Cited by 1,173Social and Intergroup PsychologyCategorization, perception, and languageDecision-Making and Behavioral Economics

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A hypothesis-confirming bias in labeling effects

Darley, John M., Gross, Paget H.·1983·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.20

Cites

3 of 3 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Show all 3 references

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Darley, J. M., & Gross, P. H.
Affiliations
Princeton University (US)
Venue
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Published
1983-01
Volume
44
Issue
1
Pages
20-33
ISSN
  • 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-1315
OpenAlex
W2031398192
Cited by
1,173
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 96 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 42
FWCI
45.89
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Categorization, perception, and language
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Keywords
labeling effects, confirmation bias, social categorization, stereotypes, self-concept

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review