The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Marital interaction: Physiological linkage and affective exchange.
Abstract
Thirty married couples were studied during naturalistic interactions to determine the extent to which variation in marital satisfaction could be accounted for by physiological and affective patterns between and within spouses. The authors hypothesized that (a) compared to nondistressed couples' interactions, distressed couples' interactions would show greater physiological interrelatedness or "linkage," more negative affect, and more reciprocity of negative affect and (b) these differences would be more pronounced when the interaction was high in conflict (discussing a marital problem) as opposed to low in conflict (discussing the events of the day). Heart rate, skin conductance, pulse transmission time, and somatic activity from both spouses were analyzed using bivariate time-series techniques to derive a measure of physiological linkage. Self-report affective data (obtained using a video-recall procedure) were analyzed using sequential analyses to derive a measure of affect reciprocity. The hypotheses were strongly supported; 60% of the variance in marital satisfaction was accounted for using measures of physiological linkage alone. Additional nonredundant variance was accounted for by the other physiological and affective measures.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“For example, one study showed that 60% of the variance in marital dissatisfaction was accounted for by stronger physiologic linkage between partners during conflict (Levenson and Gottman, 1983).”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Levenson and Gottman, 1983
In the citing paper
“While in some studies physiological synchrony was found to be related to positive affect (Chanel et al. 2012; Danyluck and Page‐Gould 2018), empathy (Chatel‐Goldman et al. 2014), and group cohesion (Gordon et al. 2020), others observed a positive relationship between physiological synchrony and negative affect (Wilson et al. 2018) or distress in couples (Levenson and Gottman 1983), suggesting that”
From Interpersonal Physiological Synchrony During Dyadic Joint Action Is Increased by Task Novelty and Reduced by Social Anxiety (2025) · cites this paper as Levenson and Gottman 1983
In the citing paper
“Interestingly, autonomic mimicry can also occur without any direct physical contact (Levenson and Gottman, 1983;Palumbo et al., 2016).”
From Connecting minds and sharing emotions through mimicry: A neurocognitive model of emotional contagion (2017) · cites this paper as Levenson and Gottman, 1983
Citations
Cites
Osgood, C. E., Suci, G. J., & Tannenbaum, P. H. (1957) · Cited by 9,433
Measuring Dyadic Adjustment: New Scales for Assessing the Quality of Marriage and Similar Dyads
Spanier, G. B. (1976) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/350547 · Cited by 7,095
Short Marital-Adjustment and Prediction Tests: Their Reliability and Validity
Locke, H. J., & Wallace, K. M. (1959) · Marriage and Family Living · doi:10.2307/348022 · Cited by 2,913
Marital Interaction: Experimental Investigations.
Ray, M. P., & Gottman, J. M. (1982) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2068810 · Cited by 942
Self-citationMarital Interaction: Experimental Investigations
Snyder, D. K., & Gottman, J. M. (1980) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/351914 · Cited by 471
Self-citationPsychological factors in marital happiness.
Hollingworth, H. L., Terman, L. M., & Kelly, E. L. (1939) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0063047 · Cited by 441
Time-Series Analysis: A Comprehensive Introduction for Social Scientists
Cordray, D. S., & Gottman, J. M. (1983) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422219 · Cited by 416
Self-citationBirchler, G. R., Weiss, R. L., & Vincent, J. P. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0076280 · Cited by 378
Analyzing sequential categorical data on dyadic interaction: A comment on Gottman.
Allison, P. D., & Liker, J. Κ. (1982) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.91.2.393 · Cited by 365
Kirkpatrick, C., Burgess, E. W., & Wallin, P. (1953) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2088128 · Cited by 357
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 856
Sympathetic Nervous System Synchrony in Couple Therapy
Tourunen, A., Kykyri, V., Kaartinen, J., Penttonen, M., & Seikkula, J. (2016) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12152 · Cited by 101
“This could explain some of the results of Levenson and Gottman (1983), according to which synchrony was higher during marital conflict discussions, as opposed to discussions on more neutral issues.”
