational group on clients' symptoms
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Psychological adjustment of critically injured patients three months after an unexpected, potentially life‐threatening accident
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Conflict-prone and conflict-resistant organizations.
Stokols, D. (1992) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10105-004 · Cited by 13
Mental Resilience and Mindfulness in Athletes: A Preliminary Study Across Sports and Experience Levels
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“The Hardiness Model emphasizes commitment (active engagement with life), control (belief in one’s capacity to influence events), and challenge (perceiving change or difficulty as an opportunity rather than a threat), which buffer the negative effects of stress and promote adaptive responses [23,24].”
Influential
Importance of Macro Social Structures and Personality Hardiness to the Stress-Illness Relationship in Low-Income Women
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Problems of the relationship between school involvement and academic achievements in modern teenagers
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“To measure hardiness, this study employed a scale constructed by Kobasa and colleagues ( Kobasa, 1979 ; Kobasa, Maddi, & Kahn, 1982 ).”
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Authors: Kobasa, S. C., Maddi, S. R., & Kahn, S.
Affiliations: University of Chicago (US)
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1982
Volume: 42
Issue: 1
Pages: 168-177
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.42.1.168
OpenAlex: W2140504512
Cited by: 1,892
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 74 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 67 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 60
FWCI: 36.30
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Keywords: hardiness, health, personality traits, prospective study, health outcomes
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Aged, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Personality, Prospective Studies, Psychophysiologic Disorders

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