The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A hypothesis-confirming bias in labeling effects
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Integrity signals
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Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The idea behind LSU and LSU-E is that the initial information has a great impact in priming and creating expectations, and thus can bias if and how subsequent information is processed”
From Biased and biasing: the hidden bias cascade and bias snowball effects (2025) · cites this paper as Darley & Gross, 1983
In the citing paper
“Importantly, SFPs can be pernicious when the beliefs at the center of them capture negative social conceptions, for instance, stereotypes, anxious expectations, fear, or hostility (Darley and Gross 1983;Downey et al. 1998;Madon et al. 2018).”
From What Is the Function of Confirmation Bias? (2022) · cites this paper as Darley and Gross 1983
In the citing paper
“Prior research on self-serving biases (Dunning, Meyerowitz and Holzberg, 1989), and on biased processing of information in general (Darley and Gross, 1983), suggests that the bias results from selective information processing.”
From Explaining Bargaining Impasse: The Role of Self-Serving Biases (1997) · cites this paper as Darley and Gross, 1983
Citations
Cites
On the psychology of prediction.
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1973) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0034747 · Cited by 6,202
Rosenthal, R., & Jacobson, L. (1968) · The Urban Review · doi:10.1007/bf02322211 · Cited by 3,878
THE WARM‐COLD VARIABLE IN FIRST IMPRESSIONS OF PERSONS
KELLEY, H. H. (1950) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1950.tb01260.x · Cited by 509
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The case for motivated reasoning.
Kunda, Z. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480 · Cited by 9,022
Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises
Nickerson, R. S. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175 · Cited by 7,267
Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes
Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4 · Cited by 6,682
Pager, D. (2003) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/374403 · Cited by 2,840
A question of belonging: Race, social fit, and achievement.
Walton, G. M., & Cohen, G. L. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.82 · Cited by 2,163
Metadata
- Authors
- Darley, J. M., & Gross, P. H.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1983-01
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 20-33
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2031398192
- Cited by
- 1,173
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 96 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 42
- FWCI
- 45.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Categorization, perception, and language
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- labeling effects, confirmation bias, social categorization, stereotypes, self-concept
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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