BackgroundResultPsychophysiological synchrony during verbal interaction in romantic relationships
Coutinho, J., Oliveira‐Silva, P., Fernandes, E., Gonçalves, O. F., Correia, D., Perrone Mc‐Govern, K., & Tschacher, W. (2019) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12371 · Cited by 81
Closeness in Young Adult Sibling Relationships: Affective and Physiological Processes
Shortt, J. W., & Gottman, J. M. (1997) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.1997.tb00099.x · Cited by 84
Self-citationDynamic infant–parent affect coupling during the face-to-face/still-face.
Chow, S.-M., Haltigan, J. D., & Messinger, D. S. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0017824 · Cited by 81
Video-Recall Procedures for Examining Subjective Understanding in Observational Data.
Welsh, D. P., & Dickson, J. W. (2005) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/0893-3200.19.1.62 · Cited by 81
“Continuous video-recall procedures, used primarily by marital researchers, involve asking participants to provide continuous ratings of a single, general affective dimension (usually positivenegative) when reviewing their conversations (Gottman & Levenson, 1985; Levenson & Gottman, 1983, 1985; Margolin et al., 1985; N…”
BackgroundInfluentialPhysiological down-regulation and positive emotion in marital interaction.
Yuan, J. W., McCarthy, M., Holley, S. R., & LEVENSON, R. W. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0018699 · Cited by 85
Self-citationKendler, K. S., Lönn, S. L., Salvatore, J. E., Sundquist, J., & Sundquist, K. (2016) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15111373 · Cited by 88
“Although it has been suggested that men may be more sensitive to relationship factors than women (49),we do not find evidence of that here.”
BackgroundAnger in Close Relationships: An Interpersonal Script Analysis
Fehr, B., Baldwin, M., Collins, L., Patterson, S., & Benditt, R. (1999) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167299025003003 · Cited by 104
“For example, Gottman and Levenson (1985) (see also Levenson & Gottman, 1983) found that conflictladen interactions of maritally distressed couples were characterized not only by greater negative affect (compared to happily married couples) but also by greater reciprocity of affect: The expression…”
BackgroundNonviolent Resistance: A New Approach to Violent and Self-Destructive Children
Omer, H., & London-Sapir, S. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511550652.003 · Cited by 79
Ties that Bind: A Qualitative Study of Happy Long-Term Marriages
Bachand, L. L., & Caron, S. L. (2001) · Contemporary Family Therapy · doi:10.1023/a:1007828317271 · Cited by 81
“Much of the literature focuses on younger couples (Gottman, 1979; Kaslow & Robison, 1996; Levenson, Carstensen, & Gottman, 1993; Levenson & Gottman, 1983), or on the dissolution of marriage (Kaslow & Robison, 1996; Levenson, Carstensen, & Gottman, 1993; Levenson & Gottman, 1983).”
BackgroundModeling Emotion in Complex Stories: The Stanford Emotional Narratives Dataset
Ong, D. C., Wu, Z., Zhi‐Xuan, T., Reddan, M. C., Kahhalé, I., Mattek, A. M., & Zaki, J. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2019.2955949 · Cited by 81
“Many previous studies have used similar continuous rating dials, scales, or joysticks [25], [84], [85], [86], [87] to provide continuous valence ratings of videos.”
BackgroundSaxbe, D., Beckes, L., Stoycos, S. A., & Coan, J. A. (2019) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691619876528 · Cited by 87
“Through their research on couples, Levenson and Gottman (1983) developed the term negative affect reciprocity to characterize couples who amplify each other’s negative emotions and become locked in negative interaction spirals that escalate, rather than defuse, tension.”
BackgroundPijeira‐Díaz, H. J., Drachsler, H., Järvelä, S., & Kirschner, P. A. (2016) · International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK) · doi:10.1145/2883851.2883897 · Cited by 81
“The diverse nomenclature found includes (chronologically sorted): physiological linkage [31], physiological compliance [50], physiological synchronization [24], physiological correlation [15], joint changes in the physiological signals [25], physiological coupling [11] and physiological markers of togetherness [39].”
BackgroundPain and families. II. Assessment and treatment
Flor, H., Turk, D. C., & Rudy, T. E. (1987) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(87)90081-9 · Cited by 77
Mayo, O., Lavidor, M., & Gordon, I. (2021) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113391 · Cited by 73
Fusaroli, R., Bjørndahl, J. S., Roepstorff, A., & Tylén, K. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/xhp0000207 · Cited by 76
“…in diverse social contexts: Di Mascio, Boyd, Greenblatt, and Solomon (1955) showed shared covariation between patient and psycho-therapist, and Levenson and Gottman (1983) observed high levels of shared physiological dynamics during couple therapy, although mostly in distressed couples during…”
InfluentialResponsive Listening in Long-Married Couples: A Psycholinguistic Perspective
Pasupathi, M., Carstensen, L. L., LEVENSON, R. W., & Gottman, J. M. (1999) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1021439627043 · Cited by 76
“The procedure used has been employed in many prior studies and described in some detail elsewhere (see Levenson & Gottman, 1983; Levenson et al., 1993).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationHaase, C. M., Holley, S. R., Bloch, L., Verstaen, A., & LEVENSON, R. W. (2016) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0040239 · Cited by 84
“In the laboratory session, using well-established procedures for studying marital interactions (Levenson & Gottman, 1983), couples engaged in three 15-min conversations: (a) events of the day or events since the last assessment, (b) conflict topic—an issue of ongoing disagreement in their marriage,…”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationChildren's emotion regulation: Self-report and physiological response to peer provocation.
Hessler, D., & Katz, L. F. (2007) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.1.27 · Cited by 81
Ekman, I., Chanel, G., Järvelä, S., Kivikangas, J. M., Salminen, M., & Ravaja, N. (2011) · Simulation & Gaming · doi:10.1177/1046878111422121 · Cited by 75
“Physiological linkage refers to joint changes in the physiological activity of two or more people (Henning, Boucsein, & Gil, 2001; Levenson & Gottman, 1983).”
BackgroundAffect in Intimate Relationships
Carstensen, L. L., Graff, J., LEVENSON, R. W., & Gottman, J. M. (1996) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012464995-8/50014-5 · Cited by 74
“Compared to their happily married counterparts, unhappily married couples express more negative affect, are more likely to reciprocate negative affect expressed by their spouse and show greater physiological linkage to one another during a discussion of conflict (Levenson & Gottman, 1983).”
BackgroundSelf-citationReed, R. G., Barnard, K., & Butler, E. A. (2015) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0038561 · Cited by 73
“We assessed recalled emotional experience during the conversation using a bipolar rating dial (Levenson & Gottman, 1983).”
MethodLEVENSON, R. W. (1996) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/bf02251886 · Cited by 79
“To quantify the extent of physiological similarity between interactants, we ( Levenson & Gottman, 1983 ) applied a bivariate time-series analysis (Gottman, 1981), which removes the effects of autocorrelations (within-spouse cyclicities) from estimates of the physiological relationship between spouses.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationExpressive, physiological, and subjective changes in emotion across adulthood.
LEVENSON, R. W. (2000) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10363-007 · Cited by 75
Self-citationPhysiological linkage during shared positive and shared negative emotion
Chen, K.-H., Brown, C. L., Wells, J. L., Rothwell, E. S., Otero, M. C., Levenson, R. W., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2021) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000337 · Cited by 72
Self-citationAhonen, L., Cowley, B. U., Hellas, A., & Puolamäki, K. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-21518-3 · Cited by 75
Lorber, M. F., & Slep, A. M. S. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3403_11 · Cited by 70
“Following the interaction, mothers watched the videotapes of their interactions and made continuous ratings of their experienced emotion using a dial apparatus similar to that used by Levenson and Gottman (1983) for the self-rating of emotion in couples.”
MethodFacial Expressions During Marital Conflict
Gottman, J. M., LEVENSON, R. W., & Woodin, E. M. (2001) · Journal of Family Communication · doi:10.1207/s15327698jfc0101_06 · Cited by 72
Self-citationLanguage Style Matching, Engagement, and Impasse in Negotiations
Ireland, M. E., & Henderson, M. D. (2014) · Negotiation and Conflict Management Research · doi:10.1111/ncmr.12025 · Cited by 70
Cowie, R., McKeown, G. J., & Douglas‐Cowie, E. (2012) · International Journal of Synthetic Emotions · doi:10.4018/jse.2012010101 · Cited by 69
“The first study to report them systematically appears to have been Levenson and Gottman (1983).”
BackgroundMethodSocial psychophysiological compliance in a four-person research team
Henning, R. A., Armstead, A. G., & Ferris, J. K. (2009) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2009.04.009 · Cited by 69
Ascher, E. A., Sturm, V., Seider, B. H., Holley, S. R., Miller, B., & Levenson, R. (2010) · Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0b013e3181bd66a3 · Cited by 53
Self-citationAffective Synchrony and Autonomic Coupling during Cooperation: A Hyperscanning Study
Vanutelli, M. E., Laura, G., Angioletti, L., & Balconi, M. (2017) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2017/3104564 · Cited by 75
“In second instance, different computation methods, such as linear and nonlinear predictive models [41, 48, 68], can also be applied, especially when dealing with complex data, including multiple physiological measures.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLawrence, E. E., Pederson, A. A., Bunde, M., Barry, R. A., Brock, R. L., Fazio, E., Mulryan, L., Hunt, S., Madsen, L., & Dzankovic, S. (2008) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407508090868 · Cited by 68
Reciprocity of Marital Communication
Pike, G. R., & SILLARS, A. L. (1985) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407585023005 · Cited by 68
Geist, R. L., & Gilbert, D. G. (1996) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(96)00049-9 · Cited by 67
“This decision was made because negative affect has consistently been found to be a significantly better discriminator between distressed and non-distressed spouses (Birchler, Weiss & Vincent, 1975; Gottman, 1979; Gottman & Levenson, 1986; Levenson & Gottman, 1983; Schaap, 1982).”
BackgroundAffective Expression in Family Problem-Solving Discussions with Adolescent Boys
Capaldi, D. M., Forgatch, M. S., & Crosby, L. A. (1994) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/074355489491004 · Cited by 66
Team Physiological Dynamics: A Critical Review
Kazi, S., Khaleghzadegan, S., Dinh, J., Shelhamer, M., Sapirstein, A., Goeddel, L. A., Chime, N. O., Salas, E., & Rosen, M. A. (2019) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/0018720819874160 · Cited by 73
“Levenson and Gottman (1983) established the validity of cardiovascular, vascular, muscle, and skin conductance activity in measuring marital satisfaction by comparing them against communication content and self-reported valence.”
BackgroundBrown, C. L., Chen, K., Wells, J. L., Otero, M. C., Connelly, D. E., LEVENSON, R. W., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2021) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000939 · Cited by 77
Self-citationADAPTING ENACTMENTS TO COUPLE REACTIVITY: FIVE DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES
Butler, M. H., & Gardner, B. C. (2003) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2003.tb01209.x · Cited by 66
Karan, A., Rosenthal, R., & Robbins, M. L. (2018) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407518795336 · Cited by 66
“As with mental health, physical health has often positively related to we-talk because of the positivity generated between interdependent partners (Levenson & Gottman, 1983).”
BackgroundStanton, S. C. E., & Campbell, L. (2013) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12056 · Cited by 66
“For instance, since Levenson and Gottman (1983) demonstrated that marital partners’ physiological activity is strongly related to how they interact while discussing problems in their relationships, the impact of romantic relationship processes on the physiological functioning of both partners has…”
BackgroundThe occurrence and correlates of emotional interdependence in romantic relationships.
Sels, L., Cabrieto, J., Butler, E. A., Reis, H. T., Ceulemans, E., & Kuppens, P. (2019) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000212 · Cited by 86
Roberts, L. J., & Krokoff, L. J. (1990) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/352842 · Cited by 64
Wells, J. L., Haase, C. M., Rothwell, E. S., Naugle, K. G., Otero, M. C., Brown, C. L., Lai, J., Chen, K., Connelly, D. E., Grimm, K. J., et al. (2022) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000385 · Cited by 79
Self-citationKinney, T. A., Smith, B. A., & Donzella, B. (2001) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224540109600550 · Cited by 63
Physiological synchrony is associated with attraction in a blind date setting
Prochazkova, E., Sjak-Shie, E., Behrens, F., Lindh, D., & Kret, M. E. (2021) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01197-3 · Cited by 80
“Instead, we based the sample size on our previous studies, where we used a similar set-up 9,13,46 .”
A Closer Look at Reactions to Realistic Recruitment Messages
Reeve, C. L. L., Highhouse, S., & Brooks, M. E. (2006) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2389.2006.00330.x · Cited by 64
Mutual gaze in Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal and semantic dementia couples
Sturm, V. E., McCarthy, M. E., Yun, I., Madan, A., Yuan, J. W., Holley, S. R., Ascher, E. A., Boxer, A. L., Miller, B. L., & LEVENSON, R. W. (2010) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsq055 · Cited by 62
“We utilized a social interaction paradigm that we have used extensively to study socioemotional functioning in close relationships (Levenson and Gottman, 1983).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationCOMMUNICATION SKILLS IN COUPLES: A REVIEW AND DISCUSSION OF EMERGING PERSPECTIVES
Kelly, A. B. (2003) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410607133-27 · Cited by 61
Brown, W. M., & Consedine, N. S. (2004) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2004.05.010 · Cited by 61
“Excessive expressions of negative affects, particularly sadness and anger, are known to produce negative social consequences in adults [88–95], and there is a strong likelihood that negative affect expressions may make an infant less “appealing” to the mother.”
BackgroundInterpersonal Chemistry: What Is It, How Does It Emerge, and How Does It Operate?
Reis, H. T., Regan, A., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2021) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691621994241 · Cited by 68
“It bears noting, however, that although emotional synchrony can promote sharing of positive experiences, it sometimes can also amplify distress, as a classic study by Levenson and Gottman (1983) illustrated.”
BackgroundConnecting Brains and Bodies: Applying Physiological Computing to Support Social Interaction
Chanel, G., & Mühl, C. (2015) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1093/iwc/iwv013 · Cited by 61
“(Levenson & Gottman, 1983) used such a method to measure the physiological coupling of spouses during marital conflicting situations.”
BackgroundMethodStress and Illness: A Role for Specific Emotions
LEVENSON, R. W. (2019) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000736 · Cited by 68
Self-citationRelationship satisfaction, attachment, and nonverbal accuracy in early marriage
Noller, P., & Feeney, J. A. (1994) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf02170026 · Cited by 60
A sensorimotor control framework for understanding emotional communication and regulation
Williams, J. H. G., Huggins, C. F., Zupan, B., Willis, M. L., Rheenen, T. E. V., Sato, W., Palermo, R., Ortner, C. N. M., Krippl, M., Kret, M. E., et al. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.02.014 · Cited by 60
Stuldreher, I. V., Thammasan, N., van Erp, J. B. F., & Brouwer, A.-M. (2020) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/aba87d · Cited by 58
“While this method is computationally inexpensive and easily adaptable for online use, limitations of the method include oversampling as a result of overlapping windows as well as potentially spurious correlations as a result of not controlling for autocorrelation (Levenson and Gottman 1983).”
BackgroundMethodExploring the Cognitive-Emotional Fugue in Electronic Negotiations
Grießmair, M., & Koeszegi, S. T. (2009) · Group Decision and Negotiation · doi:10.1007/s10726-009-9155-0 · Cited by 57
“The benefits of assessing how a process unfolds over time is highlighted byDruckman (2004) in the context of negotiations and Levenson and colleagues in the context of emotion analysis in social interactions ( Levenson and Gottman 1983; Levenson et al. 1994).”
BackgroundSchouten, A., Boiger, M., Kirchner-Häusler, A., Uchida, Y., & Mesquita, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01048 · Cited by 51
How Stable Is Marital Interaction Over Time?
Gottman, J. M., & LEVENSON, R. W. (1999) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.1999.00159.x · Cited by 57
Self-citationFernandes, M. A., & Tone, E. B. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102068 · Cited by 66
Social and Physiological Context can Affect the Meaning of Physiological Synchrony
Danyluck, C., & Page-Gould, E. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44667-5 · Cited by 56
Fletcher, G. J. O., & Fitness, J. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.3.464 · Cited by 56
Cooperating with your romantic partner
Randall, A. K., Post, J. H., Reed, R. G., & Butler, E. A. (2013) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407513481864 · Cited by 59
“For men, cooperation may mean going along with their partner’s wants and moods in an attempt to avoid an argument and to reach quick resolution (Carstensen et al., 1995; Gottman & Levenson, 1988; Levenson, Carstensen, & Gottman, 1994; Levenson & Gottman, 1983).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBroadwell, S. D., & Light, K. C. (1999) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15327558ijbm0601_4 · Cited by 55
Denton, W. H., Burleson, B. R., Hobbs, B. V., Stein, M., & Rodriguez, C. P. (2001) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1023/a:1012278209577 · Cited by 55
“Drawing from studies on the psychophysiology of marital interaction (Levenson and Gottman, 1983, 1985), Gottman (1990, 1991; Gottman and Levenson, 1988) proposed a model of marital interaction linking the seemingly diverse findings of men exhibiting greater blood pressure reactivity to stressful…”
MethodAffective stance, ambivalence, and psychophysiological responses during conversational storytelling
Voutilainen, L., Henttonen, P., Kahri, M., Kivioja, M., Ravaja, N., Sams, M. E., & Peräkylä, A. (2014) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2014.04.006 · Cited by 54
“In their well-known work, Levenson and Gottman (1983) showed synchrony in psychophysiological activation of married couples (in a combined measure of heart rate, skin conductance and movement), which was higher during an emotionally intensive discussion on their marital problems compared to neutral…”
BackgroundInterparental Discord and Parenting: Testing the Moderating Roles of Child and Parent Gender
Sturge‐Apple, M. L., Davies, P. T., Boker, S. M., & Cummings, E. M. (2004) · Parenting · doi:10.1207/s15327922par0404_7 · Cited by 54
Regulating Feelings During Interpersonal Conflicts by Changing Voice Self-perception
Costa, J. M. D. R., Jung, M. F., Czerwinski, M. P., Guimbretière, F. V., Le, T., & Choudhury, T. (2018) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3173574.3174205 · Cited by 60
“We included couple as as random factor to account for possible inter-dependency between data points caused by the social interactions [41][43][53].”
Woltering, S., Lishak, V., Elliott, B., Ferraro, L., & Granic, I. (2015) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-015-9480-3 · Cited by 53
“We note that physiological synchrony (as opposed to asynchrony) does not necessarily relate to positive outcomes since physiological synchrony was related to negative outcomes in conflict situations (Levenson and Gottman 1983).”
BackgroundDindar, M., Alikhani, I., Malmberg, J., Järvelä, S., & Seppänen, T. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.03.004 · Cited by 68
The Role of Projection and Empathic Accuracy in Dyadic Perception between Older Twins
Neyer, F. J., Banse, R., & Asendorpf, J. B. (1999) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407599164001 · Cited by 52
“First, we adapted the idea of the interaction sequence and its continuous rating from the marital interaction paradigm developed by Levenson and Gottman (1983) and Levenson and Ruef (1992).”
MethodExploring skin conductance synchronisation in everyday interactions
Slovák, P., Tennent, P., Reeves, S., & Fitzpatrick, G. (2014) · Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/2639189.2639206 · Cited by 57
“The aim of this third part was to create a disrupted, conflicting situation, exploring its effects on EDA synchrony as a way to connect to the work on marital conflicts [19].”
BackgroundInfluentialDesigning a Primary Intervention to Help Dual-Earner Couples Share Housework and Child Care
Hawkins, A. J., & Roberts, T. (1992) · Family Relations · doi:10.2307/584829 · Cited by 52
Emotional Interdependence and Well-Being in Close Relationships
Sels, L., Ceulemans, E., Bulteel, K., & Kuppens, P. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00283 · Cited by 63
An Inductively Derived Typology of Verbal Aggression and Its Association to Distress
Kinney, T. A. (1994) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1994.tb00345.x · Cited by 52
Whitson, S. M., & El‐Sheikh, M. (2003) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/s1359-1789(01)00067-2 · Cited by 59
Self-derogations and the interpersonal theory.
Horowitz, L. M., Locke, K. D., Morse, M. B., Waikar, S. V., Dryer, D. C., Tarnow, E., & Ghannam, J. H. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.68 · Cited by 52
“One study was an examination of aggressive boys interacting with each other (Rausch, Dittman, & Taylor, 1959), another was of spouses in distressed marriages ( Levenson & Gottman, 1983,1985 ), and a third was ofcoUege students interacting in a group discussion (Shannon & Guerney, 1973).”
BackgroundWaldinger, R. J., & Schulz, M. S. (2006) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/0893-3200.20.3.494 · Cited by 51
“Phase I used a strategy applied in marital interaction research by Levenson and Gottman (1983).”
MethodMethodological Advances for Detecting Physiological Synchrony During Dyadic Interactions
McAssey, M. P., Helm, J. L., Hsieh, F., Sbarra, D. A., & Ferrer, E. E. (2012) · Methodology · doi:10.1027/1614-2241/a000053 · Cited by 51
Montague, E. N. H., Xu, J., & Chiou, E. K. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems · doi:10.1109/thms.2014.2325859 · Cited by 54
“[15] R. W. Levenson and J. M. Gottman, “Marital interaction: Physiological linkage and affective exchange,” J. Pers.”
BackgroundToward a Biopsychosocial Understanding of the Patient–Physician Relationship: An Emerging Dialogue
Adler, H. M. (2007) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-006-0037-8 · Cited by 53
“(16, 17) Aside from studies of the “physiological linkage”(18) between empathic spouses, few other clinical explorations of sociophysiology were performed.”
BackgroundExploring the Basis for Gender Differences in the Demand-Withdraw Pattern
Holley, S. R., Sturm, V. E., & LEVENSON, R. W. (2010) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918361003712145 · Cited by 51
Self-citationCoordinated interpersonal timing in adult-infant vocal interactions: A cross-site replication
Feldstein, S., Jaffe, J., Beebe, B. A., Crown, C. L., Jasnow, M. D., Fox, H., & Gordon, S. (1993) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/0163-6383(93)80004-r · Cited by 51
Field, T. (2012) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2012.36066 · Cited by 50
“This phenomenon has been demonstrated by many researchers (Papousek, 2007; Stern, 2004; Trevarthen, 1979; Tronick, 2003). In the Papousek (2007) study, for example, infants in one group showed signs of difficult temperament including hypersensitivity and problems in arousal regulation.”
BackgroundAge Differences in Wisdom-Related Knowledge: Does the Age Relevance of the Task Matter?
Thomas, S., & Kunzmann, U. (2013) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbt076 · Cited by 50
Methods for Quantifying Patterns of Dynamic Interactions in Dyads
Gates, K. M., & Liu, S. (2016) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191116641508 · Cited by 50
“…Bibliothek Charite on August 25, 2016asm.sagepub.comDownloaded from The first examinations into dyadic interactions from a correlation-based perspective used standardized scores to arrive at a measure of synchrony between husbands and wives (Allison & Liker, 1982; Levenson & Gottman, 1983).”
BackgroundAge‐Related Changes in Demand‐Withdraw Communication Behaviors
Holley, S. R., Haase, C. M., & LEVENSON, R. W. (2013) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12051 · Cited by 54
“The procedures for laboratory visits were derived from those originally developed by Levenson and Gottman (1983).”
MethodSelf-citationFor Better or for Worse: Real-Ideal Discrepancies and the Marital Well-Being of Newlyweds
Ruvolo, A. P., & Veroff, J. (1997) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407597142005 · Cited by 49
McKillop, H. N., & Connell, A. M. (2018) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21630 · Cited by 46
Tabachnick, A. R., Raby, K. L., Goldstein, A., Zajac, L. A., & Dozier, M. (2019) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.01.006 · Cited by 60
Female Domestic Violence Toward Male Partners: Exploring Conflict Responses and Outcomes
Ridley, C. A., & Feldman, C. M. (2003) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1023/a:1023516521612 · Cited by 49
Conflict in Dating and Marital Relationships
Caughlin, J. P., & Vangelisti, A. L. (2006) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412976176.n5 · Cited by 49
Meehan, J. C., Holtzworth‐Munroe, A., & Herron, K. (2001) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/0893-3200.15.3.394 · Cited by 49
Christensen, A., & Pasch, L. A. (1993) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(93)90004-6 · Cited by 48
Cortisol covariation within parents of young children: Moderation by relationship aggression
Saxbe, D., Adam, E. K., Schetter, C. D., Guardino, C. M., Simon, C. D., McKinney, C. O., & Shalowitz, M. U. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.08.006 · Cited by 52
The soothing effects of forgiveness on victims' and perpetrators' blood pressure
Hannon, P. A., Finkel, E. J., Kumashiro, M., & Rusbult, C. E. (2011) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2011.01356.x · Cited by 47
“Both partners show increased physiological arousal during conflict discussions (Levenson & Gottman, 1983, 1985), including increased blood pressure (Robles & KiecoltGlaser, 2003).”
BackgroundStressful Gaming, Interoceptive Awareness, and Emotion Regulation Tendencies: A Novel Approach
Lobel, A., Granic, I., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2013) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2013.0296 · Cited by 52
“To determine this, we adapted a methodology developed by Gottman and Levenson.(13,14) In this approach, people were videotaped while engaging in an emotionally charged conversation.”
Coupling Interactions and Performance: Predicting Team Performance from Thin Slices of Conflict
Jung, M. F. (2016) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/2753767 · Cited by 47
“The original dyadic interaction task was a core component of the studies investigating the ability to predict a couples future marital satisfaction and likelihood of divorce [Gottman 1994; Levenson et al. 1994; Levenson and Gottman 1983; Levenson and Gottman 1985].”
MethodResultEmotion and Intercultural Communication
Matsumoto, D., LeRoux, J., & Yoo, S. H. (2005) · Cited by 47
Metadata
- Authors
- Levenson, R. W., & Gottman, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- ORCID
- Levenson, Robert W.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1983
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 587-597
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2143250836
- Cited by
- 855
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 8.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Marriage and Sexual Relationships
- Keywords
- marital interaction, marital satisfaction, marital distress, marital conflict, heart rate, skin conductance, somatic activity
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Behavior, Female, Galvanic Skin Response, Heart Rate, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Marriage, Motor Activity, Psychophysiology, Pulse
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
